Advanced Interventional Treatments in Retinoblastoma Management: A Comprehensive Review.

Retinoblastoma is the most common eye malignancy in children that if left untreated can invade intraocular structures, metastasize, and rarely lead to death. Traditionally treated with systemic chemotherapy, Intra-arterial chemotherapy is gaining popularity as it allows for the direct administration of chemotherapy through the ophthalmic artery, thus reducing systemic side effects. Intra-arterial chemotherapy procedures have evolved, with refinements to reduce risks and radiation exposure. Intra-arterial chemotherapy boasts an impressive technical success rate and one year ocular survival even amongst advanced cases. This review offers a thorough examination of the technique, indications, contraindications, outcomes, and alternative options for Intra-arterial chemotherapy.

RING finger protein 113A regulates C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 stability and signaling.

As an α-chemokine receptor specific for stromal-derived-factor-1 (SDF-1, also called CXCL12), C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) plays a vital role in chemotactically attracting lymphocytes during inflammation. CXCR4 also regulates HIV infection due to its role as one of the chemokine coreceptors for HIV entry into CD4+ T cells. Chemokine receptors and their signaling pathways have been shown to be regulated by the process of ubiquitination, a posttranslational modification, guided by ubiquitin E3 ligases, which covalently links ubiquitin chains to lysine residues within target substrates. Here we describe a novel mechanism regulating CXCR4 protein levels and subsequent CXCR4/CXCL12 signaling pathway through the ubiquitination and degradation of the receptor in response to ligand stimulation. We identify that an uncharacterized really interesting new gene (RING) finger ubiquitin E3 ligase, RING finger protein 113A (RNF113A), directly ubiquitinates CXCR4 in cells, leading to CXCR4 degradation, and therefore disrupts the signaling cascade. We determined that the K331 residue within CXCR4 is essential for RNF113A-mediated ubiquitin conjugation. Overexpression of RNF113A significantly reduces CXCL12-induced kinase activation in HeLa cells, whereas RNF113A knockdown enhances CXCL12-induced downstream signaling. Further, RNF113A expression and silencing directly affect cell motility in a wound healing assay. These results suggest that RNF113A plays an important role in CXCR4 signaling through the ubiquitination and degradation of CXCR4. This mechanistic study might provide new understanding of HIV immunity and neutrophil activation and motility regulated by CXCR4.