RESUMO
Botulinum toxin type-A (BoNT/A) application, especially neurological disorders, has been spread nowadays while it may cause side effects. The current study aimed to assess the BoNT/A dose-dependent effect on induction of aging in the Drosophila melanogaster model. The third instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster were exposed to » LC50, ½ LC50, and LC50 of BoNT/A in the Drosophila diet for 48 h while H2O2 1% was used as a positive control. After the exposure time, some larvae were collected for molecular study, including gene expression analysis, comet assay, oxidative stress markers, and the phenotype changes. BoNT/A induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity. In addition, it caused DNA damage and activated caspase-3 and -9, and reduced the body size of the fly, especially in high doses. In line with the purpose of the study, aging markers, including ß-galactosidase (ß-gal), p16, p21, p38, and p53, were up-regulated by BoNT/A low dose. BoNT/A activates the aging pathway in the low dose, and increasing the dose induces toxicity, including oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis.
RESUMO
Crude extracts or phytochemicals obtained from some plants have potential anti-cancer properties. Teucrium persicum is an Iranian endemic plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family which has traditionally been used to relieve abdominal pains. However, the anti-cancer properties of this species of the Teucrium genus have not been investigated previously. In this study, we have used a highly invasive prostate cancer cell line, PC-3, which is an appropriate cell system to study anti-tumor properties of plants. A methanolic extract obtained from T persicum potently inhibited viability of PC-3 cells. The viability of SW480 colon and T47D breast cancer cells was also significantly decreased in the presence of the T persicum extract. Flow cytometry suggested that the reduction of cell viability was due to induction of apoptosis. In addition, the results of wound healing and gelatin zymography experiments supported anti-cell invasion activity of T persicum. Interestingly, sublethal concentrations of T persicum extract induced an epithelial-like morphology in a subpopulation of cells with an increase in E-Cadherin and ß-Catenin protein levels at the cell membrane. These results strongly suggest that T persicum is a plant with very potent anti-tumor activity.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Teucrium/química , Western Blotting , Caderinas/metabolismo , Citometria de Fluxo , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , beta Catenina/metabolismoRESUMO
Recent studies have shown that heterotrimeric G proteins are involved in the regulation of the canonical Wnt/beta-Catenin pathway. However, the mechanism(s) behind this involvement is (are) poorly understood. Our previous results have shown that activation of Galphaq in Xenopus oocytes leads to inhibition of GSK-3beta and stabilization of the beta-Catenin protein, suggesting that Galphaq might stabilize beta-Catenin via inhibition of GSK-3beta. In this study, we have observed similar results in HEK293T cells. In these cells optimal activation of endogenous Galphaq by expressing M3-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (with or without carbachol treatment), or exposing the cells to thrombin led to an increase of 2 to 3-fold in endogenous cytoplasmic beta-Catenin protein levels. In addition, expression of the activated mutant of Galphaq (GalphaqQL) dramatically enhanced accumulation of exogenous beta-Catenin with no effect on beta-catenin (CTNNB1) gene transcription. The Galphaq-mediated cellular accumulation of beta-Catenin was blocked by expression of a minigene encoding a Galphaq specific inhibitory peptide but not by a minigene encoding a Galphas blocking peptide. Also, expression of GalphaqQL led to a significant reduction in GSK-3beta kinase activity, supporting the idea that the positive role of Galphaq signaling in inducing cellular accumulation of beta-Catenin is mediated through inhibition of GSK-3beta.