Leishmania amazonensis-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) induce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).

Neutrophils interact with Leishmania when the sandfly vector inoculates these parasites in the host with saliva and promastigotes-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). It has been shown that this co-injection induces inflammation and exacerbates leishmaniasis lesions. EVs are a heterogeneous group of vesicles released by cells that play a crucial role in intercellular communication. Neutrophils are among the first cells to interact with the parasites and release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that ensnare and kill the promastigotes. Here, we show that Leishmania amazonensis EVs induce NET formation and identify molecular mechanisms involved. We showed the requirement of neutrophils' Toll-like receptors (TLRs) for EVs-induced NET. EVs carrying the virulence factors lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and the zinc metalloproteases were endocytosed by some neutrophils and snared by NETs. EVs-induced NET formation required reactive oxygen species, myeloperoxidase, elastase, peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD), and Ca++. The proteomic analysis of the EVs cargo revealed 1,189 proteins; the 100 most abundant identified comprised some known Leishmania virulent factors. Importantly, L. amazonensis EVs-induced NETs lead to the killing of promastigotes and could participate in the exacerbated inflammatory response induced by the EVs, which may play a role in the pathogenesis process.

Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS®): a success history and particularities of its use in Brazil.

BI-RADS® is a standardization system for breast imaging reports and results created by the American College of Radiology to initially address the lack of uniformity in mammography reporting. The system consists of a lexicon of descriptors, a reporting structure with final categories and recommended management, and a structure for data collection and auditing. It is accepted worldwide by all specialties involved in the care of breast diseases. Its implementation is related to the Mammography Quality Standards Act initiative in the United States (1992) and breast cancer screening. After its initial creation in 1993, four additional editions were published in 1995, 1998, 2003 and 2013. It is adopted in several countries around the world and has been translated into 6 languages. Successful breast cancer screening programs in high-income countries can be attributed in part to the widespread use of BI-RADS®. This success led to the development of similar classification systems for other organs (e.g., lung, liver, thyroid, ovaries, colon). In 1998, the structured report model was adopted in Brazil. This article highlights the pioneering and successful role of BI-RADS®, created by ACR 30 years ago, on the eve of publishing its sixth edition, which has evolved into a comprehensive quality assurance tool for multiple imaging modalities. And, especially, it contextualizes the importance of recognizing how we are using BI-RADS® in Brazil, from its implementation to the present day, with a focus on breast cancer screening.

Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS®): a success history and particularities of its use in Brazil

Abstract BI-RADS® is a standardization system for breast imaging reports and results created by the American College of Radiology to initially address the lack of uniformity in mammography reporting. The system consists of a lexicon of descriptors, a reporting structure with final categories and recommended management, and a structure for data collection and auditing. It is accepted worldwide by all specialties involved in the care of breast diseases. Its implementation is related to the Mammography Quality Standards Act initiative in the United States (1992) and breast cancer screening. After its initial creation in 1993, four additional editions were published in 1995, 1998, 2003 and 2013. It is adopted in several countries around the world and has been translated into 6 languages. Successful breast cancer screening programs in high-income countries can be attributed in part to the widespread use of BI-RADS®. This success led to the development of similar classification systems for other organs (e.g., lung, liver, thyroid, ovaries, colon). In 1998, the structured report model was adopted in Brazil. This article highlights the pioneering and successful role of BI-RADS®, created by ACR 30 years ago, on the eve of publishing its sixth edition, which has evolved into a comprehensive quality assurance tool for multiple imaging modalities. And, especially, it contextualizes the importance of recognizing how we are using BI-RADS® in Brazil, from its implementation to the present day, with a focus on breast cancer screening.

Recommendations for breast cancer screening in Brazil, from the Brazilian College of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, the Brazilian Society of Mastology, and the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations.

Objective: To present an update of the recommendations of the Brazilian College of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, the Brazilian Society of Mastology, and the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations for breast cancer screening in Brazil. Materials and Methods: Scientific evidence published between January 2012 and July 2022 was gathered from the following databases: Medline (PubMed); Excerpta Medica (Embase); Cochrane Library; Ebsco; Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (Cinahl); and Latin-American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (Lilacs). Recommendations were based on that evidence and were arrived at by consensus of a joint committee of experts from the three entities.Recommendations: Annual mammographic screening is recommended for women between 40 and 74 years of age. For women at or above the age of 75, screening should be reserved for those with a life expectancy greater than seven years. Women at higher than average risk are considered by category: those with dense breasts; those with a personal history of atypical lobular hyperplasia, classical lobular carcinoma in situ, or atypical ductal hyperplasia; those previously treated for breast cancer; those having undergone thoracic radiotherapy before age 30; and those with a relevant genetic mutation or a strong family history. The benefits of complementary screening are also addressed according to the subcategories above. The use of tomosynthesis, which is an evolved form of mammography, should be considered in screening, whenever accessible and available.

Objetivo: Apresentar a atualização das recomendações do Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem, da Sociedade Brasileira de Mastologia e da Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia para o rastreamento do câncer de mama no Brasil. Materiais e Métodos: Foram feitas buscas das evidências científicas publicadas nas bases Medline (PubMed), Excerpta Medica (Embase), Cochrane Library, Ebsco, Cinahl e Lilacs, entre janeiro de 2012 e julho de 2022. As recomendações foram baseadas nessas evidências, mediante consenso da comissão de especialistas das três entidades.Recomendações: O rastreamento mamográfico anual é recomendado para as mulheres de risco habitual entre 40 e 74 anos. Acima de 75 anos deve ser reservado para as que tenham expectativa de vida maior que sete anos. Mulheres com risco maior que o habitual, entre elas as com mamas densas, com história pessoal de hiperplasia lobular atípica, carcinoma lobular in situ clássico, hiperplasia ductal atípica, tratamento de câncer de mama ou de irradiação no tórax antes dos 30 anos, ou ainda portadoras de mutação genética ou com forte história familiar, se beneficiam do rastreamento complementar, sendo consideradas de forma individualizada. A tomossíntese é uma evolução da mamografia e deve ser considerada no rastreamento, sempre que acessível e disponível.

Recommendations for the Screening of Breast Cancer of the Brazilian College of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Brazilian Society of Mastology and Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Association.

OBJECTIVE: To present the update of the recommendations of the Brazilian College of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, the Brazilian Society of Mastology and the Brazilian Federation of Associations of Gynecology and Obstetrics for breast cancer screening in Brazil. METHODS: Scientific evidence published in Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, CINAHL and Lilacs databases between January 2012 and July 2022 was searched. Recommendations were based on this evidence by consensus of the expert committee of the three entities. RECOMMENDATIONS: Annual mammography screening is recommended for women at usual risk aged 40-74 years. Above 75 years, it should be reserved for those with a life expectancy greater than seven years. Women at higher than usual risk, including those with dense breasts, with a personal history of atypical lobular hyperplasia, classic lobular carcinoma in situ, atypical ductal hyperplasia, treatment for breast cancer or chest irradiation before age 30, or even, carriers of a genetic mutation or with a strong family history, benefit from complementary screening, and should be considered individually. Tomosynthesis is a form of mammography and should be considered in screening whenever accessible and available.

OBJETIVO: Apresentar a atualização das recomendações do Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem da Sociedade Brasileira de Mastologia e da Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia para o rastreamento do câncer de mama no Brasil. MéTODOS: Foram pesquisadas evidências científicas publicadas nas bases de dados Medline EMBASE Biblioteca Cochrane EBSCO CINAHL e Lilacs entre janeiro de 2012 e julho de 2022. As recomendações foram baseadas nessas evidências por consenso do comitê de especialistas das três entidades. RECOMENDAçõES: A mamografia anual é recomendada para mulheres com risco habitual entre 40 e 74 anos. Acima de 75 anos deve ser reservado para aqueles com expectativa de vida superior a sete anos. Mulheres com risco maior do que o normal incluindo aquelas com mamas densas com história pessoal de hiperplasia lobular atípica carcinoma lobular in situ clássico hiperplasia ductal atípica tratamento para câncer de mama ou irradiação de tórax antes dos 30 anos ou ainda portadoras de doença genética mutação ou com forte histórico familiar beneficiam-se de triagem complementar e devem ser considerados individualmente. A tomossíntese é uma forma de mamografia e deve ser considerada na triagem sempre que acessível e disponível.

Vacuum-assisted excision of breast lesions in surgical de-escalation: where are we?

Vacuum-assisted excision of breast lesions has come to be widely used in clinical practice. Increased acceptance and availability of the procedure, together with the use of larger needles, has allowed the removal of a greater amount of sample, substantially reducing the surgical upgrade rate and thus increasing the reliability of the results of the procedure. These characteristics result in the potential for surgical de-escalation in selected cases and gain strength in a scenario in which the aim is to reduce costs, as well as the rates of underestimation and overtreatment, without compromising the quality of patient care. The objective of this article is to review the technical parameters and current clinical indications for performing vacuum-assisted excision of breast lesions.

A excisão assistida a vácuo de lesões mamárias tem sido cada vez mais utilizada na prática clínica. A sua maior aceitação e disponibilidade, em associação ao uso de agulhas mais calibrosas, permitiu a retirada de quantidade maior de amostra, reduzindo substancialmente a taxa de subestimação diagnóstica e aumentando, assim, a confiabilidade final dos resultados do procedimento. Essas características resultam em potencial descalonamento cirúrgico, em casos selecionados, e ganham força em um cenário em que se visa a redução de custos, taxa de subestimação e tratamento excessivo, porém, sem comprometer a qualidade no cuidado com o paciente. O objetivo deste trabalho é revisar os parâmetros técnicos e as indicações clínicas atuais para realização de excisão assistida a vácuo em lesões mamárias.

Recomendações para o rastreamento do câncer de mama no Brasil do Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia, da Sociedade Brasileira de Mastologia e da Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / Recommendations for breast cancer screening in Brazil from the Brazilian College of Radiology, the Brazilian Society of Mastology and the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations

Objetivo: Apresentar a atualização das recomendações do Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem, da Sociedade Brasileira de Mastologia e da Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia para o rastreamento do câncer de mama no Brasil. Materiais e Métodos: Foram feitas buscas das evidências científicas publicadas nas bases Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, CINAHL e Lilacs, entre janeiro de 2012 e julho de 2022. As recomendações foram baseadas nessas evidências, mediante consenso da comissão de especialistas das três entidades. Recomendações: O rastreamento mamográfico anual é recomendado para as mulheres de risco habitual entre 40 e 74 anos. Acima de 75 anos, deve ser reservado para as que tenham expectativa de vida maior que sete anos. Mulheres com risco maior que o habitual, entre elas as com mamas densas, com história pessoal de hiperplasia lobular atípica, carcinoma lobular in situ clássico, hiperplasia ductal atípica, tratamento de câncer de mama ou de irradiação no tórax antes dos 30 anos ou, ainda, portadoras de mutação genética ou com forte história familiar, beneficiam-se do rastreamento complementar, sendo consideradas de forma individualizada. A tomossíntese é uma evolução da mamografia e deve ser considerada no rastreamento, sempre que acessível e disponível. (AU)

Objective: To present the update of the recommendations of the Brazilian College of Radiology, the Brazilian Society of Mastology and the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations for breast cancer screening in Brazil. Materials and Methods: Scientific evidence published in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Ebsco, Cinahl and Lilacs between January 2012 and July 2022 was searched. Recommendations were based on this evidence, by consensus of the expert committee of the three entities. Recommendations: Annual mammographic screening is recommended for women aged between 40 and 74 years old. Above 75 years should be reserved for those with a life expectancy greater than seven years. Women at higher than usual risk, including those with dense breasts, a personal history of atypical lobular hyperplasia, classic lobular carcinoma in situ, atypical ductal hyperplasia, treatment for breast câncer, chest irradiation before age 30, carriers of genetic mutation or with a strong family history, benefit from complementary screening, being considered individually. Tomosynthesis is an evolution of mammography and should be considered in screening, whenever accessible and available. (AU)

Vacuum-assisted excision of breast lesions in surgical de-escalation: where are we? / Excisão assistida a vácuo de lesões mamárias no descalonamento cirúrgico: onde estamos?

Abstract Vacuum-assisted excision of breast lesions has come to be widely used in clinical practice. Increased acceptance and availability of the procedure, together with the use of larger needles, has allowed the removal of a greater amount of sample, substantially reducing the surgical upgrade rate and thus increasing the reliability of the results of the procedure. These characteristics result in the potential for surgical de-escalation in selected cases and gain strength in a scenario in which the aim is to reduce costs, as well as the rates of underestimation and overtreatment, without compromising the quality of patient care. The objective of this article is to review the technical parameters and current clinical indications for performing vacuum-assisted excision of breast lesions.

Resumo A excisão assistida a vácuo de lesões mamárias tem sido cada vez mais utilizada na prática clínica. A sua maior aceitação e disponibilidade, em associação ao uso de agulhas mais calibrosas, permitiu a retirada de quantidade maior de amostra, reduzindo substancialmente a taxa de subestimação diagnóstica e aumentando, assim, a confiabilidade final dos resultados do procedimento. Essas características resultam em potencial descalonamento cirúrgico, em casos selecionados, e ganham força em um cenário em que se visa a redução de custos, taxa de subestimação e tratamento excessivo, porém, sem comprometer a qualidade no cuidado com o paciente. O objetivo deste trabalho é revisar os parâmetros técnicos e as indicações clínicas atuais para realização de excisão assistida a vácuo em lesões mamárias.

Extracellular Vesicles from Different Sources of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Have Distinct Effects on Lung and Distal Organs in Experimental Sepsis.

The effects of the administration of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) may vary according to the source. We hypothesized that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained from bone marrow (BM), adipose (AD), or lung (L) tissues may also lead to different effects in sepsis. We profiled the proteome from EVs as a first step toward understanding their mechanisms of action. Polymicrobial sepsis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by cecal ligation and puncture (SEPSIS) and SHAM (control) animals only underwent laparotomy. Twenty-four hours after surgery, animals in the SEPSIS group were randomized to receive saline or 3 × 106 MSC-derived EVs from BM, AD, or L. The diffuse alveolar damage was decreased with EVs from all three sources. In kidneys, BM-, AD-, and L-EVs reduced edema and expression of interleukin-18. Kidney injury molecule-1 expression decreased only in BM- and L-EVs groups. In the liver, only BM-EVs reduced congestion and cell infiltration. The size and number of EVs from different sources were not different, but the proteome of the EVs differed. BM-EVs were enriched for anti-inflammatory proteins compared with AD-EVs and L-EVs. In conclusion, BM-EVs were associated with less organ damage compared with the other sources of EVs, which may be related to differences detected in their proteome.

Epidemiological aspects of American and visceral cutaneous leishmaniasis in the city of Cametá, Pará, Amazon / Aspectos epidemiológicos da leishmaniose tegumentar americana e visceral na cidade de Cametá, Pará, Amazônia / Aspectos epidemiológicos de la leishmaniasis cutánea americana y visceral en la ciudad de Cametá, Pará, Amazonas

Background and objectives: leishmaniases are anthropozoonosis considered a major public health problem in tropical regions and endemic in some areas of constant expansion. This study aimed to assess the main epidemiological aspects of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the municipality of Cametá, in the state of Pará, from 2007 to 2017. Methods: this is a descriptive-exploratory analysis, of time series, with data collected in the Department of Epidemiological Surveillance of the Department of Sanitary Surveillance of Cametá. Statistical calculations were performed, and, for the coefficient of incidence of ATL and VL, the standard formula was used to obtain the indicator. Results: a total of 94 and 294 cases of ATL and VL were reported, with the highest incidence rate in 2008. The disease affected all established age groups, with high frequency in children under ten years of age for VL (n=174), and between 20 and 30 years of age, for ATL (n=71). The disease was more prevalent in males (ATL (89.4%) and VL (58.2%)), because men are more related to economic activities. Conclusion: considering the high number of rural cases, it is noteworthy that reporting in urban areas is also worrisome, in addition to the livelihood of local families, because it has made them vulnerable to the disease. Furthermore, there is concern about the possible expansion and change in the pattern of ATL in the municipality. The Municipal Department as well as the epidemiological surveillance must pay attention to promote investments and campaigns to combat and treat this important disease.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivos: as leishmanioses são antropozoonoses consideradas um grande problema para a saúde pública em regiões tropicais e endêmicas em algumas áreas de constante expansão. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os principais aspectos epidemiológicos da leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA) e leishmaniose visceral (LV) no município de Cametá, no estado do Pará, no período de 2007 a 2017. Métodos: trata-se de uma análise descritiva-exploratória, de série temporal, com dados coletados no Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Secretaria de Vigilância Sanitária de Cametá. Realizaram-se os cálculos estatísticos, e, para o coeficiente de incidência de LTA e LV, utilizou-se a fórmula padrão para a obtenção do indicador. Resultados: foram notificados 94 e 294 casos de LTA e LV, com maior taxa de incidência em 2008. A doença atingiu todas as faixas etárias estabelecidas, com alta frequência nos menores de dez anos para LV (n=174), e, entre 20 e 30 anos de idade, para LTA (n=71). A doença foi mais prevalente no sexo masculino (LTA (89,4%) e LV (58,2%)), em virtude dos homens estarem mais relacionados com as atividades econômicas. Conclusão: em vista do alto número de casos rurais, ressalta-se que a notificação em área urbana também é preocupante, além dos meios de subsistência das famílias locais, pois vem tornando-as vulneráveis para o adoecimento. Ademais, há a preocupação com a possível expansão e mudança no padrão da LTA no município. A Secretaria Municipal, bem como de vigilância epidemiológica, deve atentar-se a promover investimentos e campanhas de combate e tratamento deste importante agravo.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: las leishmaniasis son antropozoonosis consideradas un importante problema de salud pública en las regiones tropicales y endémicas en algunas zonas de constante expansión. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los principales aspectos epidemiológicos de la leishmaniasis tegumentaria americana (LTA) y la leishmaniasis visceral (LV) en el municipio de Cametá, en el estado de Pará, de 2007 a 2017. Métodos: se trata de un análisis descriptivo-exploratorio, de serie temporal, con datos recolectados en el Departamento de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de la Secretaría de Vigilancia Sanitaria de Cametá. Se realizaron cálculos estadísticos y, para el coeficiente de incidencia de LCA y LV, se utilizó la fórmula estándar para obtener el indicador. Resultados: se reportaron 94 y 294 casos de LTA y LV, con la mayor tasa de incidencia en 2008. La enfermedad afectó a todos los grupos de edad establecidos, con alta frecuencia en menores de diez años para LV (n=174), y entre 20 y 30 años. años de edad, para LTA (n=71). La enfermedad fue más prevalente en el sexo masculino (LTA (89,4%) y VL (58,2%)), debido a que los hombres están más relacionados con actividades económicas. Conclusión: dado el alto número de casos rurales, cabe señalar que la notificación en las zonas urbanas también es motivo de preocupación, además de los medios de subsistencia de las familias locales, ya que las ha vuelto vulnerables a la enfermedad. Además, existe preocupación por la posible expansión y cambio en el patrón de LTA en el municipio. La Secretaría Municipal, así como la de vigilancia epidemiológica, debe prestar atención a promover inversiones y campañas para combatir y tratar este importante problema.(AU)

Conducta suicida en jóvenes y adultos en la provincia Mayabeque (2018 y 2019)

Introducción: La conducta suicida incluye el intento suicida y el suicidio consumado. En Cuba ocupa la décima causa de muerte en el cuadro de mortalidad y la tercera en los adolescentes. Objetivo: Caracterizar la conducta suicida en jóvenes y adultos en la provincia Mayabeque en 2018 y 2019. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal. El universo quedó conformado por todos los casos de morbilidad por intento suicida registrados en las tarjetas de enfermedad de declaración obligatoria y los casos de mortalidad por suicidio registrados en la base de datos de la Dirección Provincial de Salud de Mayabeque entre 2018 y 2019. Entre las variables se consideraron: edad, sexo, métodos y municipios de residencia. Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad bruta y específica calculadas por 100 000 habitantes por sexo y la razón hombre/mujer. Las variables estudiadas se expresaron en porcentajes. Resultados: Se notificaron 711 intentos suicidas. El sexo femenino exteriorizó 475 (66,8 %) casos. La razón de intento/suicidio de forma general fue de 6,8 en 2018 y de 7,7 en 2019. Se registraron 101 suicidios. El sexo masculino presentó 81 (80,2 %) casos. El método más empleado para el suicidio fue el ahorcamiento en 72 (71,2 %) casos. Conclusiones: El sexo femenino resultó el más afectado en el intento y el masculino en el suicidio. Se necesita identificar los factores de riesgo de la conducta suicida para su prevención.

Introduction: Suicidal behavior includes the suicide attempt and completed suicide. In Cuba it ranks tenth among the leading causes of death and third among adolescents according to the mortality record. Objective: To characterize the suicidal behavior in young people and adults from Mayabeque province in 2018 and 2019. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study. The universe of study comprised all the morbidity cases for suicide attempt registered in the notifiable disease cards and the mortality cases for completed suicide registered in Provincial Health Department database in Mayabeque in 2018 and 2019. Among the variables studied were age, sex, suicide methods, and municipality of residence. Crude and cause-specific mortality rates were calculated per 100 000 population by sex and woman/man ratio. Variables were expressed as percentage. Results: A total of 711 suicide attempts were reported. Female sex accounted for 475 (66.8%) cases. Overall, the suicide attempt/completed suicide ratio was of 6.8 in 2018 and 7.7 in 2019. A total of 101 completed suicides were reported. There were 81 cases (80.2%) among male sex. Hanging was the most common suicide method in 72 cases (71.2 %). Conclusions: Suicide attempts are more frequent among women while completed suicide is more frequent among men. It is necessary to identify the risk factors associated to suicidal behavior for their prevention.

Recommendations of the Brazilian College of Radiology, the Brazilian Society of Mastology and the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations for breast cancer screening in Brazil

Objective: To present the updated recommendations of the Brazilian College of Radiology and Imaging Diagnosis, the Brazilian Society of Mastology and the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations for breast cancer screening in Brazil. Methods: Between January 2012 and July 2022, searches for scientific evidence published in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, CINAHL and LILACS were carried out. The recommendations were based on this evidence, with the consensus of a committee of experts from the three institutions. Recommendations: The annual mammography screening is recommended for normal-risk patients aged between 40 and 74 years. For women aged more than 75 years, it is reserved for those whose life expectancy is longer than seven years. Women whose risk is higher than normal, such as those with dense breasts, personal history of atypical lobular hyperplasia, classic in situ lobular carcinoma, atypical ductal hyperplasia, women undergoing breast cancer treatment or thoracic irradiation before the age of 30, or those with genetic mutation or strong family history, benefit from complementary screening, being considered in an individual manner. Tomosynthesis is an evolution of mammography and should be considered in screening whenever accessible and available

Recommendations for breast cancer screening in Brazil, from the Brazilian College of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, the Brazilian Society of Mastology, and the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations / Recomendações do Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem, da Sociedade Brasileira de Mastologia e da Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia para o rastreamento do câncer de mama no Brasil

Abstract Objective: To present an update of the recommendations of the Brazilian College of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, the Brazilian Society of Mastology, and the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations for breast cancer screening in Brazil. Materials and Methods: Scientific evidence published between January 2012 and July 2022 was gathered from the following databases: Medline (PubMed); Excerpta Medica (Embase); Cochrane Library; Ebsco; Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (Cinahl); and Latin-American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (Lilacs). Recommendations were based on that evidence and were arrived at by consensus of a joint committee of experts from the three entities. Recommendations: Annual mammographic screening is recommended for women between 40 and 74 years of age. For women at or above the age of 75, screening should be reserved for those with a life expectancy greater than seven years. Women at higher than average risk are considered by category: those with dense breasts; those with a personal history of atypical lobular hyperplasia, classical lobular carcinoma in situ, or atypical ductal hyperplasia; those previously treated for breast cancer; those having undergone thoracic radiotherapy before age 30; and those with a relevant genetic mutation or a strong family history. The benefits of complementary screening are also addressed according to the subcategories above. The use of tomosynthesis, which is an evolved form of mammography, should be considered in screening, whenever accessible and available.

Resumo Objetivo: Apresentar a atualização das recomendações do Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem, da Sociedade Brasileira de Mastologia e da Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia para o rastreamento do câncer de mama no Brasil. Materiais e Métodos: Foram feitas buscas das evidências científicas publicadas nas bases Medline (PubMed), Excerpta Medica (Embase), Cochrane Library, Ebsco, Cinahl e Lilacs, entre janeiro de 2012 e julho de 2022. As recomendações foram baseadas nessas evidências, mediante consenso da comissão de especialistas das três entidades. Recomendações: O rastreamento mamográfico anual é recomendado para as mulheres de risco habitual entre 40 e 74 anos. Acima de 75 anos deve ser reservado para as que tenham expectativa de vida maior que sete anos. Mulheres com risco maior que o habitual, entre elas as com mamas densas, com história pessoal de hiperplasia lobular atípica, carcinoma lobular in situ clássico, hiperplasia ductal atípica, tratamento de câncer de mama ou de irradiação no tórax antes dos 30 anos, ou ainda portadoras de mutação genética ou com forte história familiar, se beneficiam do rastreamento complementar, sendo consideradas de forma individualizada. A tomossíntese é uma evolução da mamografia e deve ser considerada no rastreamento, sempre que acessível e disponível.

Recommendations for the Screening of Breast Cancer of the Brazilian College of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Brazilian Society of Mastology and Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Association / Recomendações para o rastreio do câncer de mama do colégio brasileiro de radiologia e diagnóstico por imagem, sociedade brasileira de mastologia e associação da federação brasileira de ginecologia e obstetrícia

Abstract Objective To present the update of the recommendations of the Brazilian College of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, the Brazilian Society of Mastology and the Brazilian Federation of Associations of Gynecology and Obstetrics for breast cancer screening in Brazil. Methods Scientific evidence published in Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, CINAHL and Lilacs databases between January 2012 and July 2022 was searched. Recommendations were based on this evidence by consensus of the expert committee of the three entities. Recommendations Annual mammography screening is recommended for women at usual risk aged 40-74 years. Above 75 years, it should be reserved for those with a life expectancy greater than seven years. Women at higher than usual risk, including those with dense breasts, with a personal history of atypical lobular hyperplasia, classic lobular carcinoma in situ, atypical ductal hyperplasia, treatment for breast cancer or chest irradiation before age 30, or even, carriers of a genetic mutation or with a strong family history, benefit from complementary screening, and should be considered individually. Tomosynthesis is a form of mammography and should be considered in screening whenever accessible and available.

Resumo Objetivo Apresentar a atualização das recomendações do Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem da Sociedade Brasileira de Mastologia e da Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia para o rastreamento do câncer de mama no Brasil. Métodos Foram pesquisadas evidências científicas publicadas nas bases de dados Medline EMBASE Biblioteca Cochrane EBSCO CINAHL e Lilacs entre janeiro de 2012 e julho de 2022. As recomendações foram baseadas nessas evidências por consenso do comitê de especialistas das três entidades. Recomendações A mamografia anual é recomendada para mulheres com risco habitual entre 40 e 74 anos. Acima de 75 anos deve ser reservado para aqueles com expectativa de vida superior a sete anos. Mulheres com risco maior do que o normal incluindo aquelas com mamas densas com história pessoal de hiperplasia lobular atípica carcinoma lobular in situ clássico hiperplasia ductal atípica tratamento para câncer de mama ou irradiação de tórax antes dos 30 anos ou ainda portadoras de doença genética mutação ou com forte histórico familiar beneficiam-se de triagem complementar e devem ser considerados individualmente. A tomossíntese é uma forma de mamografia e deve ser considerada na triagem sempre que acessível e disponível.

Interesse da população pela jardinagem durante o isolamento social na pandemia da COVID-19 / Population's interest in gardening during social isolation in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Métodos associados à jardinagem tornaram-se uma boa alternativa de lazer para lidar com o isolamento social e as dificuldades geradas pela pandemia da COVID19. Com este estudo objetivou-se avaliar motivação da população para a prática da jardinagem antes e durante o isolamento social e suas principais contribuições. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de um questionário contendo 23 questões, e divulgado via internet. Os dados obtidos foram tabulados em planilha de Excel e posteriormente alguns dados foram analisados com o auxílio do software estatístico R versão 4.1.0 para Windows. Diante do presente estudo foi possível observar que a população acredita que o cultivo de plantas em casa melhora a qualidade de vida durante o confinamento da COVID-19, sendo uma opção de lazer onde muitos se beneficiaram, seja de forma física ou emocional, pelo contato com a natureza.

Methods associated with gardening have become a good leisure alternative to cope with social isolation and the difficulties generated by the pandemic of COVID-19. With this study we aimed to evaluate the population motivation to practice gardening before and during social isolation and its main contributions. The collecting of data was done through a questionnaire containing 23 questions, and disseminated via Internet. The data collected was tabulated in Excel spreadsheet and later some data were analyzed with the assistance of the statistical software R version 4.1.0 for Windows. In this study it was possible to observe that the population believes that growing plants at home improves the quality of life during the COVID-19 confinement, being a leisure option where many benefited, physically or emotionally, from the contact with nature.

Vulnerabilidad poblacional a la COVID-19 severa desde los datos de la encuesta nacional de salud

RESUMEN Introducción: Nuevas cepas de SARS-CoV-2 detectadas recientemente provocan aumento de la morbilidad y mortalidad no solo en adultos mayores. Conocer la población vulnerable es un reto. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de adultos vulnerables a la COVID-19 severa y sus factores sociodemográficos asociados. Métodos: Estudio observacional transversal analítico con datos provenientes de la encuesta nacional de salud 2018-2020, que incluye 13 684 personas de 19 y más años de edad. El cuestionario estructurado provee la información de variables sociodemográficas, antecedentes patológicos personales e historia familiar, mediciones de la presión arterial y bioquímicas, entre otras. Vulnerabilidad a COVID-19 severa se construyó según propuesta del CDC de Atlanta, EE. UU y fue la variable dependiente. Resultados: La prevalencia de adultos vulnerables a COVID-19 severa en el país fue de 68,3 %, riesgo superior en el adulto mayor (86,5 %), en los no blancos y en la percepción de condiciones de vida "malas". En adultos mayores ser hombre protege, en tanto, fue riesgo, vivir en la región oriental del país. La hipertensión arterial (39,4 %), seguida del tabaquismo (22,2 %), la obesidad (16,6 %) y las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas (10,6 %) fueron las afecciones médicas más frecuentes. Conclusiones: La vulnerabilidad a la COVID-19 severa en la población adulta cubana es elevada, consecuentemente, constituye un serio problema de salud. Factores no modificables se asocian positivamente a la vulnerabilidad: ser adulto mayor, mujer, color de piel no blanca y padecer hipertensión arterial, en tanto, las "malas" condiciones de vida es el único que puede ser modificado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: New SARS-CoV-2 strains recently detected cause an increase in morbidity and mortality not only in the elderly. Identifying the vulnerable population is a challenge. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of adults vulnerable to severe COVID-19 and its associated sociodemographic factors. Methods: An observational cross-sectional analytic study using data from the 2018-2020 National Health Survey. It included 13 684 individuals aged 19 years and over. The structured questionnaire included information on the sociodemographic variables, personal and family pathological antecedents, and records of blood pressure and biochemistry tests, among others. Vulnerability to severe COVID-19 was developed based on the proposal from the CDC Atlanta, USA and it was the dependable variable. Results: The prevalence of adults vulnerable to severe COVID-19 in the country was 68.3%. At higher risk are the elderly (86.5%), non-white individuals, and those who perceived themselves as having poor living conditions. For the elderly, being male was a protective factor, while living in the western region of the country was a risk factor. High blood pressure (39.4%), smoking (22.2%), obesity (16.6%) and chronic respiratory diseases (10.6%) were the most frequent health problems. Conclusions: Vulnerability to severe COVID-19 in the Cuban adult population is high; consequently, it is considered a serious health problem. Non-modifiable factors are positively associated with vulnerability: being an older adult, female, non-white skin color, and suffering from hypertension; while "poor" living conditions is the only modifiable factor.

[Persons with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic: guaranteeing fundamental rights and equity in care]. / Pessoas com deficiência na pandemia da COVID-19: garantia de direitos fundamentais e equidade no cuidado.

This is a scoping review of the PubMed, Scopus, BIREME, SciELO, and Web of Science databases, including publications from December 2019 to May 2020 with the objective of identifying and systematizing the literature on the status of persons with disabilities in the initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic. The review aimed to search for original peer-reviewed articles published in indexed journals, in addition to the specialized gray literature. We reviewed 386 texts and included 33 articles and documents in the study. The review's results pointed to three thematic categories that reflect the main discussions on the theme in the literature: vulnerabilities of persons with disabilities during the pandemic; rights of persons with disabilities in this context; and protective measures and access to information on COVID-19 for persons with disabilities. In the context of the public health emergency, historically marginalized communities such as persons with disabilities run the risk of feeling more vulnerable, suffering deprivations, discrimination in screening plans for care, and prejudices and stigmas that influence decision-making in healthcare and exacerbate preexisting inequalities, making this group more susceptible to illness and lack of social protection. Although persons with disabilities have been acknowledged as a risk group for COVID-19, governments have been slow to develop plans to fight COVID-19 for this population. Few studies have attempted to understand the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on persons with disabilities, especially in the sense of implementing measures in prevention, control, and protection that guarantee equity in care.

Este trabalho é uma revisão de escopo realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, BIREME, SciELO e Web of Science, que incluiu publicações de dezembro de 2019 a maio de 2020, com o objetivo de identificar e sistematizar a literatura sobre a situação das pessoas com deficiência nos primeiros meses da pandemia da COVID-19. A revisão foi orientada para a busca de artigos originais, publicados em revistas indexadas e revisados por pares, além de literatura cinzenta especializada. Foram revisados 386 textos e incluídos no estudo 33 artigos e documentos. O resultado da revisão apontou três categorias temáticas que refletem as principais discussões apresentadas na literatura sobre o tema: vulnerabilidades das pessoas com deficiência diante da pandemia; direitos das pessoas com deficiência nesse contexto; e medidas de proteção e acesso à informação sobre COVID-19 voltadas para pessoas com deficiência. No contexto de emergência em saúde pública, comunidades historicamente marginalizadas, como as pessoas com deficiência, correm o risco de se sentirem mais vulneráveis, bem como sofrerem privações e discriminação nos planos de triagem de atendimento, além de preconceitos e estigmas que influenciam nas tomadas de decisão na assistência em saúde e intensificam desigualdades preexistentes, tornando esse grupo mais suscetível ao adoecimento e à desproteção social. Embora as pessoas com deficiência tenham sido reconhecidas como grupo de risco para COVID-19, houve um atraso, por parte dos governos, na construção de planos de enfrentamento à doença para essa população. São escassos estudos para a compreensão dos efeitos da pandemia da COVID-19 nas pessoas com deficiência, especialmente no sentido da efetivação de medidas de prevenção, controle e proteção que garantam a equidade no cuidado.

Se trata de una revisión de alcance, realizada en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, BIREME, SciELO y Web os Science, incluyendo publicaciones de diciembre de 2019 a mayo de 2020, con el objetivo de identificar y sistematizar la literatura sobre la situación de las personas con discapacidad durante los primeros meses de la pandemia de la COVID-19. La revisión se orientó hacia la búsqueda de artículos originales, publicados en revistas indexadas y revisados por pares, además de literatura gris especializada. Se revisaron 386 textos y se incluyeron en el estudio 33 artículos y documentos. El resultado de la revisión apuntó tres categorías temáticas que reflejan las principales discusiones presentadas en la literatura sobre el tema: vulnerabilidades de las personas con discapacidad ante la pandemia; derechos de las personas con discapacidad en ese contexto; y medidas de protección y acceso a la información sobre COVID-19, dirigidas a las personas con discapacidad. En el contexto de emergencia en salud pública, comunidades históricamente marginalizadas, como las personas con discapacidad, corren el riesgo de que se sientan más vulnerables, sufran privaciones, discriminación en los ámbitos de clasificación de atención, además de que padezcan prejuicios y estigmas que influencian en las tomas de decisión en la asistencia en salud e intensifican desigualdades preexistentes, haciendo este grupo más susceptible a la enfermedad y a la desprotección social. Pese a que las personas con discapacidad hayan sido reconocidas como grupo de riesgo para la COVID-19, hubo un atraso, por parte de los gobiernos, en la construcción de planes de lucha contra la COVID-19 para esta población. Son escasos los estudios para la comprensión de los efectos de la pandemia de la COVID-19 en las personas con discapacidad, especialmente en el sentido de la efectivización de medidas de prevención, control y protección que garanticen la equidad en el cuidado.

Estratificación epidemiológica de riesgo del intento suicida en Cuba / Epidemiological Risk Stratification of Suicide Attempt in Cuba

Introducción: La estratificación epidemiológica de riesgo es un proceso integrado de diagnóstico-intervención-evaluación, que sirve para la toma de decisiones. El riesgo de morir por suicidio, en quienes hacen intentos es 100 veces superior a la población general. Objetivo: Estratificar epidemiológicamente el intento suicida según provincias de residencia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio ecológico mixto. El universo fueron los registros de intento suicida, a través de las tarjetas de enfermedad de declaración obligatoria de los Registros Médicos y Estadísticas del Ministerio de Salud Pública desde 1990 hasta 2014. Las variables fueron: sexo, edad y provincias de residencia. Se calcularon las tasas de morbilidad acumuladas, brutas, ajustadas y específicas por 100 000 habitantes. La estratificación se realizó tomando como punto de corte los percentiles, quedando Muy alto riesgo por encima del 75 percentil, Alto riesgo entre 50-74; Moderado riesgo entre 25-49 y Bajo riesgo por debajo del 25 percentil. Se calculó el porcentaje de cambio relativo de la serie y los porcentajes, según variables. Resultados: Desde 1990-2014 se produjeron 291 524 intentos suicidas (20 823 intentos por año), de los cuales el 71,5 por ciento fueron mujeres, Las provincias de Muy Alto Riesgo en el periodo 1990-2014 fueron: Cienfuegos (tasa 151,9), Holguín (135,2), Santiago de Cuba (126,9) y Granma (125,2) tasas por 100 000 habitantes; y durante 2011-2014: Matanzas (tasas de 154,4), Las Tunas (154,3), Cienfuegos (148,3) y Holguín (147,3) por 100 000 hab. Conclusiones: La estratificación de riesgo a nivel provincial varió en los periodos estudiados. El sexo femenino y los adolescentes fueron los de mayor riesgo en el intento suicida(AU)

Introduction: Epidemiological risk stratification is an integrated process of diagnosis, intervention and evaluation, used for decision-making. The risk of dying by suicide in those who make attempts is a hundred times higher than in the general population. Objective: To stratify suicide attempt epidemiologically, according to province of residence. Methods: A mixed ecological study was carried out. The universe was made up of the records of suicide attempts, accessed through the files of reportable diseases from the Medical Registries and Statistics of the Ministry of Public Health from 1990 to 2014. The variables were sex, age and provinces of residence. Cumulative gross, adjusted and specific morbidity rates per 100 000 inhabitants were calculated. The stratification was carried out taking the percentiles as cut-off point, leaving very high risk above the 75th percentile, high risk between the 50th and the 74th percentiles, moderate risk between the 25th and the 49th percentiles, and low risk below the 25th percentile. The relative change percentage of the series and the percentages were calculated, according to variables. Results: From 1990 to 2014, there were 291 524 suicide attempts (20 823 attempts per year), of which 71.5 por ciento corresponded to women. The provinces with very high risk in the period 1990-2014 were Cienfuegos, Holguín, Santiago de Cuba and Granma, accounting, respectively, for rates of 151.9, 135.2, 126.9 and 125.2 per 100 000 inhabitants; and during 2011-2014, Matanzas, Las Tunas, Cienfuegos and Holguín, accounting, respectively, for rates of 154.4, 154.3, 148.3 and 147.3 per 100 000 inhabitants. Conclusions: Risk stratification at the provincial level varied in the periods studied. The female sex and adolescents were the most at risk of suicide attempt(AU)

Hipertensão arterial e insuficiência cardíaca: análise crítica dos novos fármacos / Arterial hypertension and heart failure: critical analysis of new drugs

A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) permanece como uma das maiores causas de hospitalização e mortalidade dentre todas as doenças, sendo a hipertensão arterial um dos mais importantes fatores de risco para o seu desenvolvimento. Em virtude da relevância e prevalência dessa doença, um número recorde de estudos comparativos, além de novas classes terapêuticas, tem sido desenvolvido nos últimos anos para garantir ao médico maior flexibilidade no tratamento do seu paciente, com a finalidade de frear a progressão do remodelamento ventricular e reduzir a internação hospitalar, bem como os desfechos cardiovasculares. Nesse intuito, o presente artigo avalia diversas meta-análises recentemente publicadas, as quais comparam IECAs aos BRAs e indicam um melhor prognóstico associado aos IECAs na redução de mortalidade total e cardiovascular, provavelmente devido ao efeito adjuvante da bradicinina como cardioprotetor. No entanto, os BRAs ganharam novo destaque a partir de sua associação ao sacubitril, reduzindo eventos cardiovasculares como reinternação por IC e morte cardíaca quando comparados a um IECA. Este artigo de revisão busca realizar uma análise crítica todas as classes de anti-hipertensivos com função na IC, com base na evidência científica mais recente, discorrendo sobre seus mecanismos de proteção cardiovascular e de seus resultados na redução da morbimortalidade cardíaca

Heart Failure (HF) remains as one of the most important causes of both hospitalization and mortality among all diseases, with hypertension being one of the major factors of risk for its development. As a result of the relevance and prevalence of this disease, a record number of comparative studies, apart from new pharmacological classes, have been developed in the last few years to provide more flexibility to physicians on the process of choosing a proper treatment for patients, for the purpose of slowing ventricular remodeling and reducing hospitalization, as well as cardiovascular outbreaks. Within this context, the present study has examined recently published meta- analysis, which compared ACEi and ARBs, and indicates better prognosis of ACEi in the reduction of all- -cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality, probably due to the effect of bradykinin as a cardioprotector. However, it is important to acknowledge that ARBs have gained new emphasis since it was associated with sacubitril, reducing cardiovascular events such as hospitalization for HF and cardiovascular death when compared to ACEi. This current revision article seeks to accomplish a critical analysis of all classes of antihypertensives that act on heart failure by analyzing the most recent scientific evidence, discoursing about its mechanisms of cardiovascular protection and its results in the reduction of cardiovascular mortality