RESUMO
RESUMO A pressão plantar é utilizada na avaliação clínica do pé e informa características da distribuição de carga plantar em atividades funcionais. Diversos instrumentos de avaliação podem ser utilizados e devem ter as propriedades psicométricas analisadas. A confiabilidade teste-reteste é uma medida de reprodutibilidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a confiabilidade teste-reteste das medidas de pressão máxima na estática e dinâmica de crianças e adolescentes com desenvolvimento normal (DN). Onze crianças e adolescentes com DN, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 6 e 17 anos foram avaliados duas vezes, em uma plataforma sensível à pressão plantar em ortostatismo, com e sem calçado usual, com os pés posicionados de forma livre (passo interrompido) e com os pés alinhados. Dados dinâmicos foram obtidos pela caminhada sobre a plataforma com e sem calçado. Coeficientes de correlação intraclasse (CCI) foram analisados (α=0,05). Os CCI foram consistentes para: descarga de peso (DP) anterior calçado (CCI=0,83) e DP posterior descalço (CCI=0,95) e calçado (CCI=0,83) durante a análise estática com o passo interrompido. Também foram consistentes para a variável DP estática do membro inferior (MI) direito (CCI=0,86) e esquerdo (CCI=0,82) com passo interrompido descalço e, com os pés alinhados, utilizando calçados (CCI=0,82). Na análise do MI esquerdo, com o uso de calçado, a variável pressão máxima também gerou resultado satisfatório (CCI=0,85). As demais variáveis apresentaram variação de CCI entre 0,25 e 0,74, consideradas insatisfatórias. Conclui-se que os valores de CCI foram considerados excelentes para algumas condições estáticas e inconsistentes na avaliação dinâmica.
RESUMEN Se emplea la presión plantar para examinar clínicamente el pie ya que ofrece información sobre las características de distribución del peso plantar en actividades funcionales. Hay varios instrumentos de evaluación que pueden ser utilizados y que se deben de analizar sus propiedades psicométricas. La exactitud prueba-reprueba es una medida de reproducibilidad. El propósito de este estudio es evaluar la exactitud prueba-reprueba de las medidas de presión plantar máxima en la estática y dinámica de niños y adolescentes con desarrollo normal (DN). Se evaluaron dos veces a once niños y adolescentes con DN, de ambos géneros, entre 6 y 17 años de edad, utilizando una plataforma sensible a la presión plantar en ortostatismo, con y sin los zapatos habituales, con los pies posicionados de manera libre (marcha interrumpida) y con los pies alienados. Se recolectaron datos dinámicos por intermedio de caminata sobre la plataforma con y sin zapatos. Se evaluaron los coeficientes de correlación intraclase -CCI (α=0,05). Los CCI fueron consistentes para: descarga del peso (DP) anterior del zapato (CCI=0,83) y DP posterior sin zapato (CCI=0,95) y con zapato (CCI=0,83) durante el análisis estático con la marcha interrumpida. También fueron consistentes para la variable DP estática del miembro inferior (MI) derecho (CCI=0,86) e izquierdo (CCI=0,82) con la marcha interrumpida sin zapato y, con los pies alienados, con el uso de zapatos (CCI=0,82). En el análisis del MI izquierdo, con el uso de zapato, la variable de la presión máxima también presentó un buen resultado (CCI=0,85). La CCI osciló en las demás variables entre 0,25 y 0,74, consideradas insatisfactorias. Se concluye que los valores de CCI fueron excelentes para algunas condiciones estáticas e inconsistentes en la evaluación dinámica.
ABSTRACT Plantar pressure is used in clinical evaluation of the feet and informs about characteristics of the plantar load distribution during functional activity. Many evaluation instruments are used and its measurements properties must be tested. Test-retest reliability is a measure which informs about reproducibility. The objective of this study was to analyze test-retest reliability of maximum pressure measurements during static and dynamic in children and youths with normal development (ND). Eleven children and youths with ND of both sexes, with mean age between 6 and 17 years old, were evaluated twice in a weight bearing platform in orthostatic posture, barefooted and with their usual footwear, when the feet were positioned spontaneously (interrupted step) and the feet were aligned. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were analyzed (α=0.05). ICC were consistent for: anterior barefoot weight bearing (ICC=0.83) and posterior barefoot weight bearing (ICC=0.95) and with footwear (ICC=0.83), during the static analysis with interrupted step. They were also consistent for the variable static weight bearing of the right lower limb (ICC=0.86) and left lower limb (ICC=0.82) barefooted with interrupted step, and with footwear with the feet aligned (ICC=0.82). In the left lower limb analysis with footwear, the maximum pressure also showed a satisfactory result (ICC=0.85). Other variables showed ICC variation between 0.25 and 0.74, considered unsatisfactory. The conclusions are that test-retest ICC were considered excellent for some static conditions, and inconsistent in the dynamic evaluation.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Overactive bladder (OAB) is the most prevalent voiding disorder in childhood, and its main manifestation is urinary urgency. In general, urotherapy and anticholinergics are the first choices of treatment. Parasacral Transcutaneous Electrical Neural Stimulation (PTENS) was introduced as an alternative for the treatment of detrusor overactivity in children, but treatment protocols described to date require several sessions per week or long-lasting sessions, making it difficult for the child to adhere to the treatment. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of PTENS in single weekly sessions in the treatment of OAB in children. STUDY DESIGN: This prospective, randomized controlled trial included 16 children with OAB. Children were divided into two groups: CG (urotherapy and electrical stimulation placebo) and EG (urotherapy and PTENS). For both groups, therapy was delivered in 20 weekly sessions, of duration 20 min each. Placebo electrical stimulation was done in the scapular area. The children were evaluated prior to treatment (T1), at the end of the 20 sessions (T2), and 60 days after the completion of treatment (T3), with a 3-day voiding diary, visual analogue scale (VAS), Rome III diagnostic criteria, and the Bristol Scale. RESULTS: The groups were similar in age, gender, and ethnicity. In the initial assessment, all children, in both groups, had urgency and incontinence, 50% in each group had constipation, and enuresis was present in seven children (87.5%) in the EG and six (75%) in the CG. No differences were found between the groups regarding the volumetric measurements made in the voiding diary, urinary frequency and constipation evaluated by the Rome III criteria and the Bristol Scale. Sixty days after treatment, a significant improvement was found in the EG group (p = 0.03) regarding urgency (Table), as well as an increase in dry nights in those presenting with enuresis (p = 0.03). No difference was noted regarding urinary incontinence (Table). At the end of 20 sessions and after 60 days of treatment, those responsible for the children in the EG perceived greater improvement in symptoms measured by the VAS (p = 0.05 and 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary results demonstrate that PTENS performed in single weekly sessions is effective in treating the bladder for symptoms of urinary urgency and enuresis, and in the perception of those responsible for the children. Further studies with larger populations are needed to corroborate these results.
