Climatic drivers of cork growth depend on site aridity.

Cork is one of the main non-timber forest products in the world. Most of its production is concentrated in the Iberian Peninsula, a climate change hotspot. Climate warming may lead to increased aridification and reduce cork production in that region. However, we still lack assessments of climate-cork relationships across ample geographical and climatic gradients explicitly considering site aridity. We quantified cork growth by measuring cork ring width and related it to climate variables and a drought index using dendrochronology. Four cork oak (Quercus suber) forests located from north eastern Spain to south western Morocco (31.5-41.5° N) and subjected to different aridity levels were sampled. Warm conditions in spring to early summer, when cork is formed, reduced cork width, whereas high precipitation in winter and spring enhanced it. The response of cork to increased water availability in summer peaked (r = 0.89, p = 0.00002) in the most arid and continental site considering 14-month long droughts. A severe drought caused a disproportionate loss of cork production in this site, where for every five-fold decrease in the drought index, the cork-width index declined by a factor of thirteen. Therefore, site aridity determines the responses of cork growth to the soil water availability resulting from accumulated precipitation during winter and spring previous to cork growth and until summer. In general, this cumulative water balance, which is very dependent on temperature and evapotranspiration rate, is critical for cork production, especially in continental, dry sites. The precipitation during the hydrological year can be used as a proxy of cork production in similar sites. Assessments of climate-cork relationships in the western Mediterranean basin could be used as analogues to forecast the impacts of aridification on future cork production.

Producción de leche materna y estado emocional en madres de recién nacidos de muy bajo peso / Breast milk production and emotional state in mothers of very low birth weight infants

Introducción. Existe poca evidencia de la influencia de variables emocionales en la lactancia de madres de recién nacidos de muy bajo peso al nacer (RNMBPN). El objetivo de este estudio fue medir la producción de leche materna (PLM) en dos momentos de la internación neonatal y su asociación con los niveles de ansiedad, depresión y autoeficacia en lactancia en madres de RNMBPN.Población y métodos. Estudio prospectivo, observacional, multicéntrico en madres de RNMBPN (500-1500 g), en 9 centros de la Red NEOCOSUR. La PLM se obtuvo midiendo lo extraído por cada madre. Se utilizaron las escalas STAI para ansiedad, BDI para depresión, y, la escala piloto ALMA para autoeficacia. Estas fueron aplicadas a los 14 días de vida y a las 36 semanas posmenstruales. Se registraron, además, las características biosociales de madres y neonatos. Resultados. Participaron 118 madres. La PLM media a los 14 días fue de 169 ml (desvío estándar ­DE­ ± 132,4) y de 285 ml (DE ± 266,9) a las 36 semanas, y se asoció significativamente con percepción de autoeficacia en lactancia (p < 0,001), que se mantuvo durante la hospitalización. Existió una tendencia a menor producción en madres con mayores índices de depresión a los 14 días de vida de su hijo, pero no a las 36 semanas. No se encontró asociación entre PLM y ansiedad. No se encontraron asociaciones consistentemente significativas con variables biosociales. Conclusión. La PLM se asoció positivamente con autoeficacia en lactancia; no se encontró asociación con ansiedad y depresión en madres de RNMBPN

Introduction. There is little evidence regarding the influence of emotional variables on breastfeeding among mothers of very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs). The objective of this study was to measure breast milk production (BMP) at two points in time during neonatal hospitalization and its association with anxiety, depression, and breastfeeding self-efficacy levels among mothers of VLBWIs.Population and methods. Prospective, observational, and multicenter study in mothers of VLBWIs (500-1500 g) from 9 NEOCOSUR Network centers. BMP was obtained by measuring the amount extracted by each mother. The STAI scale was used for anxiety, the BDI scale for depression, and the ALMA pilot scale for self-efficacy. They were administered at 14 days of life and at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age. The biosocial characteristics of mothers and neonates were also recorded.Results. A total of 118 mothers participated. Mean BMP was 169 mL (standard deviation [SD]: ± 132.4) at 14 days and 285 mL (SD: ± 266.9) at 36 weeks, and it was significantly associated with the perception of breastfeeding self-efficacy (p < 0.001), which was maintained during hospitalization. There was a lower production trend among mothers with higher depression indices at 14 days of life, but not at 36 weeks. No association was observed between BMP and anxiety. No consistently significant associations were observed with biosocial variables.Conclusion. BMP was positively associated with breastfeeding self-efficacy; no association was observed with anxiety and depression among mothers of VLBWIs

Breast milk production and emotional state in mothers of very low birth weight infants. / Producción de leche materna y estado emocional en madres de recién nacidos de muy bajo peso.

INTRODUCTION: There is little evidence regarding the influence of emotional variables on breastfeeding among mothers of very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs). The objective of this study was to measure breast milk production (BMP) at two points in time during neonatal hospitalization and its association with anxiety, depression, and breastfeeding self-efficacy levels among mothers of VLBWIs. POPULATION AND METHOS: Prospective, observational, and multicenter study in mothers of VLBWIs (500-1500 g) from 9 NEOCOSUR Network centers. BMP was obtained by measuring the amount extracted by each mother. The STAI scale was used for anxiety, the BDI scale for depression, and the ALMA pilot scale for selfefficacy. They were administered at 14 days of life and at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age. The biosocial characteristics of mothers and neonates were also recorded. RESULTS: A total of 118 mothers participated. Mean BMP was 169 mL (standard deviation [SD]: ± 132.4) at 14 days and 285 mL (SD: ± 266.9) at 36 weeks, and it was significantly associated with the perception of breastfeeding self-efficacy (p < 0.001), which was maintained during hospitalization. There was a lower production trend among mothers with higher depression indices at 14 days of life, but not at 36 weeks. No association was observed between BMP and anxiety. No consistently significant associations were observed with biosocial variables. CONCLUSION: BMP was positively associated with breastfeeding self-efficacy; no association was observed with anxiety and depression among mothers of VLBWIs.

Introducción. Existe poca evidencia de la influencia de variables emocionales en la lactancia de madres de recién nacidos de muy bajo peso al nacer (RNMBPN). El objetivo de este estudio fue medir la producción de leche materna (PLM) en dos momentos de la internación neonatal y su asociación con los niveles de ansiedad, depresión y autoeficacia en lactancia en madres de RNMBPN. Población y métodos. Estudio prospectivo, observacional, multicéntrico en madres de RNMBPN (500-1500 g), en 9 centros de la Red NEOCOSUR. La PLM se obtuvo midiendo lo extraído por cada madre. Se utilizaron las escalas STAI para ansiedad, BDI para depresión, y, la escala piloto ALMA para autoeficacia. Estas fueron aplicadas a los 14 días de vida y a las 36 semanas posmenstruales. Se registraron, además, las características biosociales de madres y neonatos. Resultados. Participaron 118 madres. La PLM media a los 14 días fue de 169 ml (desvío estándar ­DE­ ± 132,4) y de 285 ml (DE ± 266,9) a las 36 semanas, y se asoció significativamente con percepción de autoeficacia en lactancia (p < 0,001), que se mantuvo durante la hospitalización. Existió una tendencia a menor producción en madres con mayores índices de depresión a los 14 días de vida de su hijo, pero no a las 36 semanas. No se encontró asociación entre PLM y ansiedad. No se encontraron asociaciones consistentemente significativas con variables biosociales. Conclusión. La PLM se asoció positivamente con autoeficacia en lactancia; no se encontró asociación con ansiedad y depresión en madres de RNMBPN.

Implementação da sistematização da assistência de enfermagem (SAE) no serviço de atendimento móvel de urgência (SAMU) / The implementation of nursing care systematization in the mobile emergency care service / Implementación de la sistematización de la asistencia de enfermería en el servicio de atención movil de urgencia

Objetivo: Identificar as limitações na implementação da Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem no Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência em Recife. Método: Estudo descritivo, quantitativo, transversal, observacional. O estudo foi realizado no município de Recife-PE, a coleta de dados ocorreu no SAMU com 51 enfermeiros. O estudo foi aprovado sob o parecer nº 1.547.265. Resultados: Evidenciou-se a força de trabalho feminina na população estudada, alto índice de profissionais experientes, porém pouco mais da metade dos enfermeiros conheciam a Resolução COFEN 358 de 2009. Entendem que é a Sistematização é importante para a profissão, mas, 42% afirma que não se aplica ao serviço. Ficou evidenciado que em algum momento da sistematização alguma das etapas da SAE não é realizada. Conclusão: A realização da SAE no SAMU ainda precisa ser mais discutida e exercitada, pelo próprio Núcleo de Educação Permanente do SAMU, e mais ainda pelas entidades reguladoras da profissão

Objective: The study's purpose has been to identify the limitations in the implementation of the Systematization of Nursing Care in the Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) [Mobile Emergency Care Service] at Recife city. Methods: It is a cross-sectional and descriptive study with a quantitative approach. Data collection took place in the SAMU, where 51 nurses have participated. The study was approved under the No. 1.547.265. Results: It was evidenced the female workforce in the studied population and a high index of skilled professionals. In the other hand, a few more than half of the nurses knew the Resolution No. 358/2009 from the Conselho Federal de Enfermagem (COFEN) [Federal Nursing Council]. They understand that the systematization is important to the profession, but 42% affirm that it does not apply to the service. It was also verified that at some point in the systematization process some of the Nursing Care Systematization (NCS) stages were not performed. Conclusion: The NCS in the SAMU still needs to be discussed and performed by the Permanent Education Center of SAMU itself, and even more by the regulators of the profession

Objetivo: Identificar de las limitaciones en implementación de sistematización de asistencia de enfermería en el Servicio de Atención Móvil de Urgencia. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo, transversal, observacional. El estudio se llevó a cabo en la ciudad de Recife-PE, la recolección de datos ocurrió en el SAMU, com 51 enfermeros. El estudio fue aprobado en virtud de la opinión Nº 1.547.265. Resultados: Fuera evidente la fuerza de trabajo femenina en la población, alto nivel de profesionales con experiencia, pero poco más de la mitad de enfermeras sabía Resolución COFEN 358 de 2009. Ellos entienden que La sistematizacion es importante para la profesión, pero el 42% dice que no se aplica servicio. Era evidente que en algún momento de la sistematización no se realizan pasos de SAE. Conclusíon: La realización de SAE en SAMU necesita ser discutido más y ejercido por el Centro de Educación Continua de SAMU, y más aún por las autoridades reguladoras de la profesión

Optical Properties Influence Visual Cortical Functional Resolution After Cataract Surgery and Both Dissociate From Subjectively Perceived Quality of Vision.

Purpose: To investigate the relation between optical properties, population receptive fields (pRFs), visual function, and subjectively perceived quality of vision after cataract surgery. Methods: The study includes 30 patients who had recently undergone bilateral sequential cataract surgery. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging and pRF modelling methods to assess pRF sizes across visual cortical regions (V1-V3). Subjects also performed a complete ophthalmologic and psychophysical examination and answered a quality of vision questionnaire. Results: Subjects with worse optical properties had, as predicted, larger pRF sizes. In addition, analysis in the primary visual cortex revealed significantly larger mean pRF sizes for operated subjects with worse contrast sensitivity (P = 0.038). In contrast, patients who scored high in the subjective "bothersome" dimension induced by dysphotic symptoms had surprisingly lower pRF size fitting interception (P = 0.012) and pRF size fitting slopes (P = 0.020), suggesting a dissociation between objective quality of vision and subjective appraisal. Conclusions: Optical properties of the eye influence pRF size. In particular, visual aberrations have a negative impact on visual cortical processing. A novel dissociation between subjective reports of quality of vision and pRF sizes was further identified. This suggests that patients with better cortical resolution may have a negative subjective response possibly because of improved perception of dysphotic phenomena. pRF properties represent a valuable quantitative measure to objectively evaluate quality of vision but do not necessarily predict subjective complaints.

Diplodia Tip Blight on Its Way to the North: Drivers of Disease Emergence in Northern Europe.

Disease emergence in northern and boreal forests has been mostly due to tree-pathogen encounters lacking a co-evolutionary past. However, outbreaks involving novel interactions of the host or the pathogen with the environment have been less well documented. Following an increase of records in Northern Europe, the first large outbreak of Diplodia sapinea on Pinus sylvestris was discovered in Sweden in 2016. By reconstructing the development of the epidemic, we found that the attacks started approx. 10 years back from several isolated trees in the stand and ended up affecting almost 90% of the trees in 2016. Limited damage was observed in other plantations in the surroundings of the affected stand, pointing to a new introduced pathogen as the cause of the outbreak. Nevertheless, no genetic differences based on SSR markers were found between isolates of the outbreak area and other Swedish isolates predating the outbreak or from other populations in Europe and Asia Minor. On a temporal scale, we saw that warm May and June temperatures were associated with higher damage and low tree growth, while cold and rainy conditions seemed to favor growth and deter disease. At a spatial scale, we saw that spread occurred predominantly in the SW aspect-area of the stand. Within that area and based on tree-ring and isotope (δ13C) analyses, we saw that disease occurred on trees that over the years had shown a lower water-use efficiency (WUE). Spore traps showed that highly infected trees were those producing the largest amount of inoculum. D. sapinea impaired latewood growth and reduced C reserves in needles and branches. D. sapinea attacks can cause serious economic damage by killing new shoots, disrupting the crown, and affecting the quality of stems. Our results show that D. sapinea has no limitations in becoming a serious pathogen in Northern Europe. Management should focus on reducing inoculum, especially since climate change may bring more favorable conditions for this pathogen. Seedlings for planting should be carefully inspected as D. sapinea may be present in a latent stage in asymptomatic tissues.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess neuroadaptation to multifocal intraocular lenses.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess neuroadaptation to multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs). SETTING: Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. DESIGN: Prospective case study. METHODS: Patients with bilateral diffractive IOL implantation after cataract surgery had functional MRI at postoperative intervals of 3 weeks and 6 months. A nonintervention control group was included as proof of concept. Functional stimuli consisted of sinusoidal gratings with threshold contrast and a light source to induce disability glare. Subjective quality of vision and reading performance were assessed and wavefront analyses were performed. RESULTS: The study comprised 30 patients in the study group and 15 in the control group. Glare decreased the functional MRI signal measured for sinusoidal gratings initially (3 weeks) but not at 6 months (P = .04), which was confirmed by contrast detection under glare improvement (P = .002). Patients showed increased activity of cortical areas involved in visual attention, procedural learning, effortful cognitive control, and goal-oriented behavior in the early postoperative period, which normalized at 6 months. There were no differences in aberrations, Strehl ratio, or modulation transfer function despite significant decreases in questionnaire symptom scores and visual acuity and reading performance improvements. The control group remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Neuroadaptation to multifocal IOLs took place initially through recruitment of visual attentional and procedural learning networks. Thereafter, a form of long-term adaptation/functional plasticity occurred, leading to brain activity regularization toward a non-effort pattern. These findings, which reinforce the crucial role of higher-level brain regions in the perceptual construction of vision, were consistent with functional and questionnaire outcomes and were unrelated to optical properties.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Assess the Neurobehavioral Impact of Dysphotopsia with Multifocal Intraocular Lenses.

PURPOSE: To investigate the association between dysphotopsia and neural responses in visual and higher-level cortical regions in patients who recently received multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) implants. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty patients 3 to 4 weeks after bilateral cataract surgery with diffractive IOL implantation and 15 age- and gender-matched control subjects. METHODS: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed when participants viewed low-contrast grating stimuli. A light source surrounded the stimuli in half of the runs to induce disability glare. Visual acuity, wavefront analysis, Quality of Vision (QoV) questionnaire, and psychophysical assessment were performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cortical activity (blood oxygen level dependent [BOLD] signal) in the primary visual cortex and in higher-level brain areas, including the attention network. RESULTS: When viewing low-contrast stimuli under glare, patients showed significant activation of the effort-related attention network in the early postoperative period, involving the frontal, middle frontal, parietal frontal, and postcentral gyrus (multisubject random-effects general linear model (GLM), P < 0.03). In contrast, controls showed only relative deactivation (due to lower visibility) of visual areas (occipital lobe and middle occipital gyrus, P < 0.03). Patients also had relatively stronger recruitment of cortical areas involved in learning (anterior cingulate gyrus), task planning, and solving (caudate body). Patients reporting greater symptoms induced by dysphotic symptoms showed significantly increased activity in several regions in frontoparietal circuits, as well as cingulate gyrus and caudate nucleus (q < 0.05). We found no correlation between QoV questionnaire scores and optical properties (total and higher order aberration, modulation transfer function, and Strehl ratio). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the association between patient-reported subjective difficulties and fMRI outcomes, independent of optical parameters and psychophysical performance. The increased activity of cortical areas dedicated to attention (frontoparietal circuits), to learning and cognitive control (cingulate), and to task goals (caudate) likely represents the beginning of the neuroadaptation process to multifocal IOLs.

Contrasting growth forecasts across the geographical range of Scots pine due to altitudinal and latitudinal differences in climatic sensitivity.

Ongoing changes in global climate are altering ecological conditions for many species. The consequences of such changes are typically most evident at the edge of a species' geographical distribution, where differences in growth or population dynamics may result in range expansions or contractions. Understanding population responses to different climatic drivers along wide latitudinal and altitudinal gradients is necessary in order to gain a better understanding of plant responses to ongoing increases in global temperature and drought severity. We selected Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) as a model species to explore growth responses to climatic variability (seasonal temperature and precipitation) over the last century through dendrochronological methods. We developed linear models based on age, climate and previous growth to forecast growth trends up to year 2100 using climatic predictions. Populations were located at the treeline across a latitudinal gradient covering the northern, central and southernmost populations and across an altitudinal gradient at the southern edge of the distribution (treeline, medium and lower elevations). Radial growth was maximal at medium altitude and treeline of the southernmost populations. Temperature was the main factor controlling growth variability along the gradients, although the timing and strength of climatic variables affecting growth shifted with latitude and altitude. Predictive models forecast a general increase in Scots pine growth at treeline across the latitudinal distribution, with southern populations increasing growth up to year 2050, when it stabilizes. The highest responsiveness appeared at central latitude, and moderate growth increase is projected at the northern limit. Contrastingly, the model forecasted growth declines at lowland-southern populations, suggesting an upslope range displacement over the coming decades. Our results give insight into the geographical responses of tree species to climate change and demonstrate the importance of incorporating biogeographical variability into predictive models for an accurate prediction of species dynamics as climate changes.

O princípio responsabilidade como avaliação das políticas em ciência e tecnologia / The principle responsibility as evaluation of policies in science and technology

O ideal da ciência, protagonizado pela modernidade e ratificado pelo Positivismo, cujo conhecimento deva ser construído sob a égide da neutralidade e da objetividade do método científico e cujo significado de tecnologia deva restringir-se ao meramente instrumental, levou-nos à crença de que tanto a ciência quanto a técnica devem se distanciar do âmbito valorativo da ética e da dimensão social. Assim, as decisões, no que tange às políticas em ciência e tecnologia, também passaram a adquirir tal pretensão, menosprezando a cultura local. Essa problemática, mais que científica ou política, é também ética. Este trabalho analisa, portanto, a avaliação das políticas em ciência e tecnologia, com base na ética da responsabilidade de Hans Jonas, utilizando como caráter ilustrativo a fruticultura irrigada na região de Ipanguaçu/RN. De caráter exploratório e qualitativo, este estudo se utiliza da pesquisa bibliográfica (Jonas, Shiva, Herrera, Albano, etc.) e de campo para a coleta de dados.

The ideal of science played by modernity and ratified by Positivism, whose knowledge should be built under the aegis of the neutrality and objectivity of the scientific method and whose technology's meaning should be restricted to the merely instrumental, this led us to the belief that both science and technique mustdistance itself from the evaluative scope of the ethic and social dimension. In these terms, the decisions, regarding policies on science and technology, also it began to acquire such a claim, disregarding the local culture. This problematic, rather than scientific or political, is also ethical. This paper analyses, therefore, the policy application in science and technology based on the ethics of responsibility of Hans Jonas, using as an illustrative the cultivation of irrigated fruit crops in Ipanguaçu/RN. Of exploratory and qualitative feature, this study uses the literature (Jonas, Shiva, Herrera, Albano, etc.) and field research to collect data.

Classification of Huntington's disease stage with support vector machines: A study on oculomotor performance.

Alterations in oculomotor performance are among the first observable physical alterations during presymptomatic stages of Huntington's disease (HD). Quantifiable measurements of oculomotor performance have been studied as possible markers of disease status and progression in presymptomatic and early symptomatic stages of HD, on the basis of traditional analysis methods. Whether oculomotor performance can be used to classify individuals according to HD disease stage has yet to be explored via the application of machine-learning methods. In the present study, we report the application of the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm to oculomotor features pooled from a four-task psychophysical experiment. We were able to automatically distinguish control participants from presymptomatic HD (pre-HD) participants with an accuracy of 73.47 %, a sensitivity of 74.31 %, and a specificity of 72.64 %; to distinguish control participants from HD patients with an accuracy of 81.84 %, a sensitivity of 76.19 %, and a specificity of 87.48 %; and to distinguish pre-HD participants from HD patients with an accuracy of 83.54 %, a sensitivity of 92.62 %, and a specificity of 74.45 %. These results demonstrate that the application of supervised classification methods to oculomotor features is a valuable and promising approach to the automatic detection of disease stage in HD.

Terapia de interacción guiada en díadas madre-bebé con sintomatología depresiva materna en el embarazo: un estudio piloto / Guided interaction therapy in mother-infant dyads with maternal depressive symptoms in pregnancy: a pilot study

La depresión perinatal constituye un trastorno del ánimo de alta frecuencia, que afecta negativamente a la madre y al bebé, y requiere una intervención dirigida a ambos miembros de esta díada. Esta investigación evalúa la aplicabilidad y resultados de una intervención piloto dirigida a fortalecer el vínculo y a reducir la depresión en díadas con esta problemática. Se estudian tres díadas madre-hijo/a, con sintomatología depresiva materna y se desarrolla una intervención psicoterapéutica breve utilizando el modelo de Interacciones Guiadas. Los resultados muestran una reducción en la sintomatología depresiva y un aumento en sensibilidad materna, cooperatividad infantil y calidad vincular. La intervención realizada resulta eficaz en las variables estudiadas, requiriéndose nuevas aplicaciones en muestras de mayor tamaño para confirmar estos hallazgos.

Perinatal depression is a high frequency mood disorder which negatively affects mother and baby, and requires an intervention addressing both members of the dyad. This paper evaluates the applicability and results of a pilot intervention to strengthen this bond and reduce depression in dyads with this problem. Three mother-child dyads, with maternal depressive symptoms and a brief psychotherapeutic intervention using the model of Guided Interactions were studied. The results showed a reduction in depressive symptoms and an increase in maternal sensitivity, child cooperativeness and relationship quality. The intervention turned out to be effective in the variables under study. Nevertheless, new applications over larger sample sizes are required to confirm these findings.

Evidence that the negative relationship between seed mass and relative growth rate is not physiological but linked to species identity: a within-family analysis of Scots pine.

Seed mass and relative growth rate (RGR) are important determinants of early seedling growth, and hence seedling establishment. Although a positive interspecific relationship between seed mass and seedling dry mass is well established, much less is known about the relationships among seed mass, seedling mass and RGR within species. We examined relationships among seed mass, seedling mass and RGR within and among maternal plant lines of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). To assess the effects of seed mass and maternal origin on RGR, individual seeds from two seed crops (years 2004 and 2005) of ten maternal plants growing under nursery conditions were weighed and then germinated. Seed mass was strongly determined by maternal plant, and seedling mass was largely determined by seed mass, with a positive correlation between these variables both across and within maternal plants. In contrast, RGR was weakly related to seed mass, with no consistent pattern in the sign of the relationship. It is well known that species differ in RGR and that RGR is related to seed mass across species. Lack of consistent evidence for this relationship within maternal lines, and for Scots pine overall, suggests that the relationship is not directly causal, but reflects consistent evolutionary covariation in these two physiologically independent traits.

Vínculo aluno-professor na atualidade: um estudo psicológico com universitários

Investiga a qualidade dos vínculos aluno-professor na atualidade. Apresenta a observância da interferência dos vínculos como geradores de identificações escolhas pessoais e profissionais dos alunos, ou seja, fenômenos psíquicos que permeiam a vida do aluno (AU)