The State of Employment for People With IDD: Implications for Practice, Policy, and Equity.

Meaningful progress in improving employment outcomes for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities continues to be elusive, despite 40 years of investment in research, policy, and supports. This article reviews the current state of employment for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and describes policy, practice, and individual factors that influence employment outcomes. Research suggests the need for a holistic approach to change that addresses systems-level strategy, policy, and fiscal investment while strengthening individual experiences with employment and related day services. Recommendations address strengthening the implementation of employment policy, developing pathways to employment, and engaging individuals with IDD and, in particular, individuals with diverse social characteristics in reflecting on the quality of their experiences and supports.

How to inject sacroiliac joints with ultrasound guidance: a pictorial essay.

Active sacroiliitis and sacroiliac joint dysfunction represent a common cause of low back pain in the population and are cause of patients' quality of life reduction and disability worldwide. The use of musculoskeletal ultrasound allows to easily identify the sacroiliac joints and to study every pathological condition affecting its most dorsal part; moreover, musculoskeletal ultrasound allows to guide highly effective injective procedures aimed at improving patients' symptoms and enhance their well-being. This paper aims to briefly explain for the musculoskeletal sonographer the anatomy and biomechanics of the sacroiliac joints, the correct ultrasound scanning method for their visualization and the most appropriate ultrasound guided injection technique to help dealing with the diagnostic and management of sacroiliac joint pain in the everyday scenario.

Systemic osteoarthritis: the difficulty of categorically naming a continuous condition.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease with systemic implications that go beyond joint problems. Its pathogenic mechanisms involve a variety of systemic conditions that contribute to joint damage. These include metabolic dysfunction, chronic low-grade inflammation, neuroplastic pain, and the influence of the central nervous system in the development of neuropathic pain. Besides, OA can negatively affect other aspects of health, such as quality of life, reduced physical activity, social isolation, depression, and anxiety. OA can be considered a complex system in which pathological interactions involve not only obesity and metabolic dysfunction, but also fragility syndrome, sarcopenia, neurological complications, and systemic energy redistribution. Complex systems are composed of multiple interacting and dynamic parts and exhibit emergent properties that cannot be fully explained by examining their individual components. Chronic low-grade inflammation is characteristic of OA, occurring both in the affected joint, and systemically, mainly due to adipose tissue inflammation in obese patients. Obesity is a key factor in the progression of OA, so primary treatment should focus on its control, while maintaining muscle health. The chronic inflammation could lead to changes in energy distribution among the affected joint tissues. Therefore, OA should be approached as a systemic disease, considering individual patient factors, such as genetics, inflammatory response, and lifestyle. Medical care should be more holistic and personalized. Consideration of a name change, such as "systemic OA", could help to move away from the perception of a disease focused only on the joints.

Preparation for postsecondary education of transition aged youth with intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder in the United States: An Analysis of data from the national longitudinal transition study 2012.

Youth with intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder increasingly access postsecondary education in many countries around the world. To ensure students are ready to access these options, preparation for postsecondary education must be part of their transition services. This study examines the postsecondary education preparation experiences of youth with intellectual disability and autism using the NLTS 2012 dataset to identify the extent to which these youth are accessing preparation activities and if this preparation differs from youth in other groups. Findings indicate few differences between the postsecondary education preparation of youth with intellectual disability and autism and autism without intellectual disability but highlight substantial differences in several preparation activities when compared with youth in other groups.

What We Should Expect from an Innovative Intra-Articular Hyaluronic Acid Product: Expert Opinion Based on a Comprehensive Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Intra-articular hyaluronic acid (IAHA) products are often used in the treatment of adults with mild-to-moderate knee osteoarthritis (KOA). The International Symposium on Intra-Articular Treatment (ISIAT) convened a multidisciplinary technical expert panel to define characteristics for an innovative IAHA product that should answer unmet needs in the clinical management of adults with mild-to-moderate KOA. METHODS: An initial set of evidence-based statements was developed based on data extracted from articles identified through a comprehensive literature search. A Delphi panel comprising 19 experts in KOA voted in 3 rounds to rate their degree of agreement with accepted statements. RESULTS: The final set of 13 accepted statements focus on the effect of an innovative IAHA across 5 key domains of nociceptive pain, joint function, quality of life, joint structure and integrity, and adverse effects. The statements set thresholds for clinically meaningful improvements that exceed those generally achievable by currently available IAHA products. CONCLUSION: The characteristics described by these statements from the ISIAT set new standards for what should be expected from an innovative IAHA. These statements should serve as a framework for driving the development of innovative IAHA products that will surpass the actual outcomes achieved by current viscosupplements in patients with mild-to-moderate KOA.

Supporting Employment Consultants to Implement Supported and Customized Employment.

Implementing supported and customized employment in all their components is essential for supporting job seekers with disabilities to achieve their career goals. We asked 42 employment consultants in nine employment programs to respond daily to three quick questions about their employment support activities, for 6 months. Through monthly coaching, we helped the managers of these organizations engage their teams of employment consultants to interpret the data, reflect, set goals, and take action for quality improvement. Based on the positive results of this pilot, we recommend that employment consultants be provided with data-enabled feedback that supports decision making and helps them fully implement supported and customized employment as a necessary step toward improving job seekers' employment outcomes.

Intra-articular injections of biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in inflammatory arthropathies: An up-to-date narrative review.

INTRODUCTION: Since the 1990s thebiological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) have revolutionized the treatment of chronic dysimmune inflammatory arthropathies such as Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis and Axial Spondylarthritis. Nevertheless, despite a full treatment regimen, mono- and oligoarticular persistence of the synovitis is sometimes observed. The intra-articular (IA) use of bDMARD drugs could resolve the persistent joint inflammation and result in a reduction in the degree of immunosuppression of individuals; moreover, the use of these drugs intra-articularly could be associated with a reduction in the treatment-related costs. METHODS: We extensively searched via PubMed and Google Scholar articles using as keywords "etanercept", "infliximab", "adalimumab", "certolizumab", "golimumab", "tocilizumab", "ixekizumab", "secukinumab", "rituximab" each combined with "intra-articular injection". RESULTS: We found and evaluated 161 papers, and then we selected 24 that were highly related to the topic of the present work. The articles examined a total of 349 patients, 85 males (M), and 168 females (F), mean age of 44.75±12.09 years old and considered 556 treated joints. Three hundred and forty-one patients were affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis, 198 by Psoriatic Arthritis, 56 by Axial Spondylarthritis, 26 by Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, 19 by Undifferentiated Arthritis, 1 by arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease and 9 patients by an unspecified inflammatory articular disorder. All patients were treated intra-articularly with a TNFα inhibitor among Adalimumab, Etanercept or Infliximab. Side effects were documented in 9 out of 349 (2.57%) treated patients and all were mild or moderate. In some cases the effectiveness of IA bDMARDs treatment was maintained for several months, however in the few published randomized controlled trials(RCTs) the corticosteroids (GCs) appeared to act better when administered intra-articularly compared to bDMARDs. CONCLUSIONS: The IA use of bDMARDs seems to be weakly effective in the management of resistant synovitis and not superior to GCs injections. The treatment's main limit appears to be the poor persistence of the compound in the joint.

Early Osteoarthritis Questionnaire (EOAQ): a tool to assess knee osteoarthritis at initial stage.

Background: Early stage of osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by joint stiffness and pain as well as by subclinical structural changes that may affect cartilage, synovium, and bone. At the moment, the lack of a validated definition of early osteoarthritis (EOA) does not allow to make an early diagnosis and adopt a therapeutic strategy to slow disease progression. Also, no questionnaires are available to evaluate the early stage, and therefore this remains an unmet need. Objective: Therefore, the purpose of the technical experts panel (TEP) of 'International Symposium of intra-articular treatment' (ISIAT) was to create a specific questionnaire to evaluate and monitor the follow-up and clinical progress of patients affected by early knee OA. Design: The items for the Early Osteoarthritis Questionnaire (EOAQ) were identified according to the following steps: items generation, items reduction, and pre-test submission. Methods: During the first step, literature has been reviewed and a comprehensive list of items about pain and function in knee EOA was drafted. Then, during the ISIAT (5th edition 2019), the draft has been discussed by the board, which reformulated, deleted, or subdivided some of the items. After the ISIAT symposium, the draft was submitted to 24 subjects affected by knee OA. A score based on the importance and the frequency was created and the items with a score ⩾0.75 were selected. After intermediate evaluation made by a sample of patients, the second and final version of the questionnaire EOAQ was submitted to the whole board for final analysis and acceptance in a second meeting (29 January 2021). Results: After an exhaustive elaboration, the final version of the questionnaire contains two domains (Clinical Features and Patients Reported Outcome) with respectively 2 and 9 questions, for a total of 11 questions. Questions mainly explored the fields of early symptoms and patients reported outcomes. Marginally, the need of the symptoms treatment and the use of painkillers were investigated. Conclusions: Adoption of diagnostic criteria of early OA is strongly encouraged and a specific questionnaire for the whole management of the clinical features and patients' outcome might really improve the evolution of OA in the early stages of the disease, when the treatment is expected to be more effective.

EUROVISCO Good Practice Recommendations for a First Viscosupplementation in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis.

RATIONALE: Viscosupplementation (VS) with hyaluronic acid is widely used in the management of knee osteoarthritis. There is no clear recommendation on the decision-making to achieve VS. DESIGN: Based on extensive research of the literature and expert opinion, the members of the EUROVISCO (European Viscosupplementation Consensus Group) task force were asked to give their degree of agreement with 60 issues, using a Delphi method. RESULTS: The expert panel achieved unanimous agreement in favor of the following statements: It is recommended to assess pain on a visual or 10-point numeric scale before considering VS. VS can be considered for patients with pain scores between 3 and 8. A standard x-ray must be obtained before the decision of VS. If the x-ray is normal, osteoarthritis must be confirmed by MRI or computed tomography (CT) arthrogram before considering VS. The aims of VS are relieving pain, improving function, and reducing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) consumption. The use of VS must not be considered for treating an osteoarthritis flare. VS can be envisaged as a first-line pharmacological treatment in patients having a contra-indication to NSAIDs or analgesics. VS can be considered in patients with contra-indications to arthroplasty. In the case of severe comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders, renal failure), VS can avoid the use of potentially dangerous treatments. VS can be considered in patients receiving antiplatelet agents, vitamin K antagonists, and direct factor Xa or thrombin inhibitors. Five other statements obtained a high level of consensus. CONCLUSION: These recommendations, illustrated in a decision algorithm, have been established to help practitioners in the decision-making of knee VS.

Effectiveness of SB4 Transition from Originator Etanercept in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Axial Spondyloarthritis: A Subgroup Analysis from the BENEFIT Study.

Objectives: The pan-European BENEFIT study of patients with stable rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) who transitioned from reference etanercept to SB4 found no clinically meaningful changes in disease control after transition. The analysis aims to illustrate the peculiarities of the Italian cohort of patients compared with the whole population to provide a more real-life approach to the data for the Italian rheumatologists, ruling out possible local confounding factors. Methods: A prospective study for up to 6 months following transition was conducted. Outcome measures of interest include clinical characteristics at time of transition and disease activity scores (Disease Activity Score-28 [DAS28] for RA, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index [BASDAI] for axSpA) over time and safety. Results: One-hundred and eleven subjects (out of the 557 in total enrolled in the study) were derived from 8 Italian sites, including 79 with RA and 32 with axSpA. In both cohorts, the efficacy was maintained at 3 months and 6 months from the transition to the biosimilar with no significant change in mean DAS28 and BASDAI scores: at the end of the 6 months of observation the mean DAS28 and BASDAI was similar to baseline (confidence interval [CI] -0.22, 0.22), while the mean variation of the BASDAI was -0.14. Of note, 100.0% (95% CI 89.1, 100.0) in the axSpA and 90.8% (95% CI 81.5, 95.5) in the RA cohort of patients continued to receive SB4 at month 6 (binary variable with 95% Clopper-Pearson CI). Conclusions: Italian patients with stable RA or axSpA who transitioned from originator Etanercept to SB4 maintained clinical response at 6 months post-transition. Both the cohorts are representative of typical patients with long-standing established diagnoses. Most of the patients transitioned to the same dose regimen of biosimilar as that received for the originator, and the regimen remained unchanged at 6 months, supporting the effectiveness of the transition.

Multimodal Multidisciplinary Management of Patients with Moderate to Severe Pain in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Need to Meet Patient Expectations.

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common and disabling medical conditions. In the case of moderate to severe pain, a single intervention may not be sufficient to allay symptoms and improve quality of life. Examples include first-line, background therapy with symptomatic slow-acting drugs for OA (SYSADOAs) or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Therefore, the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) performed a review of a multimodal/multicomponent approach for knee OA therapy. This strategy is a particularly appropriate solution for the management of patients affected by knee OA, including those with pain and dysfunction reaching various thresholds at the different joints. The multimodal/multicomponent approach should be based, firstly, on different combinations of non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions. Potential pharmacological combinations include SYSADOAs and NSAIDs, NSAIDs and weak opioids, and intra-articular treatments with SYSADOAs/NSAIDs. Based on the available evidence, most combined treatments provide benefit beyond single agents for the improvement of pain and other symptoms typical of knee OA, although further high-quality studies are required. In this work, we have therefore provided new, patient-centered perspectives for the management of knee OA, based on the concept that a multimodal, multicomponent, multidisciplinary approach, applied not only to non-pharmacological treatments but also to a combination of the currently available pharmacological options, will better meet the needs and expectations of patients with knee OA, who may present with various phenotypes and trajectories.

Management of hand osteoarthritis: from an US evidence-based medicine guideline to a European patient-centric approach.

Hand osteoarthritis is the most common joint condition and is associated with significant morbidity. It is of paramount importance that patients are thoroughly assessed and examined when complaining of hand stiffness, pain, deformity or disability and that the patient's concerns and expectations are addressed by the healthcare professional. In 2019 the American College of Rheumatology and Arthritis Foundation (ACR/AF) produced guidelines which included recommendations for the treatment of hand osteoarthritis. An ESCEO expert working group (including patients) was convened and composed this paper with the aim to assess whether these guidelines were appropriate for the treatment of hand osteoarthritis therapy in Europe and whether they met with the ESCEO patient-centered approach. Indeed, patients are the key stakeholders in healthcare and eliciting the patient's preference is vital in the context of an individual consultation but also for informing research and policy-making. The patients involved in this working group emphasised the often-neglected area of aesthetic changes in hand osteoarthritis, importance of developing pharmacological therapies which can alleviate pain and disability and the need of the freedom to choose which approach (out of pharmacological, surgical or non-pharmacological) they wished to pursue. Following robust appraisal, it was recommended that the ACR/AF guidelines were suitable for a European context (as described within the body of the manuscript) and it was emphasised that patient preferences are key to the success of individual consultations, future research and future policy-making.

A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness and Safety of Hybrid Cooperative Complexes in Intra-articular Viscosupplementation.

Viscosupplementation by intra-articular (i.a.) injection of the non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) hyaluronic acid (HA) is a conservative therapy widely accepted in clinical practice for the management of osteoarthritis (OA) and joint diseases. The aim of viscosupplementation is to restore the rheological properties of the synovial fluid to relieve joint inflammation and pain and improve joint function through a chondroprotective effect. However, there is a range of hyaluronic acid products for OA that differ in preparation, molecular weight, rheological characteristics and concentration, and different i.a. formulations are more suited to particular patient populations and clinical situations, in part because of anatomical differences between joints. This paper focuses on innovative hybrid cooperative complexes of high and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HA-HL) and hyaluronic acid plus sodium chondroitin (HA-SC) that have been developed. Both products are formulated with pharmaceutical-grade, highly purified hyaluronic acid obtained with a multi-step biofermentation process, with properties that make them suitable across a range of degenerative joint diseases. They represent progress in building on the symptomatic and functional benefits of viscosupplementation in joint disease, with the additional beneficial effect of treating the patient with a high concentration of GAGs by a low number of injections. Here, we review the clinical evidence for the efficacy of a hybrid cooperative compound of HA-HL in various degenerative joint diseases, which suggests a synergistic effect of the different molecular weight hyaluronans that together more closely mimic the physiological composition of synovial fluid. Similarly, the evidence shows that HA-SC is safe, effective, and well tolerated in hip OA, with rapid and clinically significant improvements in pain symptoms and functionality. Such innovations in viscosupplementation expand the usefulness of the modality in the management of OA and other joint diseases, complemented by a lack of systemic or local side effects that allow the concurrent use of other drugs if needed.

Information Survey on the Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine.

Background and Objectives: Complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) are generally considered non-scientific and poor effective therapies. Nevertheless, CAMs are extensively used in common clinical practice in Western countries. We decided to promote a Delphi consensus to intercept the opinion of Italian physicians on CAM use in clinical practice. Materials and Methods: We run a Delphi-based consensus, interviewing anonymously 97 physicians. Of these, only 78 participate to the questionnaire. Results: Consensus about agreement and disagreement have been reached in several topics, including indication, as well as safety issues concerning CAMs. Conclusions: The use of CAMs in clinical practice still lacks evidence. Experts agree about the possibility to safely use CAMs in combination with conventional medicines to treat non-critical medical conditions.

Systematic Literature Review and Expert Opinion for the Use of Viscosupplementation with Hyaluronic Acid in Different Localizations of Osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a significant cause of disability. Considering the increasing diffusion of the viscosupplementation (VS) with hyaluronic acid (HA), the International Symposium Intra Articular Treatment (ISIAT) appointed a Technical Expert Panel (TEP) to identify the criteria for successful VS with a specific HA in OA; this through a systematic literature review (SLR), performed following the PRISMA guidelines interrogating Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Grey Matters and American College of Rheumatology (ACR/EULAR) databases and the opinion of international experts. The research included only studies on adults and humans without limitations of language or time of publication. Researchers extracted both quantitative and qualitative data from each study. Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used to perform quality analysis for the level of evidence. The SLR retrieved 385 papers, 25 of which were suitable for the analysis. The TEP focused on the different formulations of the product Sinovial® [HA 0.8%, HA 1.6%, HA 2%, 800-1200 kDa, HA 3.2% (1400-2100 kDa/65-110 kDa)]. The choice was due to the vast amount of evidence available. The TEP weighed the evidence in two rounds of a Delphi survey; the results, and any disagreement, were discussed in a final session. Three domains were considered: 1) the patients' characteristics associated with the best results; 2) the contraindications and the conditions linked to increased risk of failure; 3) the clinical conditions in which VS is considered appropriate. The TEP concluded that VS with HA is safe and effective in the treatment of knee and hip OA of grades I to III and that it is possible to undertake VS in other situations (eg grade IV Kellgren-Lawrence - KL); a comprehensive examination of the patient should be performed before the procedure.

Italian Expert Consensus on Clinical and Therapeutic Management of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS).

Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is a multisystem, recurrent, environmental disorder that flares in response to different exposures (i.e., pesticides, solvents, toxic metals and molds) under the threshold limit value (TLV) calculated for age and gender in the general population. MCS is a syndrome characterized by cutaneous, allergic, gastrointestinal, rheumatological, endocrinological, cardiological and neurological signs and symptoms. We performed a systematic review of the literature to summarize the current clinical and therapeutic evidence and then oriented an eDelphi consensus. Four main research domains were identified (diagnosis, treatment, hospitalization and emergency) and discussed by 10 experts and an MCS patient. Thus, the first Italian MCS consensus had the double aim: (a) to improve MCS knowledge among healthcare workers and patients by standardizing the clinical and therapeutic management to MCS patients; and (b) to improve and shed light on MCS misconceptions not supported by evidence-based medicine (EBM).

Web Axillary Pain Syndrome-Literature Evidence and Novel Rehabilitative Suggestions: A Narrative Review.

Axillary web syndrome (AWS) is defined as a visible and palpable network of cords in the skin of the axillary cavity that are tensed by shoulder abduction following surgery for breast cancer, causing significant functional limits of the ipsilateral upper limb (UL) and pain. The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss rehabilitation approaches for greater efficacy with respect to pain and novel suggestions. AWS is a frequent complication of axillary lymphadenectomy that necessitates a thorough follow-up in the medium to long term. Physiotherapy is effective in the treatment of functional limb deficits, the management of pain, and the treatment of upper limb disability. The best management approach involves the use of soft tissue techniques to slow the natural course of the syndrome, in association with therapeutic exercises for functional recovery and muscle strengthening. AWS is linked secondary lymphedema, requiring integration with manual lymphatic drainage. The physiotherapy management of AWS is currently fragmented, and insufficient information is available on the nature of the disease. Thus, randomized and controlled studies that compare rehabilitation approaches in AWS are desirable, including the possibility of using mesotherapy in the treatment of axillary and upper limb pain.

Retreatment with Hyaluronic Acid Viscosupplementation in Knee Osteoarthritis: Agreement between EUROVISCO Guidelines and Current Medical Practice.

OBJECTIVES: This work studied if and how current clinical practice agrees with European Viscosupplementation Consensus Group (EUROVISCO) recommendations and how this agreement might be different according to physician's specialization. In addition, this work aimed to identify key decision factors that practitioners consider in their decision to retreat or not a patient with hyaluronic acid viscosupplementation. METHODS: Practitioners have been invited by e-mail to participate in an online exercise on viscosupplementation retreatment. They received a fictional patient case at random among a set of predefined fictional cases. The platform asked the practitioner if he/she would retreat the patient with viscosupplementation or not. To take a decision, the practitioner could select questions among a list of predefined questions. Among them, some were related to criteria used in the EUROVISCO decision tree and others served as confounding factors. RESULTS: A total of 506 practitioners participated to the exercise, of which 399 gave their decision about the case assigned to them by the platform. The observed agreement between practitioner decisions and EUROVISCO recommendations was 58.89 ± 4.95% (95% confidence interval [CI]). Overall, the decision to retreat was taken in 47.87% of the cases, while the EUROVISCO guidelines follow-up would have led to 55.89% retreatment for the same cases (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: In current practice, physicians tended to reinject their patients less than recommended, although EUROVISCO guidelines for viscosupplementation retreatment consider decision criteria that clearly correspond to those of practitioners in real life. These include the patients' willingness to be treated or the patients' perception of the effectiveness of the treatment.