Does soaking temperature during controlled slow freezing of pre-pubertal mouse testes influence course of in vitro spermatogenesis?

The banking of testicular tissue before highly gonadotoxic treatment is a prerequisite for the preservation of fertility in pre-pubertal boys not yet producing sperm. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the impact of a soaking temperature performed at -7 °C, -8 °C or -9 °C on the ability of frozen-thawed mouse spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) to generate haploid germ cells after in vitro maturation. Testes of 6.5-day-old post-partum CD-1 mice were cryopreserved by using a controlled slow freezing protocol with soaking at -7 °C, -8 °C or -9 °C. Frozen-thawed pre-pubertal testicular tissues were cultured in vitro on agarose gel for 30 days. Histological evaluations were performed and flagellated late spermatids were counted after mechanical dissection of the cultured tissues. The differentiation of frozen SSCs into elongated spermatids was more efficient after treatment at -9 °C than at -7 °C and -8 °C. After dissection, flagellated late spermatids were observed by using Shorr staining. The number of flagellated late spermatids was significantly decreased after slow freezing when compared with a fresh tissue control. Therefore, the soaking temperature during slow freezing of pre-pubertal mouse testicular tissue might positively influence the course of in vitro spermatogenesis. Our slow freezing protocol with a soaking temperature at -9 °C was the optimal condition in terms of the achievement of in vitro spermatogenesis with a higher production of elongated spermatids, although the effectiveness of the maturation process was reduced compared with the fresh tissue control.

Retinol improves in vitro differentiation of pre-pubertal mouse spermatogonial stem cells into sperm during the first wave of spermatogenesis.

Testicular tissue freezing has been proposed for fertility preservation in pre-pubertal boys. Thawed frozen testicular tissue must undergo a maturation process to restore sperm production. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the ability of retinol to improve the in vitro differentiation of pre-pubertal mouse spermatogonial stem cells into sperm. Testes from pre-pubertal mice, aged 2.5 and 6.5 days post-partum, were cultured on agarose gel at a gas-liquid interphase for 34, 38 and 60 days (D) and for 16, 30 and 36 D respectively. Assessment of basal medium (BM) supplemented with retinol (RE) alone, FSH/LH alone or a combination of both, was performed. Stereological analyses and tissue lesion scoring were performed at the culture time points indicated above. Sperm production was quantified at D30 and D34 after mechanical dissection of the testicular tissues. FSH/LH significantly increased the percentage of round spermatids at D30 and D38, when compared to BM alone. However, RE significantly increased the percentages of round but also elongated spermatids at D30 and D34. Moreover, RE significantly increased the number of spermatozoa per milligram of tissue at D30 and D34 when compared to BM. Therefore, RE improved the in vitro production of spermatids and spermatozoa from pre-pubertal SSCs during the first wave of spermatogenesis. The use of RE could be a useful tool for in vitro spermatogenesis from pre-pubertal human testicular tissue.

Precocious initiation of spermatogenesis in a 19-month-old boy with Hurler syndrome.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type IH (MPS IH) is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been proposed for the treatment of MPS IH patients and offers the possibility to grow into their adulthood. Precocious puberty has been described in few MPS patients. We report, to the best of our knowledge and for the first time, the initiation of the first waves of spermatogenesis fortuitously observed in seminiferous tubules of a pre-pubertal 19-month-old boy, affected by MPS IH and who did not present any clinical signs of precocious puberty. This patient benefited from testicular tissue cryopreservation before HSCT. Seminiferous tubule size, germ cell differentiation and Sertoli cell expression of androgen receptor and anti-müllerian hormone corresponded to the pattern observed in a pubertal boy. The Hurler syndrome may be responsible for the precocious initiation of spermatogenesis. A specific follow-up during childhood may be useful to confirm if such abnormal testis development is common in young boys with MPS IH and if it may lead to precocious onset of puberty in survivors despite HSCT. Furthermore, we have observed that Sertoli cell maturation (up-regulation of AR expression, down-regulation of AMH expression) occurred before the clinical signs of puberty and before the increase of testosterone plasmatic level.

La Mucopolysaccharidose de type IH (MPS IH) est une maladie rare lysosomale de transmission récessive autosomique. L'allogreffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH) a été proposée pour le traitement des patients atteints de MPS IH et offre la possibilité d'une survie de ces patients jusqu'à l'âge adulte. La puberté précoce a été décrite chez quelques patients MPS. Nous rapportons, à notre connaissance et pour la première fois, l'initiation de la première vague de spermatogenèse observée fortuitement dans les tubules séminifères d'un garçon de 19 mois, atteint de MPS IH et sans signes cliniques de puberté précoce. Ce patient a bénéficié d'une cryoconservation de tissu testiculaire avant la greffe de CHS. Le diamètre des tubes séminifères, la différenciation des cellules germinales et l'expression du récepteur aux androgènes et de l'hormone antimüllérienne dans les cellules de Sertoli présentent les caractéristiques retrouvées dans le testicule d'un garçon pubère. Le syndrome de Hurler peut être responsable de l'initiation précoce de la spermatogenèse. Un suivi spécifique pendant l'enfance peut être utile pour confirmer si cette maturation prématurée du testicule est fréquente chez les jeunes garçons atteints de MPS IH et si elle peut conduire à une puberté précoce chez les patients malgré la greffe de CSH. En outre, notre observation démontre que la maturation des cellules de Sertoli se produit avant les signes cliniques de puberté et avant l'augmentation de la concentration plasmatique de testostérone.

Effects of vitamin A on in vitro maturation of pre-pubertal mouse spermatogonial stem cells.

Testicular tissue cryopreservation is the only potential option for fertility preservation in pre-pubertal boys exposed to gonadotoxic treatment. Completion of spermatogenesis after in vitro maturation is one of the future uses of harvested testicular tissue. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effects of vitamin A on in vitro maturation of fresh and frozen-thawed mouse pre-pubertal spermatogonial stem cells in an organ culture system. Pre-pubertal CD1 mouse fresh testes were cultured for 7 (D7), 9 (D9) and 11 (D11) days using an organ culture system. Basal medium was supplemented with different concentrations of retinol (Re) or retinoic acid (RA) alone or in combination. Seminiferous tubule morphology (tubule diameter, intra-tubular cell type), intra-tubular cell death and proliferation (PCNA antibody) and testosterone level were assessed at D7, D9 and D11. Pre-pubertal mouse testicular tissue were frozen after a soaking temperature performed at -7 °C, -8 °C or -9 °C and after thawing, were cultured for 9 days, using the culture medium preserving the best fresh tissue functionality. Retinoic acid at 10(-6)M and retinol at 3.3.10(-7)M, as well as retinol 10(-6)M are favourable for seminiferous tubule growth, maintenance of intra-tubular cell proliferation and germ cell differentiation of fresh pre-pubertal mouse spermatogonia. Structural and functional integrity of frozen-thawed testicular tissue appeared to be well-preserved after soaking temperature at -8 °C, after 9 days of organotypic culture using 10(-6)M retinol. RA and Re can control in vitro germ cell proliferation and differentiation. Re at a concentration of 10(-6)M maintains intra-tubular cell proliferation and the ability of spermatogonia to initiate spermatogenesis in fresh and frozen pre-pubertal mouse testicular tissue using a soaking temperature at -8 °C. Our data suggested a possible human application for in vitro maturation of cryopreserved pre-pubertal testicular tissue.

[Cryopreservation of testicular tissue in children]. / Cryopréservation du tissu testiculaire chez l'enfant.

The toxicity of cancer therapies can affect all organs and tissues. Some treatments damage spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), with a risk of infertility. Storage and reimplantation of frozen testicular tissue is a recent approach tofertilitypreservationfor young boys. However, thawed frozen prepubertal testicular tissue must undergo a maturation process to restore sperm production. This process, currently being studied in animal models, can be achieved by in vivo transplantation of SSCs into seminiferous tubules or by testicular grafting, possibly following in vitro maturation.

Concomitant unilateral and synchronous bilateral testis cancer in azoospermic dizygotic twins: differential management of fertility preservation.

OBJECTIVE: To optimize fertility preservation management in unilateral or bilateral testicular cancer. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Urology department and reproductive biology laboratory. PATIENT(S): Dizygotic azoospermic twins presenting unilateral and bilateral synchronous testicular tumors. INTERVENTION(S): Testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and orchiectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Semen analysis, histologic diagnosis. RESULT(S): No spermatozoa were cryopreserved for the first case, because fertility preservation was proposed after orchiectomy. Spermatozoa were retrieved after TESE for his brother with bilateral tumor. CONCLUSION(S): Clinicians should be aware of the need to recommend sperm banking before treatments may alter spermatogenesis. TESE may be the sole option for fertility preservation in bilateral testicular cancer.

Ovarian tissue thawing: a comparison of two conditions.

Two different protocols to thaw cryopreserved human ovarian cortex have been evaluated using a histological analysis. The slower one, based on a progressive dilution of cryoprotectants, seems to maintain an optimal follicle morphology.

From spermatocytes to spermatozoa in an infertile XYY male.

Sex chromosome distribution and aneuploidy as well as germ cell degeneration were evaluated in meiotic and post-meiotic cells from an infertile XYY male. Sex chromosome distribution was assessed by multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridization on meiotic preparations. Post-meiotic cell aneuploidy was characterized by a method combining multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry using the proacrosin-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb 4D4). TUNEL assay was carried out on seminiferous tubules to evaluate germ cell degeneration. At the prophase stage of the first meiotic division, 63.64% of cells at the pachytene stage carried three sex chromosomes. The ratio of X-bearing to Y-bearing spermatids and spermatozoa differed significantly from 1 : 1 with an excess of Y-bearing spermatids and spermatozoa. The frequency of hyperhaploid XY spermatids was increased in the XYY male, as well as the incidence of YY, XY and disomic 18 ejaculated spermatozoa. A preferential elimination of germ cells by apoptosis occurred in spermatocytes I. The persistence of the extra Y chromosome during meiosis of an XYY male is associated with a high rate of spermatocyte I degeneration and a low rate of aneuploid spermatozoa.