Biological activity of three alkyl cinnamates on young larvae of Tuta absoluta.

The "tomato moth," Tuto absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a neotropical oligophagous insect considered a key pest of tomato crops. It was detected in Europe seven years ago and quickly spread to several regions of Asia and North Africa. In Argentina, its control is done by chemical pesticides mainly. The indiscriminate use of chemical broad spectrum pesticides have caused several problems in the control of this pest due to resistance mechanism involved to several insecticides including pyrethroids, organophosphates and biopesticides. In this context, the searching and evaluation of new compounds- compatible with integrated pest management programs- has become relevant. Within the phenylpropanoids, alkyl cinnamates, whether natural or synthetic, have been reported with biological activity: repellence, antifeedant and insecticide. Therefore, the cinnamates could be a valuable alternative to replace the conventional insecticides. The aim of this work was to study the antifeedant effect of three alkyl cinnamates (methyl, ethyl and propyl cinnamate) on the consumption rate patterns of second instar larvae of T. absoluta. A series of concentrations of each compound (100, 250 and 500 micrograms/milliliter) were prepared using acetone (analytical grade) - distilled water as solvent and a surfactant (Tween 80) was added to each solution to improve the wet of leaves. Tomato leaf disks of 2 cm diameter were treated by immersion in each solution during 15 seconds. Afterward, the treated discs were dried under fume hood and each disk was placed in a plastic capsule. A larva with 6-8 hours of starvation was added to each experimental unit. Each treatment was replicated between 24-30 times. The area consumed by each larva was measured after 24, 48 and 72 hours post-treatment. We also evaluated development time, weight of the pupa, adult emergence, fecundity and fertility as sublethal effects. The results were analyzed using ANOVA test. None of the compounds tested at the aforementioned concentrations exhibited insecticidal effect. However, ethyl cinnamate showed a strong antifeedant effect. The results observed on the leaf consumption and other sublethal effects assessed will be discussed. According to these preliminary results, further studies are needed to complete its toxicological profile by other exposure methods.

Side-effects of glyphosate on the life parameters of Eriopis connexa (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) in Argentina.

In Argentina, transgenic soybean crop (Roundup Ready, RR) has undergone a major expansion over the last 15 years, with the consequent increase of glyphosate applications, a broad-spectrum and post emergence herbicide. Soybean crops are inhabited by several arthropods. Eriopis connexa Germar (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) is a predator associated to soybean soft-bodies pest and have a Neotropical distribution. Nowadays, it is being considered a potentially biological control agent in South America. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the side-effects of glyphosate on larvae (third instar) and adults of this predator. Commercial compound and the maximum registered concentrations for field use were employed: GlifoGlex 48 (48% glyphosate, 192 mg a.i./litre, Gleba Argentina S.A.). The exposure was by ingestion through the treated prey (Rophalosiphum padi) or by drinking treated water during 48 h for treatment of the adult. The herbicide solutions were prepared using distilled water as solvent. The bioassays were carried out in the laboratory under controlled conditions: 23 +/- 0.5 degrees C, 75 +/- 5% RH and 16:8 (L:D) of photoperiod. Development time, weight of pupae, adult emergence, pre-oviposition period, fecundity and fertility were evaluated as endpoints. Larvae from glyphosate treatment molted earlier than controls. In addition, the weight of pupae, longevity, fecundity and fertility were drastically reduced in treated organisms. The reductions were more drastic when the treatments were performed at the third larval stage than as adult. The reproduction capacity of the predator was the most affected parameter and could be related to a hormonal disruption by glyphosate in the treated organisms. This work can confirm the deleterious effects of this herbicide on beneficial organisms. Also, it agrees with prior studies carried out on other predators associated to soybean pest, such as Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Alpaida veniliae (Araneae: Araneidae).

Compatibility of a Melia azedarach extract with Eriopis connexa (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).

The integrated pest management (IPM) premises claim for a joint use of beneficial organisms (parasitoids and predators) and selective pesticides. Botanical pesticides are being considered as selective pesticides. During the last 20 years of the 20th century, the plant family Meliaceae was identified as a promising source of compounds with insect-control properties. The Chinaberry tree, Melia azedarach L., is a deciduous tree native to Persia, India, and China, but has been cultivated in many countries including Africa, Australia, and the Americas. It is a source of tetranortriterpenoid compounds called meliatoxins, which have similar structures and insecticidal activities compared to azadirachtin. Eriopis connexa Germar (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) is a native predator from the Neotropical Region. It is a beneficial organism associated to several agro-ecosystems, feeding on soft-bodies pest such as aphids, whiteflies and thrips. In horticultural crops, it has been observed to feed on worldwide important pest such as Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Heteroptera: Aleyrodeidae) and Myzus persicae L. (Heteroptera: Aphididae), both of them considered as virus vectors. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the side-effects of M. azaderach (Meliaceas) extract on eggs, larvae and adults of Eriopis connexa. Extracts from unripe fruits (1%, w/w, obtained by the CEPROCOR, Cordoba-Argentina) were employed for ecotoxicological bioassays. The exposure method was by immersion for eggs and by ingestion of drinking water for adults. The botanical extract solutions were prepared using distilled water as solvent and a tensioactive (Tween 20) for topical application. The bioassays were carried out in the laboratory under controlled conditions: 23 +/- 0.5 degrees C temperature, 75 +/- 5% RH and 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod. Hatching, development time, adult emergence, pre-oviposition period, fecundity and fertility were evaluated as endpoints. No detrimental effects were observed in treated organisms irrespective of the exposure way and development stage. According to these preliminary results, M. azaderach fruit extracts can be compatible with E. connexa for pest control. However, future studies should be addressed to conclude about its toxicity on beneficial organisms.

Chlamydiosis in a red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis).

A red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) with signs of respiratory distress and diarrhea was captured in the Manchac Wildlife Management Area, Louisiana (USA) and died the following day. At necropsy, the carcass was emaciated and there were splenomegaly, and fibrinous pericarditis, airsacculitis, and perihepatitis. Microscopically, there were fibrinous pericarditis and airsacculitis, myocardial necrosis, necrotizing hepatitis, splenic necrosis with reticuloendothelial cell hyperplasia, interstitial pneumonia and focal pancreatic necrosis. Intracytoplasmic chlamydial inclusion bodies were noticed in macrophages in the fibrinous exudate covering air sac and pericardium, and in spleen, liver, heart, lung, and pancreas. Schizonts compatible with a Sarcocystis sp.-like protozoon were present in the walls of air capillaries in the lung. A Chlamydia sp.-like organism was isolated in embryonating chicken eggs and cell culture and identified as C. psittaci with immunofluorescent staining.

Nevo nevocelular compuesto de desarrollo agudo (variedad: extensivo superficial). / Compound nevocellular nevus of acute course (variety: superficial extensive)

Se presenta un caso de nevo nevocelular piloso de desarrollo agudo, con tendencia al gigantismo, desarrollado en menos de 4 meses. Iniciado a los 20 dias de edad adquirio caracteres inusitados en el breve lapso mencionado. En el curso de la presentacion se hacen consideraciones sobre las tumoraciones de desarrollo agudo entre las que se incluye ahora, en la experiencia de los autores, este nevo nevocelular pigmentado y piloso. En la histopatologia es de destacar la profundidad observada en la zona central y mas saliente de la lesion, que lo muestran llegando hasta la hipodermis y la actividad juncional en los bordes de la lesion.Este hecho nos ha llevado a asimilarlo en su parecido extensivo al melanoma maligno superficial de igual nombre. Terminan haciendose consideraciones sobre la necesidad del tratamiento radical rapido, dentro de lo posible, asimilando esta terapeutica a la practicada en casos de nevos pigmentarios gigantes pilosos congenitos

Nevo nevocelular compuesto de desarrollo agudo (variedad: extensivo superficial). / Compound nevocellular nevus of acute course (variety: superficial extensive)

Se presenta un caso de nevo nevocelular piloso de desarrollo agudo, con tendencia al gigantismo, desarrollado en menos de 4 meses. Iniciado a los 20 dias de edad adquirio caracteres inusitados en el breve lapso mencionado. En el curso de la presentacion se hacen consideraciones sobre las tumoraciones de desarrollo agudo entre las que se incluye ahora, en la experiencia de los autores, este nevo nevocelular pigmentado y piloso. En la histopatologia es de destacar la profundidad observada en la zona central y mas saliente de la lesion, que lo muestran llegando hasta la hipodermis y la actividad juncional en los bordes de la lesion.Este hecho nos ha llevado a asimilarlo en su parecido extensivo al melanoma maligno superficial de igual nombre. Terminan haciendose consideraciones sobre la necesidad del tratamiento radical rapido, dentro de lo posible, asimilando esta terapeutica a la practicada en casos de nevos pigmentarios gigantes pilosos congenitos

Necrosis grasa profusa del recien nacido. / Diffuse fat necrosis of the newborn infant

Es presentado un caso de necrosis grasa del recien nacido, de desarrollo profuso, dando origen en el dorso a una gran tumoracion. Se destacan en el curso del trabajo las dificultades diagnosticas a que pueden dar lugar las circunstancias etiologicas y la evolucion con restitucion integral, o bien con secuelas

Liquen-psoriasis. Caso con aspecto clinico de liquen plano e histologico de psoriasis. / Lichen-psoriasis. A case with clinical aspect of lichen planus and histological aspect of psoriasis

Se presenta un caso de liquen-psoriasis, donde se analizan las distintas situaciones que este diagnostico puede suponer, a saber: liquen con aspecto psoriasiforme, coexistencia de liquen y psoriasis, situaciones indefinidas entre las dos enfermedades y aun con la parapsoriasis en gotas y por fin nuestro caso con clinica de liquen e histologia moderada de psoriasis. Se hacen consideraciones, sobre el diagnostico diferencial para estas situaciones, que son excepiciolanes y en las que no podra sin duda prescindirse en el futuro de los metodos inmunologicos e histoquimicos

Dermatofibromas multiples, con histologia en un elemento de tipo histiocitofibroma seudosarcomatoso. / Multiple cutaneous fibromas, with histology in an element type seudosarcomatous histiocytofibroma

Se comunica la presentacion en el mismo enfermo de 5 lesiones fibromatosas cutaneas, aparecidas en el lapso de 1 ano. Cuatro de ellas mostraron histologia de dermatofibromas ricos en fibroblastos y colageno. El quinto elemento estaba constituido por un predominio de formas celulares histiociticas con imagenes que simulan la "rueda de carro" y con aumento del indice mitotico tipico (histiocitofibroma dermico seudosarcomatoso). En el curso del trabajo son analizadas tambien las formaciones seudosarcomatosas con las cuales debe realizarse el diagnostico diferencial

Tratamiento del penfigo con sales de oro. / Treatment of pemphigus with gold salts

En este trabajo se estudiaron diez casos de enfermos de penfigo, ocho de la variedad vulgar y dos de la variedad seborreica, tratados con tiosulfato de oro y sodio en dosis bajas.Los resultados obtenidos son alentadores y de acuerdo a ellos pensamos que puede ser utilizada la medicacion aurica: 1) En casos graves de penfigo que requieran dosis muy altas de corticoides y citostaticos. 2) En pacientes en los cuales no se consiga mejoria con corticoides y citostaticos. 3) Cuando existan complicaciones serias por el uso de corticoides y citostaticos. En estos casos, el oro nos ha permitido disminuir las dosis de corticoides y retrasar las recidivas o controlar estas con dosis menores de corticoides. La toxicidad del oro puede controlarse mediante un riguroso seguimiento clinico y utilizando sales mas rapidamente eliminables, como el tiosulfato de oro y sodio

Necrosis grasa profusa del recien nacido. / Diffuse fat necrosis of the newborn infant

Es presentado un caso de necrosis grasa del recien nacido, de desarrollo profuso, dando origen en el dorso a una gran tumoracion. Se destacan en el curso del trabajo las dificultades diagnosticas a que pueden dar lugar las circunstancias etiologicas y la evolucion con restitucion integral, o bien con secuelas

Liquen-psoriasis. Caso con aspecto clinico de liquen plano e histologico de psoriasis. / Lichen-psoriasis. A case with clinical aspect of lichen planus and histological aspect of psoriasis

Se presenta un caso de liquen-psoriasis, donde se analizan las distintas situaciones que este diagnostico puede suponer, a saber: liquen con aspecto psoriasiforme, coexistencia de liquen y psoriasis, situaciones indefinidas entre las dos enfermedades y aun con la parapsoriasis en gotas y por fin nuestro caso con clinica de liquen e histologia moderada de psoriasis. Se hacen consideraciones, sobre el diagnostico diferencial para estas situaciones, que son excepiciolanes y en las que no podra sin duda prescindirse en el futuro de los metodos inmunologicos e histoquimicos

Dermatofibromas multiples, con histologia en un elemento de tipo histiocitofibroma seudosarcomatoso. / Multiple cutaneous fibromas, with histology in an element type seudosarcomatous histiocytofibroma

Se comunica la presentacion en el mismo enfermo de 5 lesiones fibromatosas cutaneas, aparecidas en el lapso de 1 ano. Cuatro de ellas mostraron histologia de dermatofibromas ricos en fibroblastos y colageno. El quinto elemento estaba constituido por un predominio de formas celulares histiociticas con imagenes que simulan la "rueda de carro" y con aumento del indice mitotico tipico (histiocitofibroma dermico seudosarcomatoso). En el curso del trabajo son analizadas tambien las formaciones seudosarcomatosas con las cuales debe realizarse el diagnostico diferencial

Tratamiento del penfigo con sales de oro. / Treatment of pemphigus with gold salts

En este trabajo se estudiaron diez casos de enfermos de penfigo, ocho de la variedad vulgar y dos de la variedad seborreica, tratados con tiosulfato de oro y sodio en dosis bajas.Los resultados obtenidos son alentadores y de acuerdo a ellos pensamos que puede ser utilizada la medicacion aurica: 1) En casos graves de penfigo que requieran dosis muy altas de corticoides y citostaticos. 2) En pacientes en los cuales no se consiga mejoria con corticoides y citostaticos. 3) Cuando existan complicaciones serias por el uso de corticoides y citostaticos. En estos casos, el oro nos ha permitido disminuir las dosis de corticoides y retrasar las recidivas o controlar estas con dosis menores de corticoides. La toxicidad del oro puede controlarse mediante un riguroso seguimiento clinico y utilizando sales mas rapidamente eliminables, como el tiosulfato de oro y sodio

[Multiple applications of closed permanent wet dressings. Their mode of action]. / Las múltiples aplicaciones de las curas húmedas permanentes cerradas. Su mecanismo de acción.

New applications and forms of Darier's humid permanent closed cures are analysed specially in connection with concepts of cutaneous hydratation. The multiplicity of their application however makes it necessary to find an explanation for their excellent effects which are probably related to the anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and antiinfectious actions as well as the permanent draining effect from the deeper layers to the surface of the epidermis. The hydratation affected by HPCC is very important in dry and exudative stasis dermatitis with both a complete or a partial loss of stratum corneum. Cutaneous eutrophia is restored quite rapidly and an anti-infectious effect is brought about simultaneously. Especially in cases of stasis dermatitis with excessive secretions and pus formation the permanent drainage and hydratation make possible rapid healing. The preference for sodium borate does not exclude the use of other substance both alone or in combination. On the contrary, HPCC may be employed with especific antibiotics. Topical corticosteroid and antibiotic combination is frequently used in stasis dermatitis. In cases of pyoderma, the results obtained are definitively better when antibiotics are of the treatment. Eventually systematic corticoids may be included in the therapeutic arsenal.

Papiloma venereo perianal a forma clinica cronica tumoral. / Tumoral chronic clinical form of perianal venereal papilloma

Una forma muy especial del papiloma venereo es descripta, asignandole el nombre de papiloma venereo a forma tumoral cronica. Se realiza asimismo su ubicacion dentro de todas las formas conocidas de papihaber precedido al epitelioma/

Epitelioma espinocelular de pene versus papiloma venereo. / Spinocellular epithelioma of the penis us venereal papilloma

Se presenta un caso de tumor del glande en el que se constata histologicamente epitelioma espinocelular, junto a un papiloma venereo de tipo comun, desarollado en su vecindad. Clinicamente el papiloma parece haber precedido al epitelioma.

Papiloma venereo perianal a forma clinica cronica tumoral. / Tumoral chronic clinical form of perianal venereal papilloma

Una forma muy especial del papiloma venereo es descripta, asignandole el nombre de papiloma venereo a forma tumoral cronica. Se realiza asimismo su ubicacion dentro de todas las formas conocidas de papihaber precedido al epitelioma/

Epitelioma espinocelular de pene versus papiloma venereo. / Spinocellular epithelioma of the penis us venereal papilloma

Se presenta un caso de tumor del glande en el que se constata histologicamente epitelioma espinocelular, junto a un papiloma venereo de tipo comun, desarollado en su vecindad. Clinicamente el papiloma parece haber precedido al epitelioma.