Cervical Interfacial Bonding Effectiveness of Class II Bulk Versus Incremental Fill Resin Composite Restorations.

Cervical interfacial bonding quality has been a matter of deep concern. The purpose of this study was to analyze microtensile bond strength (MTBS) and cervical interfacial gap distance (IGD) of bulk-fill vs incremental-fill Class II composite restorations. Box-only Class II cavities were prepared in 91 maxillary premolars (n = 7) with gingival margin placement 1 mm above the cementoenamel junction at one side and 1 mm below it on the other side. Eighty-four maxillary premolars were divided into self-etch and total-etch groups and further subdivided into six restorative material subgroups used incrementally and with an open-sandwich technique: group 1, Tetric Ceram HB (TC) as a control; group 2, Tetric EvoFlow (EF); group 3, SDR Smart Dentin Replacement (SDR); group 4, SonicFill (SF); group 5, Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TN); and group 6, Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill (TE). Groups 2-6 were bulk-fill restoratives. Tetric N-Bond Self-Etch (se) and Tetric N-Bond total-etch (te) adhesive were used in subgroups 1-5, whereas AdheSE (se) and ExciTE F (te) were used in subgroup 6. In an additional group, Filtek P90 Low Shrink Restorative (P90) was used only with its corresponding self-etch bond. The materials were manipulated, light-cured (1600 mW/cm(2)), artificially aged (thermal and occlusal load-cycling), and sectioned. Two microrods/restoration (n = 14/group) were tested for MTBS at a crosshead-speed of 0.5 mm/min (Instron testing machine). Fracture loads were recorded (Newtons), and MTSBs were calculated (Megapascals). Means were statistically analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test, Conover-Inman post hoc analysis for MTBS (multiple comparisons), and Mann-Whitney U test for IGD. The ends of the fractures were examined for failure mode. One microrod/restoration (n = 7/group) was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (×1200) for IGD. MTBS values for SF/te, P90 in enamel, and TC+SDR/te in enamel and cementum were significantly higher compared with those for the control TC/te and TC/se in cementum. Most of the failures were mixed. IGDs were generally smaller at enamel margins, and the smallest IGDs were found in P90 at both enamel and cementum margins. Bulk-fill and silorane-based composites might provide better cervical interfacial quality than incremental-fill restorations.

CLIP2 as radiation biomarker in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

A substantial increase in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) among children exposed to the radioiodine fallout has been one of the main consequences of the Chernobyl reactor accident. Recently, the investigation of PTCs from a cohort of young patients exposed to the post-Chernobyl radioiodine fallout at very young age and a matched nonexposed control group revealed a radiation-specific DNA copy number gain on chromosomal band 7q11.23 and the radiation-associated mRNA overexpression of CLIP2. In this study, we investigated the potential role of CLIP2 as a radiation marker to be used for the individual classification of PTCs into CLIP2-positive and -negative cases-a prerequisite for the integration of CLIP2 into epidemiological modelling of the risk of radiation-induced PTC. We were able to validate the radiation-associated CLIP2 overexpression at the protein level by immunohistochemistry (IHC) followed by relative quantification using digital image analysis software (P=0.0149). Furthermore, we developed a standardized workflow for the determination of CLIP2-positive and -negative cases that combines visual CLIP2 IHC scoring and CLIP2 genomic copy number status. In addition to the discovery cohort (n=33), two independent validation cohorts of PTCs (n=115) were investigated. High sensitivity and specificity rates for all three investigated cohorts were obtained, demonstrating robustness of the developed workflow. To analyse the function of CLIP2 in radiation-associated PTC, the CLIP2 gene regulatory network was reconstructed using global mRNA expression data from PTC patient samples. The genes comprising the first neighbourhood of CLIP2 (BAG2, CHST3, KIF3C, NEURL1, PPIL3 and RGS4) suggest the involvement of CLIP2 in the fundamental carcinogenic processes including apoptosis, mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling and genomic instability. In our study, we successfully developed and independently validated a workflow for the typing of PTC clinical samples into CLIP2-positive and CLIP2-negative and provided first insights into the CLIP2 interactome in the context of radiation-associated PTC.

Polyelectrolyte adsorption layers studied by streaming potential and particle deposition.

Adsorption of a cationic polyelectrolyte, polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH), having a molecular weight of 70,000 on mica was characterized by the streaming potential method and by deposition of negative polystyrene latex particles. Formation of PAH layers was followed by determining the apparent zeta potential of surface zeta as function of bulk PAH concentration. The zeta potential was calculated from the streaming potential measured in the parallel-plate channel formed by two mica plates precovered by the polyelectrolyte. The experimental data were expressed as the dependence of the reduced zeta potential zeta/zeta0 on the PAH coverage Theta(PAH), calculated using the convective diffusion theory. It was found that for the ionic strength of 10(-2) M, the dependence of zeta/zeta0 on Theta(PAH) can be reflected by the theoretical model formulated previously for surfaces covered by colloid particles. The electrokinetic measurements were complemented by particle deposition experiments on PAH-covered mica surfaces. A direct correlation between the polymer coverage and the initial deposition rate of particles, as well as the jamming coverage, was found. For ThetaPAH > 0.3 the initial deposition rate attained the value predicted from the convective diffusion theory for homogeneous surfaces. The initial deposition rates for surfaces modified by PAH were compared with previous experimental and theoretical results obtained for heterogeneous surfaces formed by preadsorption of colloid particles. It was revealed that negative latex deposition occurred at surfaces exhibiting negative apparent zeta potential, which explained the anomalous deposition of particles observed in previous works. It was suggested that the combined electrokinetic and particle deposition methods can be used for detecting adsorbed polyelectrolytes at surfaces for coverage range of a percent. This enables one to measure bulk polyelectrolyte concentrations at the level of 0.05 ppm.

[Metabolic acidosis in calves with diarrhea and treatment with NaHCO3]. / Metabolická acidóza hnackujúcich teliat a moznosti jej ovplyvnenia pomocou NaHCO3.

Sixteen head of 7 to 10 days old calves of the Black-Pied breed with clinical diagnosis of gastroenteritis acuta were examined for their clinical and laboratory findings before i. v. application of 8.4% solution of NaHCO3 and after it, using the well-known formula: live weight in kg x 0.6 x base deficit. The calves presented clinical symptoms of severe dehydration with profuse diarrhea. Dominant symptoms of the calf dehydration syndrome involved enophthalmos, lying down, lowered surface body temperature and strong exsiccosis of the organism. The values of pH, PCO2, HCO3, ABE, SBC were determined as acid-base indicators in venous blood. The most important adjustment of acid-base indicators was observed in pH, ABE and SB; their increases were statistically significant within the 3rd and/or 24th hour after intravenous application of 8.4% NaHCO3 solution at a significance level of p < 0.05 and/or p < 0.01. Buffering capacity of NaHCO3 was relatively strongly reflected in all indicators under observation when they were determined as reference values in 24 hours after application. The adjustment of acid-base indicators was accompanied by general improvement of calf health while the sucking reflex was resumed, which provided the conditions for accelerated replacement of fluids and electrolytes by i. v. as well as p. o. application forms.

[Dynamics of clinico-biochemical changes in sheep during magnesite loading]. / Dynamika klinicko-biochemických zmien u oviec pocas magnezitovej zátaze.

Clinical pattern and dynamics of some biochemical indicators were observed in six four-year lambing ewes of the Improved Wallachian breed in the course of 32-day administration of magnesite fly ash. A daily dose of the tested fly ash with the content of 305,000 mg/kg magnesium amounted to 500 mg/kg live weight of sheep. The intake of concentrate mixture with magnesium content in the test sheep decreased by a third between the 12th and 20th day, by another half between the 20th and 26th day and the intake was minimum to nil during the last seven days of the trial. The decrease in the intake of concentrate mixture was accompanied by increased water consumption and by gradual inappetence for hay. Shaped droppings started to change their consistency to slurry consistency from the 12th day of observation. Thinner to watery consistency of excrements appeared in all sheep between the 15th and 20th day and diarrheas persisted in all animals until the end of the trial. The indicators of hematological profile did not show an undoubted relationship to the administration of tested magnesium, and the variations in the particular indicators observed during the trial were within the physiological range. Serum enzymes showed a significant increase against the starting values only in the concentration of alanine aminotransferase on day 20 and day 26 (p < 0.05 and/or p < 0.001). An increase in the proteosynthetic activity of hepatocytes signalled a statistically significant increase in total proteins (p < 0.05), total immunoglobulins (p < 0.05) and an insignificant increase in albumin content. Out of the analyzed mineral elements, magnesium content showed the most significant relationship to administration of industrial pollutants as its significant increase in blood serum, urine and droppings was observable since day 20 (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). The dynamics of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum, arsenic and cadmium concentrations showed different patterns in the blood serum, droppings and urine of sheep in the course of magnesite fly ash feeding, and the evaluation of interactions with magnesium requires further studies.

[Clinical and metabolic response in goats with iodopenia after administration of potassium iodide]. / Klinická a metabolická odozva kôz jódopéniou na aplikáciu jodidu draselného.

A clinical picture and dynamics of metabolic indicators were examined in 40 goats suffering from iodopenia; the examinations took place in the course of potassium iodide application. Crystalline kalium iodatum was administered to all animals in barley groats at a dose of 0.5 g per animal/day within three weeks; then a three-week withdrawal followed and the treatment was repeated within the same time period. The thyroid gland consistency started to change at the end of the 3rd week of treatment when the tough elastic to tough thyroid became the soft one. The goiter started to disappear gradually from the 8th week of experiment and the physiological state of this organ was normal in most animals in the 11th week. Among the biochemical indicators, the most sensitive response to treatment was recorded in iodine and thyroxine concentrations in blood serum since their significant increase in comparison with the values before potassium iodide application was obvious on day 14 of treatment (P < 0.01). Return of total lipids and cholesterol content to the physiological limits occurred within two weeks while in glucose it was in the 7th week of treatment. A significant increase in serum immunoglobulins was recorded from day 14 to the end of experiment (P < 0.01). Among the minerals analyzed, positive responses in blood serum to potassium iodide intake were determined in the concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, copper and zinc. Application of potassium iodide to affected goats had positive effects on the dynamics of leukocytes from the end of the 2nd week (P < 0.01), of erythrocytes from the 7th week (P < 0.01), of hemoglobin and hematocrit value at the end of experiment (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, resp.).

[Iodine deficiency in goats as a cause of congenital goiter in kids]. / Jódopénia kôz prícinou kongenitálnej strumy u kozliat.

The objective of the paper was to assess the occurrence of congenital struma in kids in relation to the clinical and biochemical finding in their mothers. Observations involved 46 imported goats of Saanen and Alpine breeds in the course of kidding and their kids. Thyroid gland hypertrophy (39 goats) and somewhat worse or even bad state of nutrition were dominant clinical findings in pregnant goats and in goats after kidding. Abortions in the last month of pregnancy were recorded in 14 goats, and 14 goats delivered stillborn kids. Eighteen goats delivered 26 liveborn kids, but 18 out of them died within 12 to 24 hours after birth. Dead kids were hairless, they had skin edema, and very shortened thoracic as well as pelvic limbs. The thyroid gland was well visible and palpable. Surviving kids lagged behind in their growth and often suffered from bronchopneumonia as an additional disease. Iodine concentration in the blood serum of goats (5.58 +/- 2.14 mumol/l) was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in comparison with kids (133.4 +/- 15.61 mumol/l). This state was characterized by adequate T3 and T4 concentrations in the blood serum of goats (1.78 +/- 0.59 and 4.53 +/- 4.44 nmol/l, resp.) and of kids (4.66 +/- 2.26 and 182.93 +/- 2.59 nmol/l, resp.). Iodine content in the thyroid gland of the seven kids that died was 1.86 +/- 0.96 mg/kg fresh tissue. Examination of indicators of the internal environment in the blood serum showed alternate statistical differences (P < 0.01) between adult goats and their kids in erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit value, leucocyte counts, activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, concentrations of total protein, albumin, total immunoglobulins, total lipids, cholesterol, phosphorus, copper, iron and zinc, while the explicit relation to disorders of iodine metabolism and thyroid hormones was not confirmed. The average content of iodine in the examined samples of soil (14.67 mg/kg) and alfalfa hay (0.1 mg/kg) demonstrated that primary deficiency of iodine in goats was the cause of congenital struma in kids.

[Clinical and biochemical aspects of loading heifers with magnesium flue dust]. / Klinicko-biochemické aspekty zátaze jalovíc magnezitovým úletom.

The objective of the paper was to investigate clinical and laboratory findings in heifers subjected to magnesite flue dust stress. A 50-day experiment was conducted in clinical conditions on five two-year heifers of the Slovak and Red Pied breeds at the live weight of 331 to 420 kg. All animals received dietary Mg from the source of magnesite flue dust at a rate of 500 mg/kg live weight. The test flue dust came from dust separation from electrostatic filters and contained these main elements: Mg (88%), Ca (1.6%), K (0.36%), Na (0.26%), Fe (1.89%), Zn (0.0026%), Cu (0.000294%) and trace amount of P. The clinical health of the animals was evaluated daily. Samples of blood, urine and dung were taken before the first administration of flue dust, on days 12, 30 and 50 of the experiment. The counts of erythrocytes, leucocytes, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit value were determined in blood. Enzyme activities (AST, ALT, GMT), concentrations of total bilirubin, albumin, total proteins and total immunoglobulins were determined in blood serum. Contents of Mg, Ca, P, K, Na, Fe, Cu and Zn in blood serum, urine, dung and of the test pollutant were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry on a Perkin Elmer apparatus (model 306, 1100). Profuse diarrhea was a dominant clinical symptom in the animals which appeared in individual animals between 24th and 48th hour from the first intake of magnesite flue dust. Diarrhea lasted alternately in all heifers until day 50 of the experiment. As for the analyzed parameters of hematological profile during administration of the pollutant (Figs. 1-4), Hb and Hk (P < 0.01) increased significantly in the investigated animals on day 12 in comparison with the initial values. Out of the enzymes, AST and ALT activities showed most readily the feeding of magnesite flue dust (r = 0.99 and r = 0.92, resp.), Figs. 5 and 6. Correlation relationships between magnesite pollutant administration and bilirubinemia dynamics during the experiment indicated the correlation r = 0.53 (Fig. 8), r = 0.36 (Fig. 9) for total proteins, r = 0.75 (Fig. 10) for albumin and r = 0.93 (Fig. 11) for total immunoglobulins. In comparison with the initial values, Mg concentrations in blood serum and dung significantly increased from day 12 of experiment (P < 0.01 - Fig. 13) and in urine from day 30 (P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

[Zinc, selenium and copper supplementation using rumen pellets and its effect on cellular and humoral responses in sheep]. / Suplementácia zinku, selénu a medi cestou cepco-bachorových peliet a jej vplyv na úroven cellulárnej a humorálnej odpovede u oviec.

The objective of the study was to test the effectiveness of Zn, Se and Cu supplementation through reticulum-rumen pellets and its effects on the rate of cellular and humoral reactions in sheep. An experiment included 12 lambing ewes of the Merino breed at the age of two years. Zn-containing pellets were applied via rumen to three lambing ewes at the end of November, Se pellets were applied to other three lambing ewes Cu pellets to other three ewes. Three lambing ewes were control. Blood samples were taken from the v. jugularis from all the investigated ewes before bolus administration, in month 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 after application. Zn, Se and Cu concentrations in the blood serum were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Immune reactions were evaluated from the concentrations of serum immunoglobulins (IgC), albumin (ALB), total proteins (TP), from phagocytic activity (PA), phagocytic index (PI), migration-inhibitory test (MIT) and determination of tetrazolium-reductase activity of phagocytes (INT-test). In comparison with the starting values, the highest increase in zincemia (80%) was recorded in the lambing ewes administered zinc boluses as soon as in the 1st month after administration. A significant difference in Zn concentrations between the zinc-pellet group and the control animals was observed in the 1st month after administration (P < 0.01). An increase in Se concentrations in the blood serum was observed in the lambing ewes administered selenium boluses in the 1st month after administration. Se content in the blood serum of the given group of ewes was highest at the end of observation (2.72 +/- 0.29 mumol/l). A statistically significant difference in Se content between the group of selenium-bolus ewes and the control ewes was confirmed at a significance level P < 0.05 in the 1st and 2nd month of the experiment. Cu concentrations in the blood serum in the Cu-bolus ewes increased in the 1st month if compared with the starting values. The highest Cu concentration in the blood serum was recorded in the given group within month 4 to 7 of the experiment (16.53 +/- 2.72, or 21.23 +/- 4.40 mumol/l). There were significant differences in cupremia between the Cu-pellet group of ewes and the control animals (P < 0.05). In comparison with the starting values, the highest increase in TP concentrations were determined in the Cu-pellet ewes in the 4th, 6th, and 7th months. Albuminemia dynamics in the experimental animals and in the control group did not vary significantly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[The effect of administration of vitamin E on levels of serum immunoglobulins and levels of phagocytic activity]. / Stúdium vplyvu aplikácie vitamínu E na koncentráciu sérových imunoglobulínov a úroven fagocytárnej aktivity.

The effect of peroral administration and parenteral implantation of vitamin E was followed as exerted on the concentration of total serum immunoglobulins and phagocytic activity of blood leucocytes in calves. Twelve calves at the age of maximally 14 days with the average live weight of 41.2 kg were included in an experiment with peroral administration; six of them were given Combinal E (Tocoferolum aceticum 40 mg in 1 ml) at a dose of 20 mg tocopherol acetate per kg live weight. Sixteen calves at the age of three months and with the average live weight of 112.6 kg were included in the second trial. The Erevit preparation was implanted intramuscularly to eight calves at the same dose as in the first experiment (Tocoferolum aceticum 300 mg in 1 ml solutions oleosae). The animals of control groups in both experiments were administered sunflower oil as a placebo, namely at the same amount as the above-mentioned preparations (no oil treatment for peroral administration, heat and pressure treatments of oil for intramuscular implantation). All the preparations lead to a significant increase in vitamin E concentrations in the blood plasma of calves in both experiments, the highest average level being recorded in 24 hours after administration (8.05, and/or 5.51 mumol/l; Tabs. I and IV). The level of total serum immunoglobulins was not influenced by vitamin E supplementation; this level remained below the physiological range of values in calves with peroral administration during the whole time of observation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Annual dynamics of acid-base equilibrium indices in dairy cows]. / Rocná dynamika indexov acidobázickej rovnováhy u dojníc.

Annual dynamics of the indices of acid-base homeostasis of blood was studied in dairy cows in two production regions, the corn production region and the potato-grain production region; venous blood was examined gasometrically by the Astrup apparatus. The examinations were performed eight times during the year and pH, pCO2, BE, PB, SB, AB and tCO2 were studied. In dairy cows from the corn production region lower values of the studied parameters were obtained than in dairy cows oriented to similar milk production in the potato-grain production region. In the corn production region besides the normal values also the lower values of the indices of acid-base balance were found, indicating the incidence of latent metabolic acidosis. A particularly critical situation occurred in the herd from the corn production region in September when the average value of blood pH was 7.35 logmolc and the following disorders were observed: clinical symptoms of metabolic acidosis, drop of milk yield, drop of milk fat content, hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia as disorders of the mineral metabolism.

[Values of the indices of acid-base blood homeostasis in sows of various breeds]. / Hodnoty indexov acidobázickej homeostázy krvi rôznych plemien prasníc.

The indices of the acid-base homeostasis of the blood were studied in 99 sows of the Large White, English Large White, Belgian Landrace, and Hampshire breeds. The blood pH ranged from 7.32 to 7.45, and no significant differences were found between the breeds. The highest pCO2 value of 6.4 kPa was found in the LW breed; in the remaining breeds it was lower. As to base excess values, positive average values ranging from +0.3 to +1.4 mmol .1-1, were found in all the breeds. The values of the buffering stage were fairly balanced and the means ranged from 48.7 to 50.0 mmol .1-1. Balanced average values were also found in standard bicarbonate, where the values ranged from 24.6 to 25.5 mmol .1-1. Actual bicarbonate showed similar values in the Large White breed (27.3 mmol .1-1), English Large White, and Hampshire (26.2 and 26.3 mmol 1-1, respectively). In the Landrace breed the average was only 25.9 mmol .1-1. The average values of CO2 in the blood plasma ranged from 27.1 to 28.7 mmol .1-1.

[Effect of physical stress on the indices of acid-base homeostasis in pigs]. / Vplyv fyzického zatazenia na hodnoty indexov acidobázickej homeostázy krvi osípaných

Investigated was the effect of physical stress--fixation with a cord at the collection of blood--on the values of the indexes of the acid-base homeostasis of the blood of pigs. It was found out that there existed two types of pigs reacting differently to physical stress. One is a labile type in which, after the stress, there occurs a rapid decrease of the pH of the blood, and the second is a stable type, in which the pH of the blood does not change. The decreasing of the pH in blood is more frequent in younger age categories of fattening pigs and gilts. Application of tranquillizers decreased, to a considerable extent, the occurrence of changes of the acid-base homeostasis of blood.