A Comprehensive Review of the Diverse Spectrum Activity of 1,2,3-Triazole-linked Isatin Hybrids.

Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2,3-triazole and isatin as core structures have emerged as promising drug candidates due to their diverse biological activities such as anti-cancer, antifungal, antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-epileptic, antiviral, and more. The presence of 1,2,3-triazoles and isatin heterocycles in these hybrids, both individually known for their medicinal significance, has increasingly piqued the interest of drug discovery researchers, as they seek to delve deeper into their extensive pharmacological potential for enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, these hybrid compounds are synthetically accessible using readily available materials. Therefore, there is a pressing need to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing knowledge in this field, offering valuable insights to readers and paving the way for the discovery of novel 1,2,3-triazole-linked isatin hybrids with therapeutic potential.

Genetic diversity, morphological traits, quality traits and antioxidants potentiality of Coccinia grandis germplasm under rainfed semi-arid region.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the genetic variability for morphological and qualitative traits of Coccinia for development of trait specific lines at ICAR-Central Horticultural Experiment Station (CIAH-RS), Panchmahals (Godhra), Gujarat during 2020-2022. In this study, we evaluated 26 gynoecious accessions to assess the genetic divergence through principal component and cluster analysis. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications under rainfed semi-arid conditions. High values of PCV and GCV were observed for variables such as NFFP (25.13 and 22.20), PL (23.14 and 20.69), FD (24.01 and 21.46), AFW (22.98 and 20.13), NFPY (26.38 and 24.40), FYP (37.57 and 31.29), FY (35.55 and 33.20), AsC (28.65 and 27.73), Ac (24.32 and 21.06), TSS (37.23 and 35.94), DPPHL (20.71 and 20.38), FRAPL (21.08 and 20.92), TPF(20.81 and 20.45) respectively. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for vine length (VL), internodal length (IL), number of female flowers per plant (NFFP), fruit length (FL), peduncle length (PL), fruit diameter (FD), average fruit weight (AFW), number of fruit per plant per year (NFPY), fruit yield per plant (FYP), fruit yield (FY), ascorbic acid (AsC), acidity (Ac), total soluble solids (TSS), total phenols in leaves TPL), total flavonoids in leaves TFL, CUPRAC in leaves (CUPRACL), DPPH in leaves (DPPHL), FRAP in leaves (FRAPL), Total phenols in fruits (TPF), Total flavonoids in fruits (TFF), CUPRAC in fruits (CUPRACF) and DPPH in fruits (DPPHF). The FYP exhibited a significant positive correlation with variables like VL (0.6833), IL (0.2991), NFFP (0.8107), FD (0.5245), AFW (0.6766), NFPY (0.7659), ASC (0.4611), TSS (0.5004) and TPF (0.4281). The estimates of genetic parameters revealed scope for further improvement of fruit yield by selection. Of the eight principal components, PC-I through PC-VIII had eigen values greater than 1 and it accounts 85.02% of the total variation for 26 gynoecious accessions of Ivy gourd. The eigen values of PC-I comprised 5.775% of total variation followed by PC-II (4.250%), PC-III (3.175%), PC-IV (2.588%), PC-V (1.828%), PC-VI (1.447%), PC-VII (1.179%) and PC-VIII (1.013%).The cluster VI and cluster I having highest mean values for most of traits under study. Thus, genotypes from the distinct cluster like cluster VI and I for should be used for selection of parents and varietal improvement for further breeding programme in ivy gourd.

Generation of map on natural environmental background absorbed dose rate in India.

A systematic mapping of natural absorbed dose rate was carried out to assess the existing exposure situation in India. The mammoth nationwide survey covered the entire terrestrial region of the country comprising of 45127 sampling grids (grid size 36 km2) with more than 100,000 data points. The data was processed using Geographic Information System. This study is based on established national and international approaches to provide linkage with conventional geochemical mapping of soil. Majority (93%) of the absorbed dose rate data was collected using handheld radiation survey meters and remaining were measured using environmental Thermo Luminescent Dosimeters. The mean absorbed dose rate of the entire country including several mineralized regions, was found to be 96 ± 21 nGy/h. The median, Geometric Mean and Geometric Standard Deviation values of absorbed dose rate were 94, 94 and 1.2 nGy/h, respectively. Among the High Background Radiation Areas of the country, absorbed dose rate varied from 700 to 9562 nGy/h in Karunagappally area of Kollam district, Kerala. The absorbed dose rate in the present nationwide study is comparable with the global database.

Recent advances on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and genomic selection (GS); prospects for Fusarium head blight research in Durum wheat.

PURPOSE: Wheat is an important cereal crop that is cultivated in different parts of the world. The biotic stresses are the major concerns in wheat-growing nations and are responsible for production loss globally. The change in climate dynamics makes the pathogen more virulent in foothills and tropical regions. There is growing concern about FHB in major wheat-growing nations, and until now, there has been no known potential source of resistance identified in wheat germplasm. The plant pathogen interaction activates the cascade of pathways, genes, TFs, and resistance genes. Pathogenesis-related genes' role in disease resistance is functionally validated in different plant systems. Similarly, Genomewide association Studies (GWAS) and Genomic selection (GS) are promising tools and have led to the discovery of resistance genes, genomic regions, and novel markers. Fusarium graminearum produces deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxins in wheat kernels, affecting wheat productivity globally. Modern technology now allows for detecting and managing DON toxin to reduce the risk to humans and animals. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the roles played by GWAS and Genomic selection (GS) in the identification of new genes, genetic variants, molecular markers and DON toxin management strategies. METHODS: The review offers a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the function of Fusarium graminearum virulence factors in Durum wheat. The role of GWAS and GS for Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) resistance has been well described. This paper provides a comprehensive description of the various statistical models that are used in GWAS and GS. In this review, we look at how different detection methods have been used to analyze and manage DON toxin exposure. RESULTS: This review highlights the role of virulent genes in Fusarium disease establishment. The role of genome-based selection offers the identification of novel QTLs in resistant wheat germplasm. The role of GWAS and GS selection has minimized the use of population development through breeding technology. Here, we also emphasized the function of recent technological developments in minimizing the impact of DON toxins and their implications for food safety.

A systematic review of complications following selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy.

PURPOSE: The literature lacks a concise overview of complications secondary to selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR). The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature regarding post-SDR complications, and to present them concisely. METHODS: The protocol of the review was registered on Open Science Framework. Studies on SDR in cerebral palsy were included. The studies to be included used SDR for management of spasticity in patients with cerebral palsy. The long-term complications of SDR mentioned in the articles were inventoried. RESULTS: Thirty studies were included for qualitative review. Twenty-one types of complication were identified. Structural complications were the commonest: scoliosis (214/1,043, 20.5%), hyperlordosis (101/552, 18.2%), spondylolysis (55/574, 9.5%) and kyphosis (67/797, 8.4%). Neurological complications comprised constipation (70/485, 14.4%), hip subluxation (3/29, 10.3%), spastic syndrome (4/47, 8.5%), sensory changes (106/1290, 8.2%) and urinary incontinence (61/1013, 6%). CONCLUSION: This review should help surgeons and parents alike to know about the potential complications of SDR. Complications may affect quality of life and should be weighed. Although the majority of these complications were managed conservatively, there would still be a physical, psychological and financial burden which should be taken into account. Screening should be continued vigorously throughout skeletal growth and at reduced frequency thereafter, for timely intervention in case of structural complications.

Faculty-or senior resident-led SNAPPS for postgraduate teaching in pediatrics.

This was an educational intervention on postgraduates using SNAPPS (Summarize narrow, analyze, probe, plan, self-directed learning) showing comparable median (interquartile range) satisfaction scores with faculty or senior residents as 4 (3,5) and 4 (4, 4.25); respectively, P = 0.79. Further training of senior residents in medical education will enable them to participate efficiently and actively in postgraduate teaching.

Relaxation dynamics in excited helium nanodroplets probed with high resolution, time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy.

Superfluid helium nanodroplets are often considered as transparent and chemically inert nanometer-sized cryo-matrices for high-resolution or time-resolved spectroscopy of embedded molecules and clusters. On the other hand, when the helium nanodroplets are resonantly excited with XUV radiation, a multitude of ultrafast processes are initiated, such as relaxation into metastable states, formation of nanoscopic bubbles or excimers, and autoionization channels generating low-energy free electrons. Here, we discuss the full spectrum of ultrafast relaxation processes observed when helium nanodroplets are electronically excited. In particular, we perform an in-depth study of the relaxation dynamics occurring in the lowest 1s2s and 1s2p droplet bands using high resolution, time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. The simplified excitation scheme and improved resolution allow us to identify the relaxation into metastable triplet and excimer states even when exciting below the droplets' autoionization threshold, unobserved in previous studies.

Genomic Selection: A Tool for Accelerating the Efficiency of Molecular Breeding for Development of Climate-Resilient Crops.

Since the inception of the theory and conceptual framework of genomic selection (GS), extensive research has been done on evaluating its efficiency for utilization in crop improvement. Though, the marker-assisted selection has proven its potential for improvement of qualitative traits controlled by one to few genes with large effects. Its role in improving quantitative traits controlled by several genes with small effects is limited. In this regard, GS that utilizes genomic-estimated breeding values of individuals obtained from genome-wide markers to choose candidates for the next breeding cycle is a powerful approach to improve quantitative traits. In the last two decades, GS has been widely adopted in animal breeding programs globally because of its potential to improve selection accuracy, minimize phenotyping, reduce cycle time, and increase genetic gains. In addition, given the promising initial evaluation outcomes of GS for the improvement of yield, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and quality in cereal crops like wheat, maize, and rice, prospects of integrating it in breeding crops are also being explored. Improved statistical models that leverage the genomic information to increase the prediction accuracies are critical for the effectiveness of GS-enabled breeding programs. Study on genetic architecture under drought and heat stress helps in developing production markers that can significantly accelerate the development of stress-resilient crop varieties through GS. This review focuses on the transition from traditional selection methods to GS, underlying statistical methods and tools used for this purpose, current status of GS studies in crop plants, and perspectives for its successful implementation in the development of climate-resilient crops.

Salvage Using Polatuzumab Vedotin Based Therapy in Relapsed Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphomas: Early Experience from a Real-World Middle-Income Setting Using Named-Patient Compassionate Access Program.

Polatuzumab vedotin is a novel immunotherapy antibody-drug conjugate targeting CD79b. It has been used in relapsed/refractory (R/R) large B-cell lymphomas since its FDA approval in 2019. Presently, this drug is unaffordable or unavailable for patients in Lower-Middle Income Countries (LMIC) like India. This is a retrospective study of adult (> 18 years) patients with R/R large B-cell lymphoma failing two prior lines of therapy, who received Polatuzumab based salvage therapy on a compassionate or named-patient access program. Between May 2019 and April 2022, 10 patients received Polatuzumab vedotin, and 9 were evaluable. The most common regimen used was Polatuzumab-Bendamustine-Rituximab. Out of 43 infusions administered, the adverse event profile was manageable [One grade-2 infusion reaction, 4 patients developed grade 3-4 hematological toxicity and none had grade 3-4 non-hematological toxicities]. Ten infusions were administered in the day care service. After a median of 4.5 cycles (range 1-8), 4 patients achieved CR, 2 had partial response (PR), and 3 had progressive disease (PD). With a median follow up of 491 days (range 8-1048 days), four patients are alive (three in CR and one in PR), three patients have died and three patients were lost to follow up. Early real-world experience from a LMIC setting demonstrates feasibility and a favourable safety profile of Polatuzumab vedotin based approach, along with encouraging response rates in a subset of patients.

Phosphonomethyl iminodiacetic acid functionalized metal organic framework supported PAN composite beads for selective removal of La(III) from wastewater: Adsorptive performance and column separation studies.

The rare earth elements being toxic in nature are being accumulated in water bodies as their industrial usage is growing exponentially, thus their efficient separation holds an immense significance. Herein, ligand functionalized metal organic framework (MOF), Phosphonomethyl iminodiacetic acid coordinated at Fe-BTC, was synthesized post-synthetically and incorporated subsequently in polyacrylonitrile polymer to prepare the composite beads via nonsolvent induced-phase-inversion technique for selective adsorption of La(III) from the wastewater in batch and dynamic column mode. XPS NMR, and FTIR were used to establish the interaction between functionalized ligand and unsaturated metal nodes of MOF. The adsorption capacity was 232.5 mg/g and 77.51 mg/g at 298 K of the functionalized MOF and composite beads respectively. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second order rate equation, and isotherm indicated the best fitting with Langmuir model. The dynamic behavior of the adsorption column packed with MOF/Polymer beads was fairly described by the Thomas model. The breakthrough time of 23.2 h could be attained with 12 cm of bed height and 10 ml/min of flow rate. These MOF/Polymer beads shown the selectivity of La over transitional metals were recycled over 5 times with about 15% loss of adsorption capacity. The findings provide suggestive insights of the potential use of functionalized MOF towards the separation of the rare earth element.

A novel approach for estimation of aboveground biomass of a carbon-rich mangrove site in India.

Mangroves can play a crucial part in climate change mitigation policies due to their high carbon-storing capacity. However, the carbon sequestration potential of Indian mangroves generally remained unexplored to date. In this study, multi-temporal Sentinel-1 and 2 data-derived variables were used to estimate the AGB of a tropical carbon-rich mangrove forest of India. Ensemble prediction of multiple machine learning algorithms, including Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosted Model (GBM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), were used for AGB prediction. The multi-temporal dataset was used in two different ways to find the most suitable method of using them. The results of the analysis showed that the modeling field measured AGB with individual date data values results in estimates with root mean square errors (RMSE) ranging from 149.242 t/ha for XGB to 151.149 t/ha for the RF. Modeling AGB with the average and percentile metrics of the multi-temporal image stack improves the prediction accuracy of AGB, with RMSE ranging from 81.882 t/ha for the XGB to 74.493 t/ha for the RF. The AGB modeling using ensemble prediction showed further improvement in accuracy with an RMSE of 72.864 t/ha and normalized RMSE of 11.38%. In this study, the intra-seasonal variation of Sentinel-1 and 2 data for mangrove ecosystems was explored for the first time. The variations in remotely sensed variables could be attributed mainly to soil moisture availability and rainfall in the mangrove ecosystem. The efficiency of Sentinel-1 and 2 data-derived variables and ensemble prediction of machine learning models for Indian mangroves were also explored for the first time. The methodologies established in this study can be used in the future for accurate prediction and repeated monitoring of AGB for mangrove ecosystems.

Structural Analysis of Diastereomeric Cardiac Glycosides and Their Genins Using Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) is an economical and indispensable tool in natural product research to investigate novel metabolites, biomarker discovery, chemical diversity exploration, and structure elucidation. In this study, the structural analysis of 38 naturally occurring cardiac glycosides (CGs) in various tissues of Nerium oleander was achieved by the extensive use of mass spectrometry. The chemical diversity of CGs was described on the basis of characteristic MS/MS fragmentation patterns, accurate mass measurement, and published scientific information on CGs from Nerium oleander. It was observed that only six genins, viz., Δ16anhydrogitoxigenin, Δ16adynerigenin, gitoxigenin, oleandrigenin, digitoxigenin, and adynerigenine, produce 38 diverse chemical structures of CGs. Among them, 20 were identified as diastereomers having a difference in a sugar (l-oleandrose, ß-d-diginose, and ß-d-sarmentose) unit. However, the differentiation of diastereomeric CGs was not possible by only MS/MS fragments. Thus, the diastereomer's chromatographic elution order was assigned on the basis of the relative retention time (RRt) of two reference standards (odoroside A and oleandrin) among their diastereomers. Besides this, the in-source fragmentation of CGs and the MS/MS of m/z 325 and 323 disaccharide daughter ions also exposed the intrinsic structure information on the sugar units. The daughter ions m/z 162, 145, 113, 95, and 85 in MS/MS spectra indicated the abundance of l-oleandrose, ß-d-diginose, and ß-d-sarmentose sugars. At the same time, m/z 161, 143, 129, and 87 product ions confirmed the presence of a ß-d-digitalose unit. As a result, the UPLC-ESI/TQD system was successfully utilized for the structure characterization of CGs in Nerium oleander tissues.

Water quality assessment of the Ganges River during COVID-19 lockdown.

Ganges River water quality was assessed to record the changes due to the nation-wide pandemic lockdown. Satellite-based (Sentinel-2) water quality analysis before and during lockdown was performed for seven selected locations spread across the entire stretch of the Ganges (Rishikesh-Dimond Harbour). Results revealed that due to the lockdown, the water quality of the Ganges improved with reference to specific water quality parameters, but the improvements were region specific. Along the entire stretch of Ganges, only the Haridwar site showed improvement to an extent of being potable as per the threshold set by the Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi, India. A 55% decline in turbidity at that site during the lockdown was attributed to the abrupt halt in pilgrimage activities. Absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter which is an indicator of organic pollution declined all along the Ganges stretch with a maximum decline at the downstream location of Diamond Harbour. Restricted discharge of industrial effluent, urban pollution, sewage from hotels, lodges, and spiritual dwellings along the Ganges are some of the reasons behind such declines. No significant change in the geographic trend of chlorophyll-a was observed. The findings of this study highlight the importance of regular monitoring of the changes in the Ganges water quality using Sentinel-2 data to further isolate the anthropogenic impact, as India continues the phase-wise opening amidst the pandemic.

DEVELOPMENT OF OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE BADGE READER SYSTEM FOR INDIVIDUAL MONITORING OF RADIATION WORKERS.

A new Optically Stimulated Luminescence Badge Reader (OSBARE-1) system has been designed and developed for application in the individual monitoring dosimetry. This badge reader system utilizes the 470-nm light of a blue LED for CW-OSL readout with the help of PMT photon counting module. The developed reader system can process four element 24 OSLD cards within 25 min. These four-element OSLD card consists of the Teflon embedded indigenously developed dosimetric grade α-Al2O3:C phosphor. The minimum measurable dose (MMD) was found to be ~26 µGy for these OSLD cards with reproducibility of ~1.12%. The various operational parameters such as variation in the dark counts, OSL scattering background counts and reproducibility have been studied in detailed for this reader system. The dosimetric studies performed on this developed reader system found to have a great potential for the OSLD-based large-scale personnel monitoring program for the radiation workers.

Incidence and risk predictors analysis of adverse donor reactions in whole blood donation.

OBJECTIVE: Adverse donor reactions in normal healthy blood donors is not unusual. However, these unpleasant effects have a negative impact on donor retention. Adverse event due to blood donation is multifactorial in origin. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the frequency and type of adverse donor reactions during or after blood donation. More importantly, this study also aimed at analyzing important risk predictors of adverse donor reaction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study conducted from May 2017 to April 2019 in the department of Transfusion Medicine at a tertiary care center in eastern India. Data were stored in Microsoft excel 2016 by using a standardized format as per ISBT criteria and analyzed with software "R, version 3.5.3" to find out the various independent precipitating factor. RESULTS: Overall, 107 donors (0.98%) experienced adverse events with 10,814 whole blood donations. The first time, females, younger age donors (18-30 years), and donors with a mean arterial blood pressure of less than 90mm of Hg were the most important independent risk factors predicting the possibility of adverse donor reaction. Donors' weight, hemoglobin, and the type of donation had not affected the frequency of adverse events. CONCLUSION: Analysis of adverse donor reactions helps in selecting the blood donors who are at risk of donor reactions. Our study highlights the importance of proper predonation screening especially in terms of assessment of mean blood pressure, along with identification of first time and female blood donors in order to reduce untoward donor reaction.

Statistical Approach for Improving Genomic Prediction Accuracy through Efficient Diagnostic Measure of Influential Observation.

It is expected the predictive performance of genomic prediction methods may be adversely affected in the presence of outliers. In agriculture science an outlier may arise due to wrong data imputation, outlying response, and in a series of trials over the time or location. Although several statistical procedures are already there in literature for identification of outlier but identification of true outlier is still a challenge especially in case of high dimensional genomic data. Here we have proposed an efficient approach for detecting outlier in high dimensional genomic data, our approach is p-value based combination methods to produce single p-value for detecting the outliers. Robustness of our approach has been tested using simulated data through the evaluation measures like precision, recall etc. It has been observed that significant improvement in the performance of genomic prediction has been obtained by detecting the outliers and handling them accordingly through our proposed approach using real data.

Identification and characterization of trait-specific SNPs using ddRAD sequencing in water buffalo.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) is one of the important molecular markers widely used in animal breeding program for improvement of any desirable genetic traits. Considering this, the present study was carried out to identify, annotate and analyze the SNPs related to four important traits of buffalo viz. milk volume, age at first calving, post-partum cyclicity and feed conversion efficiency. We identified 246,495, 168,202, 74,136 and 194,747 genome-wide SNPs related to mentioned traits, respectively using ddRAD sequencing technique based on 85 samples of Murrah Buffaloes. Distribution of these SNPs were highest (61.69%) and lowest (1.78%) in intron and exon regions, respectively. Under coding regions, the SNPs for the four traits were further classified as synonymous (4697) and non-synonymous (3827). Moreover, Gene Ontology (GO) terms of identified genes assigned to various traits. These characterized SNPs will enhance the knowledge of cellular mechanism for enhancing productivity of water buffalo through molecular breeding.

Human occupation of northern India spans the Toba super-eruption ~74,000 years ago.

India is located at a critical geographic crossroads for understanding the dispersal of Homo sapiens out of Africa and into Asia and Oceania. Here we report evidence for long-term human occupation, spanning the last ~80 thousand years, at the site of Dhaba in the Middle Son River Valley of Central India. An unchanging stone tool industry is found at Dhaba spanning the Toba eruption of ~74 ka (i.e., the Youngest Toba Tuff, YTT) bracketed between ages of 79.6 ± 3.2 and 65.2 ± 3.1 ka, with the introduction of microlithic technology ~48 ka. The lithic industry from Dhaba strongly resembles stone tool assemblages from the African Middle Stone Age (MSA) and Arabia, and the earliest artefacts from Australia, suggesting that it is likely the product of Homo sapiens as they dispersed eastward out of Africa.

Valorisation of waste galvanizing dross: Emphasis on recovery of zinc with zero effluent strategy.

Galvanizing dross-a waste product from steel industries but it can be a potential secondary resource for zinc through urban mining and recycling. In this concern, a novel and scalable recycling route with zero effluent strategy is developed for the recovery of zinc from galvanizing dross as high grade zinc salts along with value-added products through hydrometallurgical processing. In particular, as-such dross block was leached in 9% (v/v) sulphuric acid medium, wherein strong hydrogen gas effervescence results in alleviating the pulverization and stirring requirements; which are material and energy intensive. Leached zinc is purified and recovered as high purity ZnSO4.(H2O/7H2O) and Zn3(PO4)2.4H2O through controlled crystallization and phosphate precipitation respectively; which find application in fertilizers and anti-corrosive paints. Temperature difference method was opted for the crystallization of zinc sulfate salts, wherein 70 °C and 30 °C were found to be stability range of crystallization of ZnSO4.H2O and ZnSO4.7H2O respectively. ZnSO4-H2O phase diagram is developed using Factsage calculations to corroborate crystallization study. Moreover, exhaustive thermodynamic analysis of Zn2+-PO43--H2O system at 303 K on precipitation of zinc phosphate using di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate (80-240 g/L) is conducted and the results reveal that with increasing pH (3-6), intermediate hydrogen phosphate species (H3PO4, H2PO4- and H2PO42-) decompose to produce stable PO43- ions leading to zinc phosphate precipitation. Impurity like Iron and supernatant solution left after crystallization are recovered as hydrated iron-calcium sulfate mixture and ammonium sulfate salt respectively. This explored route is economical and easily adaptable with zero effluents, therefore, transcends serious challenges in terms of energy requirement, scale-up and effluent generation.

Morpho-Structural, Electrical and Magnetic Behavior of Chemically Synthesized Multiferroic GdMnO3 Ceramic.

The observations of room temperature ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism for GdMnO3 (GMO) ceramics have been reported in this paper. The nanocrystalline GMO powder was synthesized by chemical route and then sintered in the form of bulk pellet at 850 °C for 24 h by following slow step sintering schedule. Bulk GMO sample is observed to be polycrystalline in nature having orthorhombic perovskite structure and Pbnm space group. Well connected grains are observed with higher percentage of porosity in the micrographs obtained from field emission scanning electron microscope. The dielectric anomaly has been observed for the sintered sample at 338 K and a wide ferroelectric hysteresis loop has also been observed at room temperature. Room temperature dielectric constant (ε) value of the sample is high (~2736) at the frequency of 100 Hz. The zero field cooled (ZFC) and field cooled (FC) magnetizations shows the antiferromagnetic behavior around 12 K. Sample shows a weak ferromagnetic behavior at 3 K.