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1.
Nucleic Acids Res ; 52(D1): D442-D455, 2024 Jan 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37962385

RESUMO

Short Linear Motifs (SLiMs) are the smallest structural and functional components of modular eukaryotic proteins. They are also the most abundant, especially when considering post-translational modifications. As well as being found throughout the cell as part of regulatory processes, SLiMs are extensively mimicked by intracellular pathogens. At the heart of the Eukaryotic Linear Motif (ELM) Resource is a representative (not comprehensive) database. The ELM entries are created by a growing community of skilled annotators and provide an introduction to linear motif functionality for biomedical researchers. The 2024 ELM update includes 346 novel motif instances in areas ranging from innate immunity to both protein and RNA degradation systems. In total, 39 classes of newly annotated motifs have been added, and another 17 existing entries have been updated in the database. The 2024 ELM release now includes 356 motif classes incorporating 4283 individual motif instances manually curated from 4274 scientific publications and including >700 links to experimentally determined 3D structures. In a recent development, the InterPro protein module resource now also includes ELM data. ELM is available at: http://elm.eu.org.


Assuntos
Motivos de Aminoácidos , Bases de Dados de Proteínas , Eucariotos , Motivos de Aminoácidos/genética , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Proteínas/genética , Proteínas/metabolismo , Eucariotos/genética , Internet
2.
Nucleic Acids Res ; 50(D1): D497-D508, 2022 01 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34718738

RESUMO

Almost twenty years after its initial release, the Eukaryotic Linear Motif (ELM) resource remains an invaluable source of information for the study of motif-mediated protein-protein interactions. ELM provides a comprehensive, regularly updated and well-organised repository of manually curated, experimentally validated short linear motifs (SLiMs). An increasing number of SLiM-mediated interactions are discovered each year and keeping the resource up-to-date continues to be a great challenge. In the current update, 30 novel motif classes have been added and five existing classes have undergone major revisions. The update includes 411 new motif instances mostly focused on cell-cycle regulation, control of the actin cytoskeleton, membrane remodelling and vesicle trafficking pathways, liquid-liquid phase separation and integrin signalling. Many of the newly annotated motif-mediated interactions are targets of pathogenic motif mimicry by viral, bacterial or eukaryotic pathogens, providing invaluable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying infectious diseases. The current ELM release includes 317 motif classes incorporating 3934 individual motif instances manually curated from 3867 scientific publications. ELM is available at: http://elm.eu.org.


Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis/genética , Bases de Dados de Proteínas , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Software , Citoesqueleto de Actina/química , Citoesqueleto de Actina/metabolismo , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Ciclo Celular/genética , Membrana Celular/química , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Doenças Transmissíveis/metabolismo , Doenças Transmissíveis/virologia , Ciclinas/química , Ciclinas/genética , Ciclinas/metabolismo , Células Eucarióticas/citologia , Células Eucarióticas/metabolismo , Células Eucarióticas/virologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Integrinas/química , Integrinas/genética , Integrinas/metabolismo , Camundongos , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Ligação Proteica , Ratos , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Vesículas Transportadoras/química , Vesículas Transportadoras/metabolismo , Vírus/genética , Vírus/metabolismo
3.
Methods Mol Biol ; 2141: 73-102, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32696353

RESUMO

Over the past few years, it has become apparent that approximately 35% of the human proteome consists of intrinsically disordered regions. Many of these disordered regions are rich in short linear motifs (SLiMs) which mediate protein-protein interactions. Although these motifs are short and often partially conserved, they are involved in many important aspects of protein function, including cleavage, targeting, degradation, docking, phosphorylation, and other posttranslational modifications. The Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource (ELM) was established over 15 years ago as a repository to store and catalogue the scientific discoveries of motifs. Each motif in the database is annotated and curated manually, based on the experimental evidence gathered from publications. The entries themselves are submitted to ELM by filling in two annotation templates designed for motif class and motif instance annotation. In this protocol, we describe the steps involved in annotating new motifs and how to submit them to ELM.


Assuntos
Eucariotos/metabolismo , Anotação de Sequência Molecular/métodos , Proteínas/química , Motivos de Aminoácidos , Software
4.
Nucleic Acids Res ; 48(D1): D296-D306, 2020 01 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31680160

RESUMO

The eukaryotic linear motif (ELM) resource is a repository of manually curated experimentally validated short linear motifs (SLiMs). Since the initial release almost 20 years ago, ELM has become an indispensable resource for the molecular biology community for investigating functional regions in many proteins. In this update, we have added 21 novel motif classes, made major revisions to 12 motif classes and added >400 new instances mostly focused on DNA damage, the cytoskeleton, SH2-binding phosphotyrosine motifs and motif mimicry by pathogenic bacterial effector proteins. The current release of the ELM database contains 289 motif classes and 3523 individual protein motif instances manually curated from 3467 scientific publications. ELM is available at: http://elm.eu.org.


Assuntos
Motivos de Aminoácidos , Eucariotos , Apicoplastos/metabolismo , Citoesqueleto , Dano ao DNA , Bases de Dados de Proteínas , Fosfotirosina , Domínios de Homologia de src
5.
Nucleic Acids Res ; 46(D1): D428-D434, 2018 01 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29136216

RESUMO

Short linear motifs (SLiMs) are protein binding modules that play major roles in almost all cellular processes. SLiMs are short, often highly degenerate, difficult to characterize and hard to detect. The eukaryotic linear motif (ELM) resource (elm.eu.org) is dedicated to SLiMs, consisting of a manually curated database of over 275 motif classes and over 3000 motif instances, and a pipeline to discover candidate SLiMs in protein sequences. For 15 years, ELM has been one of the major resources for motif research. In this database update, we present the latest additions to the database including 32 new motif classes, and new features including Uniprot and Reactome integration. Finally, to help provide cellular context, we present some biological insights about SLiMs in the cell cycle, as targets for bacterial pathogenicity and their functionality in the human kinome.


Assuntos
Bases de Dados de Proteínas , Células Eucarióticas/metabolismo , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Proteínas/química , Software , Motivos de Aminoácidos , Animais , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , Ciclo Celular/genética , Células Eucarióticas/citologia , Células Eucarióticas/microbiologia , Células Eucarióticas/virologia , Fungos/genética , Fungos/metabolismo , Humanos , Internet , Modelos Moleculares , Plantas/genética , Plantas/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Conformação Proteica em alfa-Hélice , Conformação Proteica em Folha beta , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Proteínas/genética , Proteínas/metabolismo , Vírus/genética , Vírus/metabolismo
6.
Nucleic Acids Res ; 44(D1): D294-300, 2016 Jan 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26615199

RESUMO

The Eukaryotic Linear Motif (ELM) resource (http://elm.eu.org) is a manually curated database of short linear motifs (SLiMs). In this update, we present the latest additions to this resource, along with more improvements to the web interface. ELM 2016 contains more than 240 different motif classes with over 2700 experimentally validated instances, manually curated from more than 2400 scientific publications. In addition, more data have been made available as individually searchable pages and are downloadable in various formats.


Assuntos
Motivos de Aminoácidos , Bases de Dados de Proteínas , Eucariotos , Internet , Transdução de Sinais , Software
7.
Nucleic Acids Res ; 42(Database issue): D259-66, 2014 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24214962

RESUMO

The eukaryotic linear motif (ELM http://elm.eu.org) resource is a hub for collecting, classifying and curating information about short linear motifs (SLiMs). For >10 years, this resource has provided the scientific community with a freely accessible guide to the biology and function of linear motifs. The current version of ELM contains ∼200 different motif classes with over 2400 experimentally validated instances manually curated from >2000 scientific publications. Furthermore, detailed information about motif-mediated interactions has been annotated and made available in standard exchange formats. Where appropriate, links are provided to resources such as switches.elm.eu.org and KEGG pathways.


Assuntos
Motivos de Aminoácidos , Bases de Dados de Proteínas , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Internet , Complexos Multiproteicos/química
8.
Nucleic Acids Res ; 40(Database issue): D242-51, 2012 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22110040

RESUMO

Linear motifs are short, evolutionarily plastic components of regulatory proteins and provide low-affinity interaction interfaces. These compact modules play central roles in mediating every aspect of the regulatory functionality of the cell. They are particularly prominent in mediating cell signaling, controlling protein turnover and directing protein localization. Given their importance, our understanding of motifs is surprisingly limited, largely as a result of the difficulty of discovery, both experimentally and computationally. The Eukaryotic Linear Motif (ELM) resource at http://elm.eu.org provides the biological community with a comprehensive database of known experimentally validated motifs, and an exploratory tool to discover putative linear motifs in user-submitted protein sequences. The current update of the ELM database comprises 1800 annotated motif instances representing 170 distinct functional classes, including approximately 500 novel instances and 24 novel classes. Several older motif class entries have been also revisited, improving annotation and adding novel instances. Furthermore, addition of full-text search capabilities, an enhanced interface and simplified batch download has improved the overall accessibility of the ELM data. The motif discovery portion of the ELM resource has added conservation, and structural attributes have been incorporated to aid users to discriminate biologically relevant motifs from stochastically occurring non-functional instances.


Assuntos
Motivos de Aminoácidos , Bases de Dados de Proteínas , Gráficos por Computador , Doença/genética , Eucariotos , Análise de Sequência de Proteína , Interface Usuário-Computador , Proteínas Virais/química
9.
Nucleic Acids Res ; 38(Database issue): D167-80, 2010 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19920119

RESUMO

Linear motifs are short segments of multidomain proteins that provide regulatory functions independently of protein tertiary structure. Much of intracellular signalling passes through protein modifications at linear motifs. Many thousands of linear motif instances, most notably phosphorylation sites, have now been reported. Although clearly very abundant, linear motifs are difficult to predict de novo in protein sequences due to the difficulty of obtaining robust statistical assessments. The ELM resource at http://elm.eu.org/ provides an expanding knowledge base, currently covering 146 known motifs, with annotation that includes >1300 experimentally reported instances. ELM is also an exploratory tool for suggesting new candidates of known linear motifs in proteins of interest. Information about protein domains, protein structure and native disorder, cellular and taxonomic contexts is used to reduce or deprecate false positive matches. Results are graphically displayed in a 'Bar Code' format, which also displays known instances from homologous proteins through a novel 'Instance Mapper' protocol based on PHI-BLAST. ELM server output provides links to the ELM annotation as well as to a number of remote resources. Using the links, researchers can explore the motifs, proteins, complex structures and associated literature to evaluate whether candidate motifs might be worth experimental investigation.


Assuntos
Motivos de Aminoácidos/genética , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos , Células Eucarióticas/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Biologia Computacional/tendências , Bases de Dados de Proteínas , Humanos , Armazenamento e Recuperação da Informação/métodos , Internet , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Software
10.
Front Biosci ; 13: 6580-603, 2008 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18508681

RESUMO

It is now clear that a detailed picture of cell regulation requires a comprehensive understanding of the abundant short protein motifs through which signaling is channeled. The current body of knowledge has slowly accumulated through piecemeal experimental investigation of individual motifs in signaling. Computational methods contributed little to this process. A new generation of bioinformatics tools will aid the future investigation of motifs in regulatory proteins, and the disordered polypeptide regions in which they frequently reside. Allied to high throughput methods such as phosphoproteomics, signaling networks are becoming amenable to experimental deconstruction. In this review, we summarise the current state of linear motif biology, which uses low affinity interactions to create cooperative, combinatorial and highly dynamic regulatory protein complexes. The discrete deterministic properties implicit to these assemblies suggest that models for cell regulatory networks in systems biology should neither be overly dependent on stochastic nor on smooth deterministic approximations.


Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos Celulares , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Retículo Endoplasmático/fisiologia , Homeostase , Mamíferos , Modelos Biológicos , Proteínas/fisiologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes
11.
Bioinformatics ; 24(4): 453-7, 2008 Feb 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18184688

RESUMO

MOTIVATION: KEN-box-mediated target selection is one of the mechanisms used in the proteasomal destruction of mitotic cell cycle proteins via the APC/C complex. While annotating the Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource (ELM, http://elm.eu.org/), we found that KEN motifs were significantly enriched in human protein entries with cell cycle keywords in the UniProt/Swiss-Prot database-implying that KEN-boxes might be more common than reported. RESULTS: Matches to short linear motifs in protein database searches are not, per se, significant. KEN-box enrichment with cell cycle Gene Ontology terms suggests that collectively these motifs are functional but does not prove that any given instance is so. Candidates were surveyed for native disorder prediction using GlobPlot and IUPred and for motif conservation in homologues. Among >25 strong new candidates, the most notable are human HIPK2, CHFR, CDC27, Dab2, Upf2, kinesin Eg5, DNA Topoisomerase 1 and yeast Cdc5 and Swi5. A similar number of weaker candidates were present. These proteins have yet to be tested for APC/C targeted destruction, providing potential new avenues of research.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/química , Sequência Conservada , Motivos de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular
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