Ribosomal protein L24 mediates mammalian microRNA processing in an evolutionarily conserved manner.

To investigate the mechanism(s) underlying the expression of primate-specific microRNAs (miRs), we sought DNA regulatory elements and proteins mediating expression of the primate-specific hsa-miR-608 (miR-608), which is located in the SEMA4G gene and facilitates the cholinergic blockade of inflammation by targeting acetylcholinesterase mRNA. 'Humanized' mice carrying pre-miR-608 flanked by 250 bases of endogenous sequences inserted into the murine Sema4g gene successfully expressed miR-608. Moreover, by flanking miR-608 by shortened fragments of its human genome region we identified an active independent promoter within the 150 nucleotides 5' to pre-miR-608, which elevated mature miR-608 levels by 100-fold in transfected mouse- and human-originated cells. This highlighted a regulatory role of the 5' flank as enabling miR-608 expression. Moreover, pull-down of the 150-base 5' sequence revealed its interaction with ribosomal protein L24 (RPL24), implicating an additional mechanism controlling miR-608 levels. Furthermore, RPL24 knockdown altered the expression of multiple miRs, and RPL24 immunoprecipitation indicated that up- or down-regulation of the mature miRs depended on whether their precursors bind RPL24 directly. Finally, further tests showed that RPL24 interacts directly with DDX5, a component of the large microprocessor complex, to inhibit miR processing. Our findings reveal that RPL24, which has previously been shown to play a role in miR processing in Arabidopsis thaliana, has a similar evolutionarily conserved function in miR biogenesis in mammals. We thus characterize a novel extra-ribosomal role of RPL24 in primate miR regulation.

Comprehensive evaluation of human-derived anti-poly-GA antibodies in cellular and animal models of C9orf72 disease.

Hexanucleotide G4C2 repeat expansions in the C9orf72 gene are the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs) generated by translation of repeat-containing RNAs show toxic effects in vivo as well as in vitro and are key targets for therapeutic intervention. We generated human antibodies that bind DPRs with high affinity and specificity. Anti-GA antibodies engaged extra- and intra-cellular poly-GA and reduced aggregate formation in a poly-GA overexpressing human cell line. However, antibody treatment in human neuronal cultures synthesizing exogenous poly-GA resulted in the formation of large extracellular immune complexes and did not affect accumulation of intracellular poly-GA aggregates. Treatment with antibodies was also shown to directly alter the morphological and biochemical properties of poly-GA and to shift poly-GA/antibody complexes to more rapidly sedimenting ones. These alterations were not observed with poly-GP and have important implications for accurate measurement of poly-GA levels including the need to evaluate all centrifugation fractions and disrupt the interaction between treatment antibodies and poly-GA by denaturation. Targeting poly-GA and poly-GP in two mouse models expressing G4C2 repeats by systemic antibody delivery for up to 16 mo was well-tolerated and led to measurable brain penetration of antibodies. Long-term treatment with anti-GA antibodies produced improvement in an open-field movement test in aged C9orf72450 mice. However, chronic administration of anti-GA antibodies in AAV-(G4C2)149 mice was associated with increased levels of poly-GA detected by immunoassay and did not significantly reduce poly-GA aggregates or alleviate disease progression in this model.

Assessment of a 3D neural spheroid model to detect pharmaceutical-induced neurotoxicity.

Drug-induced neurotoxicity is a leading cause of safety-related attrition for therapeutics in clinical trials, often driven by poor predictivity of preclinical in vitro and in vivo models of neurotoxicity. Over a dozen different iPSC-derived 3D spheroids have been described in recent years, but their ability to predict neurotoxicity in patients has not been evaluated nor compared with the predictive power of nonclinical species. To assess the predictive capabilities of human iPSC-derived neural spheroids (microBrains), we used 84 structurally diverse pharmaceuticals with robust clinical and pre-clinical datasets with varying degrees of seizurogenic and neurodegenerative liability. Drug-induced changes in neural viability and phenotypic calcium bursts were assessed using 7 endpoints based on calcium oscillation profiles and cel-lular ATP levels. These endpoints, normalized by therapeutic exposure, were used to build logistic regression models to establish endpoint cutoffs and evaluate probability for clinical neurotoxicity. The neurotoxicity score calculated from the logistic regression model could distinguish neurotoxic from non-neurotoxic clinical molecules with a specificity as high as 93.33% and a sensitivity of 53.49%, demonstrating a very low false positive rate for the prediction of seizures, convulsions, and neurodegeneration. In contrast, nonclinical species showed a higher sensitivity (75%) but much lower specificity (30.4%). The neural spheroids demonstrated higher likelihood ratio positive and inverse likelihood ratio neg-ative values compared with nonclinical safety studies. This assay has the potential to be used as a predictive assay to detect neurotoxicity in early drug discovery, aiding in the early identification of compounds that eventually may fail due to neurotoxicity.

Elevated advanced glycation end products are associated with subfoveal ellipsoid zone disruption in diabetic macular edema.

PURPOSE: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), due to increased production and a slow turnover rate, serve as mediators of "metabolic memory" even after the resolution of hyperglycemia. A prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the association of AGEs with subfoveal ellipsoid zone (EZ) disruption in diabetic macular edema (DME). METHODS: A tertiary-care-center-based cross-sectional study included 40 consecutive cases with DME and 20 healthy controls in the age group of 40-65 years. All the study subjects underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) for cross-sectional imaging of the retina. The EZ was defined as a hyperreflective band below the external limiting membrane. The disruption of EZ was graded as intact EZ and disrupted EZ. Serum AGEs were assessed by assay of Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine (Nε-CML) using the standard protocol. Data were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: Subfoveal EZ disruption was noted in 80% (32/40) of the cases of DME. In the cases without EZ disruption, visual acuity (LogMAR VA) was 0.60 ± 0.52, whereas in cases with EZ disruption, LogMAR VA was 0.96 ± 0.56 (P < 0.001). In the cases without EZ disruption, Nε-CML was 94.31 ± 57 ng/mL, whereas in cases with EZ disruption Nε-CML was 120.64 ± 71.98 ng/mL (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In DME, increased levels of AGEs are significantly associated with EZ disruption on SD-OCT.

Cytoplasmic FUS triggers early behavioral alterations linked to cortical neuronal hyperactivity and inhibitory synaptic defects.

Gene mutations causing cytoplasmic mislocalization of the RNA-binding protein FUS lead to severe forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Cytoplasmic accumulation of FUS is also observed in other diseases, with unknown consequences. Here, we show that cytoplasmic mislocalization of FUS drives behavioral abnormalities in knock-in mice, including locomotor hyperactivity and alterations in social interactions, in the absence of widespread neuronal loss. Mechanistically, we identified a progressive increase in neuronal activity in the frontal cortex of Fus knock-in mice in vivo, associated with altered synaptic gene expression. Synaptic ultrastructural and morphological defects were more pronounced in inhibitory than excitatory synapses and associated with increased synaptosomal levels of FUS and its RNA targets. Thus, cytoplasmic FUS triggers synaptic deficits, which is leading to increased neuronal activity in frontal cortex and causing related behavioral phenotypes. These results indicate that FUS mislocalization may trigger deleterious phenotypes beyond motor neuron impairment in ALS, likely relevant also for other neurodegenerative diseases characterized by FUS mislocalization.

Dynamic changes in murine forebrain miR-211 expression associate with cholinergic imbalances and epileptiform activity.

Epilepsy is a common neurological disease, manifested in unprovoked recurrent seizures. Epileptogenesis may develop due to genetic or pharmacological origins or following injury, but it remains unclear how the unaffected brain escapes this susceptibility to seizures. Here, we report that dynamic changes in forebrain microRNA (miR)-211 in the mouse brain shift the threshold for spontaneous and pharmacologically induced seizures alongside changes in the cholinergic pathway genes, implicating this miR in the avoidance of seizures. We identified miR-211 as a putative attenuator of cholinergic-mediated seizures by intersecting forebrain miR profiles that were Argonaute precipitated, synaptic vesicle target enriched, or differentially expressed under pilocarpine-induced seizures, and validated TGFBR2 and the nicotinic antiinflammatory acetylcholine receptor nAChRa7 as murine and human miR-211 targets, respectively. To explore the link between miR-211 and epilepsy, we engineered dTg-211 mice with doxycycline-suppressible forebrain overexpression of miR-211. These mice reacted to doxycycline exposure by spontaneous electrocorticography-documented nonconvulsive seizures, accompanied by forebrain accumulation of the convulsive seizures mediating miR-134. RNA sequencing demonstrated in doxycycline-treated dTg-211 cortices overrepresentation of synaptic activity, Ca2+ transmembrane transport, TGFBR2 signaling, and cholinergic synapse pathways. Additionally, a cholinergic dysregulated mouse model overexpressing a miR refractory acetylcholinesterase-R splice variant showed a parallel propensity for convulsions, miR-211 decreases, and miR-134 elevation. Our findings demonstrate that in mice, dynamic miR-211 decreases induce hypersynchronization and nonconvulsive and convulsive seizures, accompanied by expression changes in cholinergic and TGFBR2 pathways as well as in miR-134. Realizing the importance of miR-211 dynamics opens new venues for translational diagnosis of and interference with epilepsy.

Antisense miR-132 blockade via the AChE-R splice variant mitigates cortical inflammation.

MicroRNA (miR)-132 brain-to-body messages suppress inflammation by targeting acetylcholinesterase (AChE), but the target specificity of 3'-AChE splice variants and the signaling pathways involved remain unknown. Using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), we identified preferential miR-132 targeting of soluble AChE-R over synaptic-bound AChE-S, potentiating miR-132-mediated brain and body cholinergic suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inversely, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reduced multiple miR-132 targets, suppressed AChE-S more than AChE-R and elevated inflammatory hallmarks. Furthermore, blockade of peripheral miR-132 by chemically protected AM132 antisense oligonucleotide elevated muscle AChE-R 10-fold over AChE-S, and cortical miRNA-sequencing demonstrated inverse brain changes by AM132 and LPS in immune-related miRs and neurotransmission and cholinergic signaling pathways. In neuromuscular junctions, AM132 co-elevated the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and AChE, re-balancing neurotransmission and reaching mild muscle incoordination. Our findings demonstrate preferential miR-132-induced modulation of AChE-R which ignites bidirectional brain and body anti-inflammatory regulation, underscoring splice-variant miR-132 specificity as a new complexity level in inflammatory surveillance.

INCREASED SERUM LEVELS OF UREA AND CREATININE ARE SURROGATE MARKERS FOR DISRUPTION OF RETINAL PHOTORECEPTOR EXTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE AND INNER SEGMENT ELLIPSOID ZONE IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of serum urea and creatinine as surrogate markers for disruption of retinal photoreceptor external limiting membrane (ELM) and inner segment ellipsoid zone (EZ) in Type 2 diabetic retinopathy (DR) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, for the first time. METHODS: One hundred and seventeen consecutive cases of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (diabetes without retinopathy [No DR; n = 39], nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy [NPDR; n = 39], proliferative diabetic retinopathy [PDR; n = 39]) and 40 healthy control subjects were included. Serum levels of urea and creatinine were assessed using standard protocol. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was used to grade the disruption of ELM and EZ as follows: Grade 0, no disruption of ELM and EZ; Grade 1, ELM disrupted, EZ intact; Grade 2, ELM and EZ disrupted. Data were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: Increase in serum levels of urea (F = 22.93) and creatinine (F = 15.82) and increased grades of disruption of ELM and EZ (γ = 116.3) were observed with increased severity of DR (P < 0.001). Increase in serum levels of urea (F = 10.45) and creatinine (F = 6.89) was observed with increased grades of disruption of ELM and EZ (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Serum levels of urea and creatinine are surrogate markers for disruption of retinal photoreceptor ELM and EZ on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in DR.

In vivo early retinal structural alterations following laser photocoagulation using three-dimensional spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

To study the retinal structural alterations and surface topography of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) immediately following laser photocoagulation up to day 7. Cross-sectional retinal imaging and RPE segmentation maps on spectral domain optical coherence tomography were obtained immediately at hour 1, day 1, day 4 and day 7 following 532 nm neodymium:YAG laser photocoagulation in a 56-year-old male patient for branch retinal vein occlusion. Immediately postlaser, loss of reflectivity of all the retinal layers was observed. At hour 1, hyper-reflectivity of outer retinal layers was observed with increase in hyporeflective spaces by day 1. Immediately postlaser, pitting of the RPE was observed on surface topography which regressed at day 1. On day 4, smooth RPE surface topography was observed with the occurrence of small elevated areas on day 7. The present report provides an insight into the in vivo changes in the retinal structure and RPE surface topography after laser photocoagulation.

Increased levels of N(ε)- Carboxy methyl lysine (N(ε)-CML) are associated with topographic alterations in retinal pigment epithelium: A preliminary study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the association of serum levels of N(ε)- Carboxy methyl lysine (N(ε)-CML), an advanced glycation end product with topographic alterations in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in diabetic retinopathy on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHOD: Consecutive cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus with no retinopathy (n=20); non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (n=20); proliferative diabetic retinopathy (n=20) and healthy controls (n=20) between the ages of 40 and 65years were included. RPE alterations were graded on segmentation map of SD-OCT: grade 0, No RPE alterations; grade 1, RPE alterations in up to two quadrants and grade 2, RPE alterations in more than two quadrants. Serum level of N(ε)-CML and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was analyzed using the standard protocol. Statistical analysis was done. RESULTS: Significant increase in N(ε)-CML was observed with increased severity of diabetic retinopathy (F=34.1; p<0.0001). Fisher exact test revealed significant increase in grades of RPE alterations with increased severity of diabetic retinopathy (p<0.001). Univariate ordinal regression analysis was done to calculate the risk of progression in grades of RPE alteration with individual changes in variables like duration of diabetes (odds ratio=1.37; p=0.001), HbA1c (odds ratio=1.37; p=0.002) and Nε-CML (odds ratio=1.37; p<0.0001). Multivariate ordinal regression analysis for predicting progression in grades of RPE alteration revealed Nε-CML to be an independent predictor of increase in grades of RPE alteration (adjusted odds ratio=1.07; p<0.01) when duration of diabetes and HbA1c were held constant. CONCLUSION: Increase in serum levels of N(ε)- Carboxy methyl lysine is significantly associated with topographic alterations in RPE. Grades of RPE alteration increase significantly with increased severity of diabetic retinopathy.

Molecular Mechanisms Regulating LPS-Induced Inflammation in the Brain.

Neuro-inflammation, one of the pathogenic causes of neurodegenerative diseases, is regulated through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway via the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR). We previously showed that either bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or immunization with the α7(1-208) nAChR fragment decrease α7 nAChRs density in the mouse brain, exacerbating chronic inflammation, beta-amyloid accumulation and episodic memory decline, which mimic the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To study the molecular mechanisms underlying the LPS and antibody effects in the brain, we employed an in vivo model of acute LPS-induced inflammation and an in vitro model of cultured glioblastoma U373 cells. Here, we report that LPS challenge decreased the levels of α7 nAChR RNA and protein and of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) RNA and activity in distinct mouse brain regions, sensitized brain mitochondria to the apoptogenic effect of Ca(2+) and modified brain microRNA profiles, including the cholinergic-regulatory CholinomiRs-132/212, in favor of anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic ones. Adding α7(1-208)-specific antibodies to the LPS challenge prevented elevation of both the anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic miRNAs while supporting the resistance of brain mitochondria to Ca(2+) and maintaining α7 nAChR/AChE decreases. In U373 cells, α7-specific antibodies and LPS both stimulated interleukin-6 production through the p38/Src-dependent pathway. Our findings demonstrate that acute LPS-induced inflammation induces the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in the brain, that α7 nAChR down-regulation limits this pathway, and that α7-specific antibodies aggravate neuroinflammation by inducing the pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 and dampening anti-inflammatory miRNAs; however, these antibodies may protect brain mitochondria and decrease the levels of pro-apoptotic miRNAs, preventing LPS-induced neurodegeneration.

Association of serum N(ε)-Carboxy methyl lysine with severity of diabetic retinopathy.

PURPOSE: To correlate serum levels of N-epsilon-carboxy methyl lysine (N(ε)-CML) with severity of retinopathy, in vivo macular edema and disruption of external limiting membrane (ELM) and photoreceptor ellipsoid zone in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: Consecutive cases of type 2 DM [diabetes mellitus with no retinopathy (No DR) (n=20); non- proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) with diabetic macular edema (n=20); proliferative diabetic retinopathy with diabetic macular edema (PDR) (n=20)] and healthy controls (n=20) between the ages of 40 and 65 years were included (power of study=93.8%). In vivo histology of retinal layers was assessed using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Every study subject underwent macular thickness analysis using the macular cube 512×128 feature. Disruption of ELM and photoreceptor ellipsoid zone was graded: grade 0, no disruption of ELM and ellipsoid zone; grade 1, ELM disrupted and ellipsoid zone intact; grade 2, both ELM and ellipsoid zone disrupted. Data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The mean levels of N(ε)-CML were 31.34±21.23 ng/ml, 73.88±35.01 ng/ml, 91.21±66.65 ng/ml, and 132.08±84.07 ng/ml in control, No DR, NPDR and PDR respectively. N(ε)-CML level was significantly different between the study groups (control, No DR, NPDR and PDR) (p<0.001). Mean logMAR visual acuity decreased with increased levels of N(ε)-CML (p<0.001). The association of N(Ɛ)CML with the grades of disruption was found to be statistically significant (F value=18.48, p<0.001). Univariate analysis was done with N(Ɛ)-CML as a dependent variable. The values of N(Ɛ)-CML were normalized (log10) and were subjected to univariate analysis with fasting blood glucose level, glycosylated hemoglobin, central subfield macular thickness and cube average thickness among the diseased groups (NPDR and PDR) that act as confounders. It was found that none of the variables had significant effect on N(Ɛ)-CML (fasting blood glucose p=0.12, HBA1c p=0.65, central subfield macular thickness p=0.13, cube average thickness p=0.19). N(Ɛ)-CML tends to be a significant and important predictor of grade of ELM and ellipsoid zone disruption in diabetic retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Increased N(ε)-CML levels are associated with increased severity of diabetic retinopathy, macular edema and structural changes in macula that is ELM and ellipsoid zone disruption, which serves as a prognosticator of visual outcome.

Effect of scopoletin on monoamine oxidases and brain amines.

Naturally, occurring compounds with MAO inhibitory property may provide promising lead molecules against neurodegenerative disorders. We report MAO inhibitory activity of a naturally occurring coumarin (validated chemical scaffold as MAO inhibitors), scopoletin. It selectively (and reversibly) inhibits human (Ki = 20.7 µM) and mouse (Ki = 22 µM) MAO-B, ∼3.5 times more selective towards MAO-B than MAO-A. Docking studies revealed its molecular recognition and explained the selectivity mechanism towards MAO isoforms. Scopoletin occupied the hydrophobic aromatic pockets showing favorable interactions for MAO-B; experimental Ki agreed with the predicted Ki. In vivo, scopoletin (80 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment significantly increases dopamine level and decreases its metabolite DOPAC in striatum. Overall, scopoletin is a partially selective MAO-B inhibitor that increases brain dopamine level.

Memory enhancement by Tamoxifen on amyloidosis mouse model.

Tamoxifen (TMX) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used in the treatment of breast cancer. Earlier studies show its neuroprotection via regulating apoptosis, microglial functions, and synaptic plasticity. TMX also showed memory enhancement in ovariectomized mice, and protection from amyloid induced damage in hippocampal cell line. These reports encouraged us to explore the role of TMX in relevance to Alzheimer's disease (AD). We report here, the effect of TMX treatment a) on memory, and b) levels of neurotransmitters (acetylcholine (ACh) and dopamine (DA)) in breeding-retired-female mice injected with beta amyloid1-42 (Aß1-42). Mice were treated with TMX (10mg/kg, i.p.) for 15 days. In Morris water maze test, the TMX treated mice escape latency decreased during training trials. They also spent longer time in the platform quadrant on probe trial, compared to controls. In Passive avoidance test, TMX treated mice avoided stepping on the shock chamber. This suggests that TMX protects memory from Aß induced toxicity. In frontal cortex, ACh was moderately increased, with TMX treatment. In striatum, dopamine was significantly increased, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) level and DOPAC/DA ratio was decreased post TMX treatment. Therefore, TMX enhances spatial and contextual memory by reducing dopamine metabolism and increasing ACh level in Aß1-42 injected-breeding-retired-female mice.

Nitric oxide and oxidative stress is associated with severity of diabetic retinopathy and retinal structural alterations.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to determine plasma nitric oxide (NO) and lipid peroxide (LPO) levels in diabetic retinopathy and its association with severity of disease. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 60 consecutive cases and 20 healthy controls were included. METHODS: Severity of retinopathy was graded according to early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) classification. Photoreceptor inner segment ellipsoid band (ISel) disruption and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) alteration were graded using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Data were statistically analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, NO assay and reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured using standard protocol. RESULTS: Increased severity of diabetic retinopathy was significantly associated with increase in plasma levels of LPO (P < 0.05), NO (P < 0.001) and decrease in plasma levels of GSH (P < 0.0001), ISel disruption (P < 0.001) and RPE topographic alteration (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Increased plasma NO levels are associated with increased severity of diabetic retinopathy. For the first time, it has been demonstrated that increased plasma LPO, NO and decreased GSH levels are associated with in vivo structural changes in inner segment ellipsoid and RPE.

Three-dimensional spectral domain optical coherence tomography in chronic exposure to welding arc.

Three-dimensional spectral domain optical coherence tomography was performed in a 26-year-old man with chronic exposure to welding arc. Advanced macular visualisation provided significant findings of inner segment-ellipsoid zone disruption with the presence of cystoid changes and hyper-reflective material in the area of disruption. The external limiting membrane was intact in both the eyes. C-scan retinal pigment epithelium fit map of the left eye revealed a well-delineated defect whereas the right eye showed a poorly delineated smaller defect. The hyper-reflective material can be hypothesised to originate from the disrupted photoreceptor layer. The hyper-reflective material was more evident in the left eye which could be correlated with more marked diminution of vision and a prominent yellow lesion at the fovea.

Exploring different virtual screening strategies for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

The virtual screening problems associated with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors were explored using multiple shape, and structure-based modeling strategies. The employed strategies include molecular docking, similarity search, and pharmacophore modeling. A subset from directory of useful decoys (DUD) related to AChE inhibitors was considered, which consists of 105 known inhibitors and 3732 decoys. Statistical quality of the models was evaluated by enrichment factor (EF) metrics and receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis. The results revealed that electrostatic similarity search protocol using EON (ET_combo) outperformed all other protocols with outstanding enrichment of >95% in top 1% and 2% of the dataset with an AUC of 0.958. Satisfactory performance was also observed for shape-based similarity search protocol using ROCS and PHASE. In contrast, the molecular docking protocol performed poorly with enrichment factors <30% in all cases. The shape- and electrostatic-based similarity search protocol emerged as a plausible solution for virtual screening of AChE inhibitors.

Ischaemia-reperfusion injury in central retinal artery occlusion.

A 53-year-old man presented with sudden painless diminution of vision in his right eye for 3 days. His fundus examination showed diffuse whitening of the retina with a cherry red spot at the fovea with cilioretinal artery sparing. On fluorescein angiography delayed arteriovenous transit was observed. Three-dimensional spectral domain optical coherence tomography was used to assess retinal nerve fibre layer thickness and average macular central subfield thickness on days 3, 7, 30 and 90. Marked retinal oedema due to ischaemia was observed on day 3 of occurrence of central retinal artery occlusion. On day 7, significant decrease in retinal nerve fibre thickness and macular thickness was noted suggestive of acute reperfusion injury. Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness and macular thickness returned to near normal on day 30 due to restoration of blood supply with wash out of stress mediators. Retinal atrophy was observed on day 90.

Additional acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory property of diaryl pyrazoline derivatives.

MAO-B and AChE are the two validated targets for Alzheimer's disease. In pursuit of a single molecule hitting both the targets, we explored a set of previously reported extremely potent MAO-B selective inhibitors, for their additional AChE inhibitory activity. We performed molecular docking studies that formed the basis for in vitro enzyme assay, and provided necessary insights into their binding mode. Most of the compounds were found active at nano molar range, and are consistent with the docking results. The identified dual acting lead molecules may provide the basis for further exploring these chemical moieties.