Simple economics of vaccination: public policies and incentives.

This paper focuses on the economics of vaccination and, more specifically, analyzes the vaccination decision of individuals using a game-theoretic model combined with an epidemiological SIR model that reproduces the infection dynamics of a generic disease. We characterize the equilibrium individual vaccination rate, and we show that it is below the rate compatible with herd immunity due to the existence of externalities that individuals do not internalize when they decide on vaccination. In addition, we analyze three public policies consisting of informational campaigns to reduce the disutility of vaccination, monetary payments to vaccinated individuals and measures to increase the disutility of non-vaccination. If the public authority uses only one type of policy, herd immunity is not necessarily achieved unless monetary incentives are used. When the public authority is not limited to use only one policy, we find that the optimal public policy should consist only of informational campaigns if they are sufficiently effective, or a combination of informational campaigns and monetary incentives otherwise. Surprisingly, the requirement of vaccine passports or other restrictions on the non-vaccinated are not desirable.

Different outcomes among patients with intermediate-risk metastastic renal cell carcinoma treated with first-line tyrosine-kinase inhibitors

Introduction Systemic therapy of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has improved in the past years, with the advent of new immunotherapy-based combinations as a standard treatment option for first-line therapy. Nevertheless, particularly in good-risk patients by IMDC criteria, tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKI) may remain as an option for some patients. We reviewed our experience with TKI as first-line therapy for mRCC patients, trying to identify subgroups of patients that may still benefit from this strategy. Material and methods All patients with mRCC treated with first-line TKI, and adequate follow-up, in University Hospital La Paz (Madrid, Spain) between 2007 and 2020 were analyzed. Patients treated inside a clinical trial were excluded from this analysis. Results A total of 90 patients treated with first-line TKI were included. Regarding IMDC criteria, 33 patients (36.7%) were good-risk, 41 patients (45.5%) intermediate-risk, and 16 patients (17.8%) poor-risk. With a median follow-up of 49 months, the median overall survival (OS) for good, intermediate, and poor-risk patients was 54, 24, and 16 months (p = 0.004). When intermediate-risk was divided into patients with 1 or 2 risk factors, differences in OS were also statistically significant: patients with 1 risk factor had a median OS of 33 months, while patients with 2 risk factors had a median OS of 16 months, the same as poor-risk patients (p = 0.003). In the multivariate analysis, trying to find out which of the IMDC factors had a more remarkable weight in the prognosis of the patients, both ECOG and hemoglobin levels by themselves were significantly associated with OS. Conclusion In our group of patients, survival outcomes were different among patients with intermediate-risk with 1 or 2 risk factors by IMDC criteria(AU)

Different outcomes among patients with intermediate-risk metastastic renal cell carcinoma treated with first-line tyrosine-kinase inhibitors.

INTRODUCTION: Systemic therapy of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has improved in the past years, with the advent of new immunotherapy-based combinations as a standard treatment option for first-line therapy. Nevertheless, particularly in good-risk patients by IMDC criteria, tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKI) may remain as an option for some patients. We reviewed our experience with TKI as first-line therapy for mRCC patients, trying to identify subgroups of patients that may still benefit from this strategy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All patients with mRCC treated with first-line TKI, and adequate follow-up, in University Hospital La Paz (Madrid, Spain) between 2007 and 2020 were analyzed. Patients treated inside a clinical trial were excluded from this analysis. RESULTS: A total of 90 patients treated with first-line TKI were included. Regarding IMDC criteria, 33 patients (36.7%) were good-risk, 41 patients (45.5%) intermediate-risk, and 16 patients (17.8%) poor-risk. With a median follow-up of 49 months, the median overall survival (OS) for good, intermediate, and poor-risk patients was 54, 24, and 16 months (p = 0.004). When intermediate-risk was divided into patients with 1 or 2 risk factors, differences in OS were also statistically significant: patients with 1 risk factor had a median OS of 33 months, while patients with 2 risk factors had a median OS of 16 months, the same as poor-risk patients (p = 0.003). In the multivariate analysis, trying to find out which of the IMDC factors had a more remarkable weight in the prognosis of the patients, both ECOG and hemoglobin levels by themselves were significantly associated with OS. CONCLUSION: In our group of patients, survival outcomes were different among patients with intermediate-risk with 1 or 2 risk factors by IMDC criteria. These could help select patients that may benefit from first-line treatment with a TKI, particularly in settings with difficult access to novel therapies, such as immunotherapy-based combinations.

Effects of Temperature on the Physicochemical Properties of Bioinspired, Synthetic, and Biogenic Hydroxyapatites Calcinated under the Same Thermal Conditions.

The paper studies the changes in physicochemical properties of three types of hydroxyapatite (HAp): HAp-HB (from bovine sources), HAp-SC (chemically synthesized), and bioinspired HAp-SE (synthesized using eggshells) calcined under identical thermally controlled conditions from room temperature to 400, 500, 600, 650, 680, 700, 720, 750, 800, and 900 °C in furnace air. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated distinct thermal transitions and coalescence phenomena at different temperatures for these samples due to their sources and mineral composition differences. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) showed that HAp-H (human), HAp-HB (bovine), and HAp-SE (bioinspired) have similar Ca, P, and Mg contents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the coalescence phenomena increased in the crystallite size as the temperature increased. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed partial phase changes in the bioinspired sample (HAp-SE) and crystallite growth in all samples, resulting in full width at the half maximum (FWHM) and peak position alterations. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that HAp-SE exhibited a partial phase change due to dehydroxylation and the presence of functional groups (PO43-, OH, and CO32-) with varying vibrational modes influenced by the obtained method and calcination temperature. Raman spectra of the HAp-SE samples exhibited fluorescence at 400 °C and revealed vibrational modes of surface P-O. It observed the bands of the internal phosphates of the crystal lattice and shifts in the band positions at higher temperatures indicated phosphorus interacting with carbon and oxygen, triggering dehydroxylation.

Multiresponse optimization of the extrusion process for ready-to-eat snacks from pineapple byproducts and maize flour.

This research aimed to optimize the processing conditions to obtain ready-to-eat extruded snacks with a high fiber content from mixtures of pineapple byproduct powder (PBP) and nixtamalized maize flour (PBP-NMF) or maize flour (PBP-MF). The effects of barrel temperature, feed moisture content, and PBP were evaluated. The increase in barrel temperature has a negative effect on the bulk density, the water absorption index, and the texture in both mixtures (PBP-MF and PBP-NMF) and increases the expansion index and the water solubility index in the mixture with MF. The increase in the feed moisture content increased the bulk density and water absorption index in both mixtures and the texture in the mixtures with MF. The increasing PBP decreases the expansion index and increases the water solubility index in both mixtures. The increase in PBP in the mixtures with MF decreases the water absorption index, texture, and bulk density. From the optimization, four products were obtained, two for the NMF mixture and two for the MF mixtures. The optimal formulations can be considered a good source of total fiber (12.46-12.78 g/100 g) and protein (8.27-8.85 g/100 g) with good acceptance by consumers. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Pineapple byproducts in combination with nixtamalized and nonnixtamalized maize flour are viable raw materials for the development of ready-to-eat extruded snacks with a high content of dietary fiber and good acceptance by consumers. Due to their characteristic nutritional properties, the consumption of this ready-to-eat snack could present potential benefits for human health.

Playful mouth-to-mouth interactions of belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) in managed care.

Belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) engage in many forms of play (e.g., object, water, locomotor), but no play is quite as curious as the unusual form of cooperative social play involving mouth-to-mouth interactions. These playful interactions are characterized by two belugas approaching each other head-to-head and interlocking their jaws, clasping one another, as if they were shaking hands. Observed in belugas both in the wild and in managed care, it is seemingly an important type of social play that offers a unique way of socializing with conspecifics. To describe this unusual behavior, a group of belugas in managed care was observed from 2007 to 2019. Although adults participated in mouth-to-mouth interactions, most were initiated and received by young belugas. Both males and females engaged in mouth-to-mouth interactions and did so at similar frequencies. Individual differences in how many mouth-to-mouth interactions were initiated among calves were also observed. Due to the unique, cooperative nature of mouth-to-mouth interactions, which require both social and motor skills, it is hypothesized that these interactions may be used to test social and motor competency.

Usefulness and real-world outcomes of next generation sequencing testing in patients with cancer: an observational study on the impact of selection based on clinical judgement.

Background: Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) panels are increasingly used in advanced patients with cancer to guide therapy. There is, however, controversy about when should these panels be used, and about their impact on the clinical course. Methods: In an observational study of 139 patients with cancer having an NGS test [from January 1st, 2017 to December 30th, 2020, in two hospitals (Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Hospital Universitario Quironsalud Madrid) from Spain], we evaluated whether the clinical course (progression-free survival, PFS) was influenced by drug-based criteria [druggable alterations, receiving a recommended drug, having a favourable ESCAT category (ESMO Scale for Clinical Actionability of molecular Targets)] or clinical judgement criteria. Findings: In 111 of 139 cases that were successfully profiled, PFS was not significantly influenced by either having druggable alterations [median PFS for patients with druggable alterations was 170 (95% C.I.: 139-200) days compared to 299 (95% C.I.: 114-483) for those without; p = 0.37], receiving a proposed matching agent [median PFS for patients receiving a genomics-informed drug was 195 days (95% C.I.: 144-245), compared with 156 days for those that did not (95% C.I.: 85-226); p = 0.50], or having favourable ESCAT categories [median PFS for patients with ESCAT I-III was 183 days (95% C.I.: 104-261), compared with 180 (95% C.I.:144-215) for patients with ESCAT IV-X; p = 0.87]. In contrast, NGS testing performed within clinical judgement showed a significantly improved PFS [median PFS for patients that were profiled under the recommended scenarios was 319 days (95% C.I.: 0-658), compared to 123 days (95% C.I.: 89-156) in the non-recommended categories; p = 0.0020]. Interpretation: According to our data, real-world outcomes after NGS testing provide evidence of the benefit of clinical judgement in patients with either advanced cancers that routinely need multiple genetic markers, patients with advanced rare cancers, or patients that are screened for molecular clinical trials. By contrast, NGS does not seem to be valuable when performed in cases with a poor PS, rapidly progressing cancer, short expected lifetime, or cases with no standard therapeutic options. Funding: RC, NR-L and MQF are recipients of the PMP22/00032 grant, funded by the ISCIII and co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The study also received funds from the CRIS Contra el Cancer Foundation.

Evaluation of Nitrate Soil Probes for a More Sustainable Agriculture.

Synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers and their increased production and utilization have played a great role in increasing crop yield and in meeting the food demands resulting from population growth. Nitrate (NO3-) is the common form of nitrogen absorbed by plants. It has high water solubility and low retention by soil particles, making it prone to leaching and mobilization by surface water, which can seriously contaminate biological environments and affect human health. Few methods exist to measure nitrate in the soil. The development of ion selective sensors provides knowledge about the dynamics of nitrate in the soil in real time, which can be very useful for nitrate management. The objective of this study is to analyze the performance of three commercial probes (Nutrisens, RIKA and JXCT) under the same conditions. The performance was analyzed with respect to electrical conductivity (EC) (0-50 mS/cm) and nitrate concentration in aqueous solution and in sand (0-180 ppm NO3-) at 35% volumetric soil moisture. Differences were shown among probes when studying their response to variations of the EC and, notably, only the Nutrisens probe provided coherent accurate measurements. In the evaluation of nitrate concentration in liquid solution, all probes proved to be highly sensitive. Finally, in the evaluation of all probes' response to modifications in nitrate concentration in sand, the sensitivity decreased for all probes, with the Nutrisens probe the most sensitive and the other two probes almost insensitive.

Subspace-constrained deconvolution of auditory evoked potentials.

Auditory evoked potentials can be estimated by synchronous averaging when the responses to the individual stimuli are not overlapped. However, when the response duration exceeds the inter-stimulus interval, a deconvolution procedure is necessary to obtain the transient response. The iterative randomized stimulation and averaging and the equivalent randomized stimulation with least squares deconvolution have been proven to be flexible and efficient methods for deconvolving the evoked potentials, with minimum restrictions in the design of stimulation sequences. Recently, a latency-dependent filtering and down-sampling (LDFDS) methodology was proposed for optimal filtering and dimensionality reduction, which is particularly useful when the evoked potentials involve the complete auditory pathway response (i.e., from the cochlea to the auditory cortex). In this case, the number of samples required to accurately represent the evoked potentials can be reduced from several thousand (with conventional sampling) to around 120. In this article, we propose to perform the deconvolution in the reduced representation space defined by LDFDS and present the mathematical foundation of the subspace-constrained deconvolution. Under the assumption that the evoked response is appropriately represented in the reduced representation space, the proposed deconvolution provides an optimal least squares estimation of the evoked response. Additionally, the dimensionality reduction provides a substantial reduction of the computational cost associated with the deconvolution. matlab/Octave code implementing the proposed procedures is included as supplementary material.

Effects of COVID-19 on sensory and cognitive perception of mild and severe diagnosed and recovered patients versus healthy consumers.

The objective of this research was to analyze the effects of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on the sensory and cognitive perception of mild and severe COVID-19 diagnosed and recovered consumers versus healthy consumers. Three groups of 50 consumers each (healthy vs. mild and severe COVID-19 diagnosed with 30 days after recovery) were used for the evaluation of instant coffee stimuli in concentrations: 4.40, 2.93, 2.20, 1.76, and 1.47% weight (w)/volume (v) and determine their discriminating power, emotions, and memories. Sensory tests were performed remotely. Results indicated that healthy consumers perceived higher intensities in most of the sensory attributes (with the exception of Burnt-A, Bitter-T, Acid-T, and Astringent-T attributes) compared to consumers who presented mild and severe COVID-19. Therefore, consumers diagnosed with mild and severe COVID-19 had a higher discrimination power in the attributes smell, basic tastes, and flavor. Healthy consumers could only discriminate two attributes that correspond to basic flavors. Consumers with mild and severe COVID-19 diagnosis elicited the highest number of negatives emotions (such as bored, disgusted, worried, guilty, wild, and aggressive) and negative memories (disease, pain, death, hurt, obesity, conflict personal, addiction, stench poverty, and accident) than healthy consumers. It is concluded that there were no significant differences between the consumer panels for the identification of sensory attributes. However, P-Healthy consumers perceived the highest intensities in most sensory attributes compared to those in the PCOVID19-Mild and PCOVID19-Severe panels. Finally, consumers diagnosed with mild or severe COVID-19 used a higher number of emotions and memories than those of the healthy panel. Practical applications: Investigating the effects of COVID-19 on sensory and cognitive perception can be useful for industry and researchers in the sensory field who wish to understand the effects of the disease in order to generate new protocols for the selection and training of people, as well as the possible development and innovation of new products focused on perception of consumers recovered from COVID-19.

Determinants and Consequences of Food Insecurity in Artisanal Fishing Families From the Coastal Community of Sonora, Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Families living from artisanal fisheries are vulnerable to food insecurity. OBJECTIVE: This research aimed to assess the determinants and consequences of food insecurity in artisanal fishing families from the coastal community of Sonora, Mexico, and to understand how these families face food insecurity. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with 116 mothers. A socioeconomic, demographic, and nutritional knowledge survey was applied to assess determinants. A survey about food in the community and food security scale were collected to evaluate food insecurity and two 24-hour dietary recalls and anthropometric measures to assess consequences. Field notes about facing food insecurity were collected. RESULTS: Sixty-eight percent of families have food insecurity. Being above the poverty line, higher father education, knowing how many glasses of water should be drunk per day, and how many minutes of physical activity should be done per day were associated with lower food insecurity. Not having medical service and lower mother education were associated with higher food insecurity. Higher food insecurity was associated with buying in a convenience store; higher food insecurity and higher mother education were associated with lower dietary score; and higher father education was associated with higher dietary score. Being below the extreme poverty line by income and number of children were associated with lower waist circumference; lower father education was associated with higher waist circumference of mothers. CONCLUSIONS: Artisanal fishing families residing in the coastal community of Sonora, Mexico, experience high food insecurity associated with social and economic determinants and their dietary quality.

Modificaciones anatómicas del ventrículo izquierdo en deportistas de canotaje de alto rendimiento / Anatomical modifications of the left ventricle in high performance canoeing athletes

Introducción: La adaptación del corazón humano al acondicionamiento físico ha sido un tema de interés médico-científico, pues el remodelado cardíaco que comprende variación en el tamaño, forma, grosor de las paredes, y masa ventricular responde al tipo de actividad física. Objetivo: Determinar las modificaciones anatómicas del ventrículo izquierdo en kayacistas y canoístas femeninos y masculinos de alto rendimiento. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo de corte transversal en deportistas de canotaje de alto rendimiento que acudieron al Instituto de Medicina del Deporte durante la preparación especial con vistas a participar en los Juegos Olímpicos de Rio de Janeiro 2016. La muestra se conformó con 20 deportistas que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión establecidos, se recogieron los resultados de los diferentes parámetros ecocardiográficos que fueron estudiados para comprobar si existía modificación anatómica del ventrículo izquierdo (MAVI). Se empleó la estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: Edad promedio 20,9 ± 1,18 años, predominio del sexo masculino (65 por ciento); kayak (60 por ciento) y velocidad (55 por ciento) fueron las disciplinas deportivas y modalidades competitivas predominantes , fue frecuente la hipertrofia concéntrica en ambos sexos (65 por ciento), la edad deportiva de igual o menos de 10 años (60 por ciento), espesor relativo de la pared aumentado (65 por ciento), el índice AKS mayor se encontró en la hipertrofia excéntrica (1,3 por ciento) y el porciento de grasa predominante fue en la hipertrofia concéntrica para un (7,9 por ciento). Conclusiones: El espesor relativo de la pared ventricular tuvo una relación significativa con la modalidad competitiva(AU)

Introduction: The adaptation of the human heart to physical conditioning has been a medical and scientific topic of interest where cardiac remodeling involving changes in size, form, thickness of the walls and ventricular mass responds to the type of physical activity. Objective: To determine the anatomical modifications of the left ventricle in high performance male and female canoeing and kayaking athletes. Material and methods: A prospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in high performance canoeing athletes that attended the Instituto de Medicina del Deporte during the special training in view of the preparation for the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, 2016. The sample was composed of 20 athletes that fulfilled the established inclusion criteria. The results of the different echocardiographic parameters were collected and analyzed in order to check whether there were anatomical modifications of the left ventricle (AMLV). Differential and descriptive statistics were used. Results: The average age was 20, 9 ± 1, 18 years, the male sex predominated in the study (65 percent), kayak (60 percent) and velocity (55 percent) were the predominant sports disciplines and competitive modalities, respectively. Concentric hypertrophy in both sexes (65 percent), sporting age of 10 years or less (60 percent), and increase in relative wall thickness (65 percent) were frequent; the highest AKS index was found in eccentric hypertrophy (1,3 percent) and predominant fat percentage was observed in concentric hypertrophy (7,9 percent). Conclusions: The relative thickness of the ventricular wall had a significant relationship with the competitive modalities(AU)

Effect of ultrasound on the techno-functional properties of food components/ingredients: A review.

Ultrasound (US) has been used in many food systems and model systems, such as starch, whey protein concentrates and soy, to modify their chemical and techno-functional properties. At present, the use of ultrasound has yielded diverse results, ranging from potentiating the technological and functional properties of various foods to different operating conditions. Similarly, the results that were obtained vary according to the ultrasonic equipment used and the power, frequency and times of sonication, as well as the characteristics of the food system used. However, not all results have been favourable because US can cause damage to the structure of some food components, such as starch, and affect the technological and functional properties of the food. In the literature, there is little research on the effect of sonication on fibre; this gap in the literature is worrisome because fibre is found in a wide variety of foods and provides health benefits. Such research would represent an opportunity for researchers to make use of this technology for the generation of knowledge and improve the techno-functional properties in fibre, which could benefit the human population and the food industry. In this review, we present current results obtained with US in different treatments affecting processes of strong importance in the food industry, emphasizing the effects in the different model systems.

Radium 223 for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. / Radio 223 en el tratamiento del cáncer de próstata metastásico resistente a castración.

The treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) has evolved dramatically in the recent years with the approval of several new drugs. Together with other treatment modalities including chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and immunotherapy, radiopharmaceuticals have recently been incorporated to the therapeutic scenario of prostate cancer with the approval of Radium 223 dichloride (Ra-223) for the treatment of mCRPC patients with symptomatic bone metastasis and no visceral metastases. Radiopharmaceuticals have long been used for pain palliation in patients with bone metastases. However, the bone seeking properties and the favourable physical characteristic of alpha emitter radium 223 encouraged the clinical development of the drug, leading to survival advantage in the phase III trial ALSYMPCA. Now the efforts are directed to define the optimal patient selection and drug sequence. In this review, we will provide the best available evidence of mechanism of action, clinical data and future directions of Ra-223 in mCRPC.

El tratamiento de los pacientes con cáncer de próstata resistente a la castración metastásico (CPRCm) ha evolucionado de forma espectacular en los últimos años con la aprobación de varios fármacos nuevos. Junto a otras modalidades de tratamiento que incluyen quimioterapia, terapia hormonal e inmunoterapia, los radiofármacos se han incorporado al escenario terapéutico del cáncer de próstata con la aprobación del Radium 223 (Ra-223) para el tratamiento de pacientes con CPRCm, con metástasis ósea sintomática y sin metástasis viscerales. Los radiofármacos se han usado durante mucho tiempo para la paliación del dolor en pacientes con metástasis óseas. Sin embargo, su propiedad de búsqueda del hueso afectado y la característica física favorable del radio emisor alfa 223 estimularon el desarrollo clínico del fármaco, lo que condujo a un aumento de la supervivencia en el ensayo de fase III ALSYMPCA. Ahora los esfuerzos están dirigidos a definir la selección óptima del paciente y la secuencia del fármaco. En esta revisión proporcionaremos la mejor evidencia disponible del mecanismo de acción, los datos clínicos y las direcciones futuras de Ra-223 en CPRCm.

Radium 223 for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer / Radio 223 en el tratamiento del cáncer de próstata metastásico resistente a castración

The treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) has evolved dramatically in the recent years with the approval of several new drugs. Together with other treatment modalities including chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and immunotherapy, radiopharmaceuticals have recently been incorporated to the therapeutic scenario of prostate cancer with the approval of Radium 223 dichloride (Ra-223) for the treatment of mCRPC patients with symptomatic bone metastasis and no visceral metastases. Radiopharmaceuticals have long been used for pain palliation in patients with bone metastases. However, the bone seeking properties and the favourable physical characteristic of alpha emitter radium 223 encouraged the clinical development of the drug, leading to survival advantage in the phase III trial ALSYMPCA. Now the efforts are directed to define the optimal patient selection and drug sequence. In this review, we will provide the best available evidence of mechanism of action, clinical data and future directions of Ra-223 in mCRPC

El tratamiento de los pacientes con cáncer de próstata resistente a la castración metastásico (CPRCm) ha evolucionado de forma espectacular en los últimos años con la aprobación de varios fármacos nuevos. Junto a otras modalidades de tratamiento que incluyen quimioterapia, terapia hormonal e inmunoterapia, los radiofármacos se han incorporado al escenario terapéutico del cáncer de próstata con la aprobación del Radium 223 (Ra-223) para el tratamiento de pacientes con CPRCm, con metástasis ósea sintomática y sin metástasis viscerales. Los radiofármacos se han usado durante mucho tiempo para la paliación del dolor en pacientes con metástasis óseas. Sin embargo, su propiedad de búsqueda del hueso afectado y la característica física favorable del radio emisor alfa 223 estimularon el desarrollo clínico del fármaco, lo que condujo a un aumento de la supervivencia en el ensayo de fase III ALSYMPCA. Ahora los esfuerzos están dirigidos a definir la selección óptima del paciente y la secuencia del fármaco. En esta revisión proporcionaremos la mejor evidencia disponible del mecanismo de acción, los datos clínicos y las direcciones futuras de Ra-223 en CPRCm

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition In Vitro by Protein Hydrolysates and Peptide Fractions from Mojarra of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Skeleton.

Mojarra of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) skeleton was used as protein source for the preparation of protein hydrolysates and peptide fractions with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. The flour presented a content of 34.92% protein and a brightness (luminosity, L*) of 82.29. Protein hydrolysates were obtained from the protein-rich flour with the enzymes Flavourzyme® and Alcalase® reaching degree of hydrolysis (%DH) of 52% and 67% at 100 min of reaction, respectively. Both hydrolysates showed low-molecular-weight (MW) peptides estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The hydrolysates obtained with Flavourzyme at 60 min and at 80 min with Alcalase showed greater ACE inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 0.238 and 0.344 mg/mL, respectively. The peptide fraction A (MW >10 kDa) with Flavourzyme and fraction B (MW = 10-5 kDa) with Alcalase obtained by ultrafiltration of hydrolysates with higher DH presented IC50 of 0.728 and 0.354 mg/mL, respectively, whereas peptide fraction C (MW = 5-3 kDa) with both enzymes hydrolysates with greater ACE inhibitory activity showed IC50 values of 0.470 and 0.634 mg/mL. The components obtained in this study could be used as functional ingredients in the design and development of functional foods.

Physical, mechanical, functional and chemical properties of Mexican pink pinion (Pinus pinea L.).

The aim of the study was to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of the nut and kernel of the Mexican pink pinion (Pinus pinea L.), as well as the physicochemical and functional properties of whole pink pinion meal (WPPM) as well defatted pink pinion meal (DPPM). The length, width, thickness, geometric diameter, arithmetic diameter, sphericity, aspect ratio, surface area, volume, density and hardness of the nut were higher than those of the kernels. The kernel had the highest coefficient of friction, while the nut had the highest angle of repose. WPPM had high fat and protein contents, at 40.5 g/100 g and 41.1 g/100 g, respectively. The major component of DPPM was protein (64.85 g/100 g). The DPPM had higher water absorption, oil absorption, emulsifying and lower gelation capacities (4%), indicating that the meal is a potential source of protein isolates or additives for functional foods and WPPM in food formulations.

Effect of frying and storage on oxidative quality of conjugated linoleic-acid-rich soybean oil produced by photoisomerization using plantain as a model system.

BACKGROUND: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is known to have beneficial properties to health. Naturally, in foods it is found in very low concentrations, and so these beneficial properties cannot be obtained. This study investigated the enrichment of soybean oil by photoisomerization, as well as assessing its oxidative stability during the frying process using plantain slices as a model system and after a storage period of 20 days at 60 °C. RESULTS: The oxidative stability of soybean oil enriched with CLA by photoirradiation was measured based on the peroxide, p-anisidine, and Totox values, as well as by the polyphenol content, tocopherol content and DPPH· scavenging capacity. The results obtained showed that a substantial amount of CLA was obtained by photoirradiation (31.73%). The oxidative stability values of the oil enriched with CLA showed good stability during a frying cycle; however, this stability decreased when it was stored and during the final frying cycles. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained indicated that photoirradiation is a good technique for obtaining oils enriched with CLA, and in this way CLA can be incorporated into foods; however, it is necessary to add antioxidants to improve their stability. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Comparison of performance and quantitative descriptive analysis sensory profiling and its relationship to consumer liking between the artisanal cheese producers panel and the descriptive trained panel.

The aim of this research was to compare the performance and sensory profiling of a panel of artisanal cheese producers against a trained panel and their relationship to consumer liking (external preference mapping). Performance was analyzed statistically at an individual level using the Fisher's test (F) for discrimination, the mean square error for repeatability, and Manhattan plots for visualizing the intra-panel homogeneity. At group level, performance was evaluated using ANOVA. External preference mapping technique was applied to determine the efficiency of each sensory profile. Results showed that the producers panel was discriminant and repetitive with a performance similar to that of the trained panel. Manhattan plots showed that the performance of artisanal cheese producers was more homogeneous than trained panelists. The correlation between sensory profiles (Rv = 0.95) demonstrated similarities in the generation and use of sensory profiles. The external preference maps generated individually with the profiles of each panel were also similar. Recruiting individuals familiar with the production of artisanal cheeses as panelists is a viable strategy for sensory characterization of artisanal cheeses within their context of origin because their results were similar to those from the trained panel and can be correlated with consumer liking data.

De novo assembly and transcriptome characterization of the freshwater prawn Palaemonetes argentinus: Implications for a detoxification response.

Palaemonetes argentinus, an abundant freshwater prawn species in the northern and central region of Argentina, has been used as a bioindicator of environmental pollutants as it displays a very high sensitivity to pollutants exposure. Despite their extraordinary ecological relevance, a lack of genomic information has hindered a more thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms potentially involved in detoxification processes of this species. Thus, transcriptomic profiling studies represent a promising approach to overcome the limitations imposed by the lack of extensive genomic resources for P. argentinus, and may improve the understanding of its physiological and molecular response triggered by pollutants. This work represents the first comprehensive transcriptome-based characterization of the non-model species P. argentinus to generate functional genomic annotations and provides valuable resources for future genetic studies. Trinity de novo assembly consisted of 24,738 transcripts with high representation of detoxification (phase I and II), anti-oxidation, osmoregulation pathways and DNA replication and bioenergetics. This crustacean transcriptome provides valuable molecular information about detoxification and biochemical processes that could be applied as biomarkers in further ecotoxicology studies.