RESUMO
For the production of a chemically inactivated Parapoxvirus ovis (PPVO), an adherent bovine kidney cell line was cultivated on Cytodex-3 microcarriers in suspension culture. The inactivated and purified virus particles have shown immune modulatory activity in several animal models. PPVO was produced by a biphasic batch process at the 3.5 and 10 L scale. Aeration was realised by bubble-free membrane oxygenation via a tube stator with a central two-blade anchor impeller. In order to increase efficiency, process robustness and safety, the established process was optimised. The cell line was adapted to a protein-free medium (except recombinant insulin) in order to increase biosafety. A scale up to a 50 L pilot plant with direct cell expansion was performed successfully. In parallel, the biphasic batch process was optimised with special emphasis on different operating conditions (cell number, Multiplicity of Infection (MOI), etc.) and process management (fed-batch, dialysis, etc.). The quality and concentration of the purified virus particles was assessed by quantitative electron microscopy, residual host cell protein and DNA-content and, finally, biologic activity in a transgenic mouse model. This integrated approach led to a new, safe, robust and highly productive large-scale production process, called "Volume-Expanded-Fed" Batch with cell densities up to 6-7e06 cells/mL. By subsequent dilution of infected cells into the next process scale, an increase in total productivity by a factor of 40 (related to an established biphasic batch process) was achieved.
Assuntos
Parapoxvirus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Parapoxvirus/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/biossíntese , Animais , Bovinos , Contagem de Células , Sobrevivência Celular , Células Cultivadas , Meios de Cultura , DNA Viral/biossíntese , DNA Viral/imunologia , Hepatite B/imunologia , Rim/citologia , Rim/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Microscopia Eletrônica , Tripsina/química , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologiaRESUMO
Nitric oxide (NO) is a widespread, potent, biological mediator that has many physiological and pathophysiological roles. Research in the field of NO appears to have followed a straightforward path, and the findings have been progressive: NO and cyclic GMP are involved in vasodilatation; glycerol trinitrate relaxes vascular smooth muscles by bioconversion to NO; mammalian cells synthesize NO; and last, NO mediates vasodilatation by stimulating the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), a heterodimeric (alpha/beta) haem protein that converts GTP to cGMP2-4. Here we report the discovery of a regulatory site on sGC. Using photoaffinity labelling, we have identified the cysteine 238 and cysteine 243 region in the alpha1-subunit of sGC as the target for a new type of sGC stimulator. Moreover, we present a pyrazolopyridine, BAY 41-2272, that potently stimulates sGC through this site by a mechanism that is independent of NO. This results in antiplatelet activity, a strong decrease in blood pressure and an increase in survival in a low-NO rat model of hypertension, and as such may offer an approach for treating cardiovascular diseases.
Assuntos
Guanilato Ciclase/química , Óxido Nítrico/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Sítios de Ligação , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Óxidos N-Cíclicos/farmacologia , Cisteína/química , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ativação Enzimática , Feminino , Guanilato Ciclase/metabolismo , Heme/química , Humanos , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Indazóis/farmacologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Marcadores de Fotoafinidade , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/farmacologia , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Piridinas/farmacologia , Ratos , SolubilidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The most important receptor for nitric oxide is the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), a heme containing heterodimer. Recently, a pyrazolopyridine derivative BAY 41-2272, structurally related to YC-1, was identified stimulating soluble guanylate cyclase in an NO-independent manner, which results in vasodilatation and antiplatelet activity. The study described here addresses the identification of the NO-independent site on soluble guanylate cyclase. RESULTS: We developed a photoaffinity label (3H-meta-PAL) for the direct and NO-independent soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulator BAY 41-2272 by introducing an azido-group into the tritium labeled compound. The synthesized photoaffinitylabel directly stimulates the purified sGC and shows in combination with NO a synergistic effect on sGC activity. Irradiation with UV light of 3H-meta-PAL together with the highly purified sGC leads to a covalent binding to the alpha1-subunit of the enzyme. This binding is blocked by unlabeled meta-PAL, YC-1 and BAY 41-2272. For further identification of the NO-independent regulatory site the 3H-meta-PAL labeled sGC was fragmented by CNBr digest. The 3H-meta-PAL binds to a CNBr fragment, consisting of the amino acids 236-290 of the alpha1-subunit. Determination of radioactivity of the single PTH-cycles from the sequencing of this CNBr fragment detected the cysteines 238 and 243 as binding residues of the 3H-meta-PAL. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that the region surrounding the cysteines 238 and 243 in the alpha1-subunit of the sGC could play an important role in regulation of sGC activity and could be the target of this new type of sGC stimulators.
Assuntos
Ativadores de Enzimas/farmacologia , Guanilato Ciclase/metabolismo , Indazóis/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Piridinas/farmacologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Ativação Enzimática , Guanilato Ciclase/genética , Insetos/citologia , Marcadores de Fotoafinidade , Proteínas Recombinantes/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismoRESUMO
The archaeon Methanopyrus kandleri is the most thermophilic methanogen presently known. It contains a chaperonin (thermosome) which represents a 951 kDa homo-hexadecameric protein complex with NH4+-dependent ATPase activity. Since its synthesis is not increased upon heat shock, we set out to test its chaperone function. In order to obtain the chaperonin in amounts sufficient for functional investigations, the gene encoding the 60 kDa subunit was expressed in E. coili BL21 (DE3) cells. Purification yielded soluble, high-molecular-mass double-ring complexes, indistinguishable from the natural thermosome. In order to study the functional properties of the recombinant protein complex, pig citrate synthase, yeast alcohol dehydrogenase, yeast alpha-glucosidase, bovine insulin, and Thermotoga phosphoglycerate kinase were used as model substrates. The results demonstrate that the recombinant M. kandleri thermosome possesses a chaperone-like activity in vitro, inhibiting aggregation as the major off-pathway-reaction during thermal unfolding and refolding of proteins after chemical denaturation. However, the chaperonin only forms dead-end complexes with its non-native substrates, no release is detectable at temperatures between 25 and 60 degrees C.
Assuntos
Proteínas Arqueais/genética , Chaperoninas/química , Chaperoninas/genética , Euryarchaeota/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Álcool Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Proteínas Arqueais/química , Proteínas Arqueais/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas Arqueais/farmacologia , Bovinos , Chaperoninas/isolamento & purificação , Chaperoninas/farmacologia , Fenômenos Químicos , Físico-Química , Citrato (si)-Sintase/antagonistas & inibidores , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação Enzimática/genética , Euryarchaeota/química , Inibidores de Glicosídeo Hidrolases , Insulina/metabolismo , Antagonistas da Insulina/farmacologia , Fosfoglicerato Quinase/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Recombinantes/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Suínos , TermossomosRESUMO
A recombinant substitution mutant (recSerETI) of the Erythrina caffra trypsin inhibitor, with the N-terminal valine residue substituted by serine, was produced in E. coli and compared to the wildtype protein (wtETI) with respect to physicochemical and functional properties. The spectral properties, including UV absorbance, fluorescence emission and circular dichroism, were indistinguishable. Furthermore, the inhibitory activities of the two proteins regarding the inhibition of trypsin, chymotrypsin, tissue plasmininogen activator (t-PA) and reteplase (BM 06.022, t-PA deletion variant comprising the kringle 2 and the protease domains, isolated from transformed E. coli cells) and the affinity of the immobilized inhibitors for reteplase were closely similar. Five repetitive cycles of guanidinium chloride (GdmCl)-induced denaturation-renaturation yield the native mutant protein with its inhibitory activity fully restored. The only difference between the wildtype and the mutant protein refers to the intrinsic stability. Comparing the pH- and GdmCl-dependent transitions, as well as the thermal denaturation, recSerETI exhibits decreased stability compared to the wildtype protein. The pH range of stability is shifted from pH 1-9.5, for wtETI, to pH 2-9, for recSerETI; similarly the GdmCl-induced denaturation is found to occur at a GdmCl half concentration of 3.7 M instead of 4.5 M; in both cases the renaturation exhibits strong hysteresis. The mid-point of the thermal unfolding transition of the mutant protein is at approximately 65 degrees C, as compared to approximately 75 degrees C for the wildtype protein.
Assuntos
Erythrina/metabolismo , Plantas Medicinais , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tecidual , Inibidores da Tripsina/metabolismo , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Erythrina/química , Ativadores de Plasminogênio/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Dobramento de Proteína , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Serina/química , Serina/metabolismo , Análise Espectral , Inibidores da Tripsina/química , Inibidores da Tripsina/farmacologia , Valina/química , Valina/metabolismoRESUMO
The archaeon Pyrodictium occultum is one of the most thermophilic organisms presently known. Previous experiments provided support for the significant contribution of a high-molecular-mass protein complex to the extreme thermotolerance of P. occultum. This protein complex, the 'thermosome', is composed of two subunits, alpha and beta, which form a hexadecameric double ring complex. In order to obtain the thermosome in amounts sufficient for structural and functional investigations, we produced the two subunits jointly and separately in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). In all three cases, we isolated soluble, high-molecular-mass double-ring complexes from E. coli BL21(DE3). On electron micrographs, the recombinant complexes were indistinguishable from each other and from the natural thermosome. To characterize the quaternary structure of the recombinant particles, we used native gel electrophoresis, analytical gel filtration, and analytical ultracentrifugation. Spectral analysis, using absorption, fluorescence emission and far-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy were applied to compare the three recombinant protein complexes with the natural thermosome from P. occultum. All three recombinant complex species exhibit ATPase activity. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that the recombinant complexes slow down the aggregation of citrate synthase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and insulin. Thus, we conclude that the recombinant protein complexes exhibit a chaperone-like activity, interacting with non-native proteins; they do so at temperatures far below the lower physiological limit of growth.
Assuntos
Chaperoninas/química , Desulfurococcaceae/química , Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , Proteínas Arqueais/química , Proteínas Arqueais/ultraestrutura , Chaperoninas/ultraestrutura , Dicroísmo Circular , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Estabilidade Enzimática , Cinética , Microscopia Eletrônica , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Conformação Proteica , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/ultraestrutura , Espalhamento de Radiação , TemperaturaRESUMO
Detergent based aqueous two-phase systems have several specific properties, e.g., extreme small density differences between the two liquid phases (0.003-0.005 g/cm(3)), low interfacial tensions (5-10 microN/m) and complex rheological behavior of the product containing detergent-rich phase, which make processing difficult. We describe the successful separation of these aqueous two-phase systems in the pilot scale (1-20 kg) in the presence and absence of microbial cells, either by settling under gravity or in centrifugal separators. The performance of self-desludging liquid-liquid separators and of a nozzle separator was analyzed in detail to judge large scale application. With a feed rate of 16 L/h, stable operation was possible in the desludging machine. Up to 56 L/h could be processed with very close control of the hydrodynamic balance. In a small nozzle separator, feed rates of 90 L/h could be realized, but the purity of the separated phases and the yield of the top phase was slightly lower than in the liquid-liquid separator. The presence of surface-active components in the feed may alter the separation characteristics of the phase systems significantly. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 339-347, 1997.
RESUMO
A novel oxidoreductase catalyzing the NADH-dependent reduction of a variety of carbonyl compounds, especially keto esters, was found in Candida parapsilosis DSM 70125. The enzyme was purified by fractional poly(ethylene glycol) precipitation, anion exchange, and affinity chromatography. The enzyme was enriched about 3100-fold and appeared to be homogeneous as judged by native and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The carbonyl reductase from C. parapsilosis is a dimeric enzyme with an apparent molecular mass of about 135 kDa. Important properties concerning the application of the enzyme are the relatively broad pH optimum between pH 6.5 and 9.0, temperature optimum between 36 and 42 degrees C, and good stability. Besides keto esters, the new enzyme reduces other aliphatic, aromatic, and cyclic ketones, as well as aldehydes and ketoacetals with high reaction rates. 4-Halo-3-hydroxybutanoates, which are promising chiral intermediates for the chemical synthesis of L-carnitine, alkaloids and pharmaceuticals, are now accessible by enzymatic reduction, as well as several phenyl-ethanol derivatives, which are important for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The preparative applicability of the enzyme was demonstrated in a coupled enzyme system with regeneration of coenzyme. Methyl 3-oxobutanoate was converted into methyl (S)-(+)-3-hydroxybutanoate (98.5% ee), a versatile chiral building block for the synthesis of pheromones and different antibiotics.