[Toxicological evaluation of saccharose carbonic acid esters in basic subchronic feeding trials with rats. 1. Effect of saccharose fatty acid polyester]. / Toxikologische Beurteilung von Saccharosecarbonsäureestern auf der Grundlage subchronischer Fütterungsversuche mit Ratten. 1. Mitt. Wirkung von Saccharosefettsäurepolyester.

Groups of male and female rats received a sucrose fatty acid polyesters containing product (SPE) in their diet for 13 weeks at levels of 0, 5, 10 or 15%. Additional groups were pair-fed to the high-dose SPE-group (standard diet, 92.5%) or given food containing 7.5% hydrogenated lard (HF) or 4.5% fatty acid ethyl ester (FEE). Compared to the controls, there were increases in the food intake in males and females of the SPE-groups, HF- group and FEE-group. Male rats fed SPE showed increases in serum urea nitrogen at all levels, in serum alkaline phosphatase activity and urinary glucose excretion at 10 and 15%, in serum leucine amino-peptidase at 15%. In females dietary SPE increased the blood glucose content and serum alkaline phosphatase activity at 15% and the serum leucine aminopeptidase activity at 10 and 15%.

[Toxicologic evaluation of sucrose carbonic acid esters in basic subchronic feeding studies in rats. 2. Effect of sucroacetoglycerides]. / Toxikologische Beurteilung von Saccharosecarbonsäureestern auf der Grundlage subchronischer Fütterungsversche mit Ratten. 2. Mitt. Wirkung von Sucroacetoglyceriden.

Groups of male and female rats received a sucroacetoglycerides containing product (SAG) for 3 months at dietary levels of 0, 2.5, 5 and 10%. Food consumption was initially increased in females at all SAG-levels. After two weeks significant increases in food intake were observed in males and females fed 10% SAG throughout the feeding period. The serum analysis revealed significantly elevated activity in serum alkaline phosphatase at the highest SAG-level in males and females after 6 weeks and in females after 13 weeks. Histological changes related to the SAG-feeding were noted in the intestinal lymph nodes of male and female animals fed 10% SAG. The no-adverse effect level established in this subchronic feeding study was 5% SAG in the diet of rats, equivalent to a daily intake of 3.6 g/kg body weight in males and 4.0 g/kg in females.

[Animal experimento-toxicologic studies of protein isolates in sunflower seeds]. / Tierexperimentell-toxikologische Untersuchungen von Proteinisolaten aus Sonnenblumensamen.

Safety evaluations of sunflower protein isolates (SPI) obtained by various processes were performed in subchronic (90-day) feeding studies using male and female rats as experimental animals. General appearance, food consumption and efficiency, haematology, kidney function and urine analysis, serum chemistry including determinations of enzyme activities, organ weights and macro- and microscopic pathology were used as criteria to disclose adverse effects. Feeding graded levels of SPI as supplements up to 75% of the total protein of the diet revealed no morphologic and functional changes attributable to toxic effects of the test product at daily intakes up to 13 g/kg body weight. The evaluations of the SPI-variants tested were similar.

[The metabolism of various acaloric compounds with fatlike properties in rats]. / Orientierende Untersuchungen zum Stoffwechsel verschiedenartiger akalorischer Verbindungen mit fettähnlichen Eigenschaften bei der Ratte.

Pseudofats as total substituted long-chain esters and ethers of polyhydroxyl compounds (sucrose, triglycerol, and polyethyleneglycol) are more or less indifferent against gastrointestinal enzymes, but display specific metabolic effects on lipid metabolism especially on cholesterol synthesis in liver, plasma lipid level, and fecal cholesterol excretion. Among the different tested compounds there exist similarities as well as differences, which are to consider as an indication for a specific relationship between structure and effect. These relations are more closely investigated and critically discussed.

[The quality of protein-enriched products from sunflower seeds. 1. The effect of various production processes on the nutritive value of meals and protein isolates]. / Untersuchungen zur Qualität proteinangereicherter Produkte aus Sonnenblumensamen. 1. Mitt. Einfluss unterschiedlicher Gewinnungsverfahren auf den nutritiven Wert von Mehlen und Proteinisolaten.

Globulin isolates from native sunflower seed and industrial extraction meal obtained by extraction with different electrolyte solutions and subsequent isoelectric precipitation are relatively poor in the essential amino acids lysine, threonine, and methionine as compared to defatted seed meals. On the other hand, albumins separated by means of polyanionic complexing agents (sodium alginate and aluminium potassium sulphate) are relatively rich in these amino acids, and albumin-globulin-co-precipitates have a correspondingly balanced amino-acid composition, being also reflected by nutrition physiological values as BW, NPU, and EAA-index. As compared to seed meals protein isolates are characterized furthermore by a better protein digestibility.

Rapeseed: constituents and protein products. Part 3. Nutritional value of protein-enriched products.

The review concerns the nutritional properties of protein preparations from Brassica seed with different species of animals. Special consideration is taken on the one side to the effect of feeding varieties with high and low glucosinolate content, on the other hand to the influence of technological treatment of this products.

[Synthesis, characterization and application of polyglycerols and polyglycerol fatty acid esters]. / Synthese, Charakterisierung und Applikation von Polyglycerolen und Polyglycerolfettsäureestern.

The current state of knowledge in the field of synthesis and properties of polyglycerols and polyglycerol fatty acid esters is presented. Alternatives for the analytical characterization of these families by means of physico-chemical methods, with special reference to chromatography and spectroscopy, are described. Furthermore, the use of polyglycerol fatty acid esters as food additives is considered from the view-points of the physiology of nutrition and of processing technology.

[Non-caloric compounds with fat-like functional properties (pseudofats)]. / Akalorische Verbindungen mit fettähnlichen funktionellen Eigenschaften (Pseudofette).

The review deals with the synthesis, characterization, physicochemical and physiological properties with respect to nutrition of acaloric fat-like compounds (pseudofats) with special regard to fatty acid esters of sucrose, glycerol ethers and glycerol dicarbonic acid esters. Furthermore an outlook is given of other classes of compounds that are potentially suited to substitute fat as for instance polycarbonic acid-, polyglycerol-, and polyglycol derivatives.

[Suitability of coarse rapeseed meals from various procedures for fattening broiler chickens. 2. Goitrogenic effect of rapeseed meals]. / Uber die Eignung nach verschiedene Verfahren hergestellter Rapsextraktionsschrote für die Broilermast. 2. Mitt. Zur strumigenen Wirkung von Rapsextraktionsschrot.

In a fattening experiment with rapeseed meals produced by different techniques (cf. Part I) on broiler chickens, each experimental ration contained 10% of a variant rapeseed meal. The thyroid glands of the broiler chickens (allotted to 8 groups according to their diets) were examined for mass gain and submitted to various histopathological, biochemical and morphometric procedures. The variants of rapeseed meal applied to the animals in the groups IV, III and I have been found to be toxic. In contrast, the effects of the other variants of rapeseed meal on the morphology of the thyroid gland have been negligible.

Action of sucrose polyesters on lipid metabolism in rats.

The action of sucrose polyesters (SPE) as undigestible fat-like compounds on lipid metabolism of growing rats was studied. Over a period of 4 weeks the animals were fed a semi-synthetic diet containing 6% of SPE with or without reduction of dietary fat. The substitution of dietary fats by SPE or the additional supply of SPE led to an increase of fecal lipid and cholesterol excretion, which was accompanied by a significant stimulation of in vitro cholesterol synthesis of the liver and by a significant reduction of liver cholesterol. The serum cholesterol level, however, was not affected, whereas the level of triglycerides both in serum and liver was significantly reduced to about 40% of that found in control animals.

[Improving the nutritive value of rapeseed meal, using production process principles]. / Untersuchungen zur Verbesserung des nutritiven Wertes von Rapsextraktionsschrot unter Nutzung verfahrenstechnischer Prinzipien.

With regard to studies on production process variants designed to improve the nutritive value of rapeseed meal, the authors describe the principles underlying the modified diffusion extraction procedures used (with and without rapeseed husking). Furthermore, they briefly outline the chemical methods applied to the determination of the nutrient composition and glucosinolate content of rapeseed meal variants as well as the methodology of their feeding and nitrogen balance experiments on growing albino rats and broilers. The results obtained with 13 analytical variants and 8 biological variants confirm once more the beneficial nutritive effects obtained with the reduction of the glucosinolate content of rapeseed meal in monogastric animal species. However, these results do not permit to appraise unequivocally the repercussion of rapeseed husking on the diminution of the content of paraplastic substances in rapeseed meal. The diffusion techniques used for reducing the glucosinolate content in rapeseed meal have been found to be effective.

[Protein isolation by means of complexing agents. 2. Formation of insoluble complexes of sunflower albumins with alginate or pectin]. / Proteingewinnung unter Einsatz von komplexbildenden Stoffen. 2. Mitt. Zur Bildung unlöslicher Komplexe zwischen Sonnenblumenalbuminen und Alginat bzw. Pektin.

The formation of insoluble complexes of sunflower seed albumin and alginate or pectin is studied by means of turbidimetric titration and by determining the pH-dependent precipitability of protein. The complex formation that is based on electrostatic interaction is a function of the pH value and the protein-polyanion ratio. Consequently, it is affected by the neutral salt content of the solutions. 90% and more of the dissolved protein may be precipitated if the proportion of the precipitant amounts to 20%. A sodium chloride content of 0.6% reduces the precipitability by alginate to 74%. In the presence of 0.3% sodium chloride, at most 55% of protein are still precipitated by pectin. The difference in strength between the albumin-alginate and the albumin-pectin complex is also expressed by the dye-binding power. Albumin-pectin complexes bind the same amount of amido black as free protein. On the contrary, albumin-alginate complexes exhibit reduced dye-binding power due to stronger binding of the protein to the polyanion. The results obtained by turbidimetric titration of model systems can, in principle, be extrapolated to the precipitation of albumins from protein extracts. In accordance with the heterogenicity of the protein, the turbidimetric titration of the albumin-alginate and the albumin-pectin complexes exhibits two maxima.

[Fat stabilizing action of phosphatides. Part 3. Synergistic action of various phosphatides]. / Zur fettstabilisierenden Wirkung von Phosphatiden. 3. Mitt. Synergistische Wirkung ausgewählter Phosphatide

Phosphatides do not regnerate tocopherol worn with supplying oxygen; their synergistic action seems to be a reaction competing with that of hydroperoxide with tocopherol and, consequently, it must be regarded as "tocopherol-saving". Phosphatide mixtures act to some extent as metal capturers. Their effects are functions of the heavy metal contents of the substrates and of their contents of specific metallic pro-oxidants and must be attributed to more complex carbohydrate-containing compounds; phosphatidyl choline and ethanolamine are not able to form metal complexes.