Edoxaban and/or colchicine for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 managed in the out-of-hospital setting (CONVINCE): a randomized clinical trial.

The optimal pharmacological management of patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) managed outside the hospital remains largely unsettled. In the investigator-initiated, open-label CONVINCE trial, 59 outpatients with COVID-19 were randomized (2 × 2 factorial design) to colchicine versus no treatment (anti-inflammatory comparison) or edoxaban versus no treatment (anticoagulation comparison). The study had two co-primary outcomes (one for each randomization): major vascular thrombotic events (MVTE, the composite of asymptomatic proximal deep vein thrombosis [DVT], symptomatic proximal or distal DVT, symptomatic pulmonary embolism or thrombosis, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, non-central nervous system embolism and death) at 25 ±â€Š3 days for the anticoagulation comparison and the composite of SARS-CoV-2 detection rates or freedom from death or hospitalizations at 14 ±â€Š3 days for the anti-inflammatory comparison. The trial was prematurely halted due to slow recruitment and availability of effective vaccines. Overall, 16 patients were randomized to edoxaban plus colchicine, 13 to edoxaban, 14 to colchicine and 16 to standard of care. The study showed no significant difference in the two co-primary outcomes with edoxaban and/or colchicine versus standard of care. However, these results should be interpreted in light of the low-risk profile of included patients and the premature termination of the trial.

Edoxaban and/or colchicine in outpatients with COVID-19: rationale and design of the CONVINCE trial.

BACKGROUND: An excessive inflammatory response and a hypercoagulable state are not infrequent in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and are associated with adverse clinical outcomes. However, the optimal treatment strategy for COVID-19 patients managed in the out-of-hospital setting is still uncertain. DESIGN: The CONVINCE (NCT04516941) is an investigator-initiated, open-label, blinded-endpoint, 2 × 2 factorial design randomized trial aimed at assessing two independently tested hypotheses (anticoagulation and anti-inflammatory ones) in COVID-19 patients. Adult symptomatic patients (≥18 years of age) within 7 days from reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection managed at home or in nursery settings were considered for eligibility. Eligible patients fulfilling all inclusion and no exclusion criteria were randomized to edoxaban versus no treatment (anticoagulation hypothesis) and colchicine versus no treatment (anti-inflammatory hypothesis) in a 1 : 1:1 : 1 ratio. The study had two co-primary endpoints (one for each randomization), including the composite of major vascular thrombotic events at 25 ±â€Š3 days for the anticoagulation hypothesis and the composite of SARS-CoV-2 detection rates at 14 ±â€Š3 days by RT-PCR or freedom from death or hospitalizations (anti-inflammatory hypothesis). Study endpoints will be adjudicated by a blinded Clinical Events Committee. With a final sample size of 420 patients, this study projects an 80% power for each of the two primary endpoints appraised separately. CONCLUSION: The CONVINCE trial aims at determining whether targeting anticoagulation and/or anti-inflammatory pathways may confer benefit in COVID-19 patients managed in the out-of-hospital setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04516941.

Erratum: Inflammatory extracellular vesicles prompt heart dysfunction via TLR4-dependent NF-κB activation: Erratum.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7150/thno.39072.].

Role of genetic testing in young patients with idiopathic atrioventricular conduction disease.

AIMS: To investigate the role of genetic testing in patients with idiopathic atrioventricular conduction disease requiring pacemaker (PM) implantation before the age of 50 years. METHODS AND RESULTS: All consecutive PM implantations in Southern Switzerland between 2010 and 2019 were evaluated. Inclusion criteria were: (i) age at the time of PM implantation: < 50 years; (ii) atrioventricular block (AVB) of unknown aetiology. Study population was investigated by ajmaline challenge and echocardiographic assessment over time. Genetic testing was performed using next-generation sequencing panel, containing 174 genes associated to inherited cardiac diseases, and Sanger sequencing confirmation of suspected variants with clinical implication. Of 2510 patients who underwent PM implantation, 15 (0.6%) were young adults (median age: 44 years, male predominance) presenting with advanced AVB of unknown origin. The average incidence of idiopathic AVB computed over the 2010-2019 time window was 0.7 per 100 000 persons per year (95% CI 0.4-1.2). Most of patients (67%) presented with specific genetic findings (pathogenic variant) or variants of uncertain significance (VUS). A pathogenic variant of PKP2 gene was found in one patient (6.7%) with no overt structural cardiac abnormalities. A VUS of TRPM4, MYBPC3, SCN5A, KCNE1, LMNA, GJA5 genes was found in other nine cases (60%). Of these, three unrelated patients (20%) presented the same heterozygous missense variant c.2531G > A p.(Gly844Asp) in TRPM4 gene. Diagnostic re-assessment over time led to a diagnosis of Brugada syndrome and long-QT syndrome in two patients (13%). No cardiac events occurred during a median follow-up of 72 months. CONCLUSION: Idiopathic AVB in adults younger than 50 years is a very rare condition with an incidence of 0.7 per 100 000 persons/year. Systematic investigations, including genetic testing and ajmaline challenge, can lead to the achievement of a specific diagnosis in up to 20% of patients. Heterozygous missense variant c.2531G > A p.(Gly844Asp) in TRPM4 gene was found in an additional 20% of unrelated patients, suggesting possible association of the variant with the disease.

Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibition in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: Early inflammation following acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) affects myocardial infarct (MI) size and left ventricular remodeling. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is involved in the enhanced inflammatory response and its inhibition has exerted beneficial effects on MI size in preclinical models of acute MI. OBJECTIVES: The CLEVER-ACS (Controlled Level Everolimus in Acute Coronary Syndromes) trial evaluated the effects of targeting inflammation by mTOR inhibition in patients with STEMI undergoing PCI. METHODS: CLEVER-ACS was a randomized, multicenter, international, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 150 patients with STEMI undergoing PCI were randomly assigned to oral everolimus (days 1-3: 7.5 mg daily; days 4-5: 5.0 mg daily) or placebo for 5 days. The primary endpoint was the change in MI size. The secondary endpoint was the change in microvascular obstruction (MVO) from baseline (12 hours to 5 days after PCI) to 30 days as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: The changes in MI size from baseline to 30 days, the primary endpoint, were -14.2 g (95% CI: -17.4 to -11.1 g) and -12.3 g (95% CI: -16.0 to -8.7 g) in the everolimus and placebo groups (P = 0.99). Corresponding changes in MVO were -4.8 g (95% CI: -6.7 to -2.9 g) and -6.3 g (95% CI: -8.7 to -4.0 g) in the everolimus and placebo groups (P = 0.14). Adverse events did not differ between the study groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among STEMI patients undergoing PCI, early mTOR inhibition with everolimus did not reduce MI size or MVO at 30 days. (CLEVER-ACS [Controlled Level Everolimus in Acute Coronary Syndromes; NCT01529554).

Optimized Treatment of Refractory Hypercholesterolemia in Patients With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease or Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia With Alirocumab (OPTIMIZE).

Background: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). In confirmatory trials, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor alirocumab substantially lowered LDL-C and reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the routine clinical use of alirocumab in Switzerland has not yet been studied. Methods: In this prospective nation-wide cohort study, we aimed to investigate the patient profile and routine clinical efficacy and safety of alirocumab in 207 patients with ASCVD or heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and increased LDL-C despite maximally tolerated statin therapy. LDL-C was measured at baseline and after 3-months follow-up. Results: Overall, mean age was 63 ± 11 years, 138 (67%) were men, and 168 (81%) had statin intolerance (SI). Patients with SI had a higher baseline LDL-C (4.3 ± 1.4 vs. 3.3 ± 1.4 mmol/l; p < 0.001) and less frequently ASCVD (71% vs. 95%; p = 0.002). After 3 months of treatment with alirocumab, LDL-C was reduced from 4.1 ± 1.5 to 2.0 ± 1.2 mmol/l (50.5%; p < 0.001). Mean absolute and relative reductions in LDL-C were similar in patients with vs. without SI (2.2 ± 1.2 vs. 1.9 ± 1.3 mmol/l; p = 0.24 and 49.0 vs. 56.6%; p = 0.11, respectively). In total, adverse events were recorded in 25 (12%) patients, with no new safety signals. Conclusions: In routine clinical practice, alirocumab was predominantly used in patients with SI suggesting that the great majority of patients with insufficient LDL-C control who would be candidates for alirocumab are not receiving this therapeutic option in Switzerland. LDL-C lowering was potent and similar in patients with and without SI, replicating the favorable efficacy-safety profile of alirocumab from randomized trials.

Sex-Related Differences in Long-Term Outcomes After Early-Onset Myocardial Infarction.

Importance: There is growing awareness of sex-related differences in cardiovascular risk profiles, but less is known about whether these extend to pre-menopausal females experiencing an early-onset myocardial infarction (MI), who may benefit from the protective effects of estrogen exposure. Methods: A nationwide study involving 125 Italian Coronary Care Units recruited 2,000 patients between 1998 and 2002 hospitalized for a type I myocardial infarction before the age of 45 years (male, n = 1,778 (88.9%). Patients were followed up for a median of 19.9 years (IQR 18.1-22.6). The primary composite endpoint was the occurrence of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial re-infarction or non-fatal stroke, and the secondary endpoint of hospitalization for revascularisation by means of a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Results: ST-elevation MI was the most frequent presentation among both men and women (85.1 vs. 87.4%, p = ns), but the men had a greater baseline coronary atherosclerotic burden (median Duke Coronary Artery Disease Index: 48 vs. 23; median Syntax score 9 vs. 7; both p < 0.001). The primary composite endpoint occurred less frequently among women (25.7% vs. 37.0%; adjusted hazard ratio: 0.69, 95% CI 0.52-0.91; p = 0.01) despite being less likely to receive treatment with most secondary prevention medications during follow up. Conclusions: There are significant sex-related differences in baseline risk factors and outcomes among patients with early-onset MI: women present with a lower atherosclerotic disease burden and, although they are less frequently prescribed secondary prevention measures, experience better long-term outcomes. Trial Registration: 4272/98 Ospedale Niguarda, Ca' Granda 03/09/1998.

Risk stratification of patients with SARS-CoV-2 by tissue factor expression in circulating extracellular vesicles.

Inflammatory response following SARS-CoV-2 infection results in substantial increase of amounts of intravascular pro-coagulant extracellular vesicles (EVs) expressing tissue factor (CD142) on their surface. CD142-EV turned out to be useful as diagnostic biomarker in COVID-19 patients. Here we aimed at studying the prognostic capacity of CD142-EV in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Expression of CD142-EV was evaluated in 261 subjects admitted to hospital for pneumonia and with a positive molecular test for SARS-CoV-2. The study population consisted of a discovery cohort of selected patients (n = 60) and an independent validation cohort including unselected consecutive enrolled patients (n = 201). CD142-EV levels were correlated with post-hospitalization course of the disease and compared to the clinically available 4C Mortality Score as referral. CD142-EV showed a reliable performance to predict patient prognosis in the discovery cohort (AUC = 0.906) with an accuracy of 81.7%, that was confirmed in the validation cohort (AUC = 0.736). Kaplan-Meier curves highlighted a high discrimination power in unselected subjects with CD142-EV being able to stratify the majority of patients according to their prognosis. We obtained a comparable accuracy, being not inferior in terms of prediction of patients' prognosis and risk of mortality, with 4C Mortality Score. The expression of surface vesicular CD142 and its reliability as prognostic marker was technically validated using different immunocapture strategies and assays. The detection of CD142 on EV surface gains considerable interest as risk stratification tool to support clinical decision making in COVID-19.

Long-term outcomes of early-onset myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary artery disease (MINOCA).

BACKGROUND: Acute myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary artery disease (MINOCA) is frequent in patients experiencing an early-onset MI, but data concerning its long-term prognosis are limited and conflicting. METHODS: The Italian Genetic Study on Early-onset MI enrolled 2000 patients experiencing a first MI before the age of 45 years, and had a median follow-up of 19.9 years. The composite primary endpoint was cardiovascular (CV) death, non-fatal MI, and non-fatal stroke (MACE); the secondary endpoint was rehospitalisation for coronary revascularisation. RESULTS: MINOCA occurred in 317 patients (15.9%) and, during the follow-up, there was no significant difference in MACE rates between them and the patients with obstructive coronary artery disease (MICAD: 27.8% vs 37.5%; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57-1.09;p = 0.15). The CV death rate was lower in the MINOCA group (4.2% vs 8.4%, HR 0.26, 95%CI 0.08-0.86;p = 0.03), whereas the rates of non-fatal reinfarction (17.3% vs 25.4%; HR 0.76, 95%CI 0.52-1.13;p = 0.18), non-fatal ischemic stroke (9.5% vs 3.7%; HR 1.79, 95%CI 0.87-3.70;p = 0.12), and all-cause mortality (14.1% vs 20.7%, HR 0.73, 95%CI 0.43-1.25;p = 0.26) were not significantly different in the two groups. The rate of rehospitalisation for coronary revascularisation was lower among the MINOCA patients (6.7% vs 27.7%; HR 0.27, 95% CI 0.15-0.47;p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: MINOCA is frequent and not benign in patients with early-onset MI. Although there is a lower likelihood of CV death,the long-term risk of MACE and overall mortality is not significantly different from that of MICAD patients.

Feasibility and clinical efficacy of double suture-mediated closure device technique for hemostasis during positioning of miniaturized wireless pacemaker.

PURPOSE: The miniaturized transcatheter pacing system (TPS) implant is performed using a 27 Fr sheath. Achieving femoral vein access hemostasis after sheath removal is of utmost importance. Feasibility and clinical effectiveness of double device-based suture-mediated closure technique (DualPerclose) were evaluated. METHODS: Patients undergoing TPS positioning and treated with DualPerclose technique at our institution were considered. Feasibility of the DualPerclose technique included the rates of effective initial device suture fixation and effective hemostasis after sheath removal. Clinical efficacy considered intraprocedural and periprocedural bleeding events as well as midterm access site vascular injury assessed at 3 months using lower limb vascular ultrasonography. Data on all follow-up major adverse events were also collected. RESULTS: All patients (n = 83 patients; mean age 82.3 ± 7.1 years, 67.5% male gender, 85.5%, with structural heart disease, mean left ventricular ejection fraction 54.0 ± 9.6%, renal impairment in 31.3%) who underwent TPS positioning between November 2015 and February 2020 were considered. TPS positioning was successful in all patients. In 82 patients, the DualPerclose approach was utilized: 13 patients (15.8%) required > 2 devices to obtain effective fixing of 2 sutures; complete immediate hemostasis was achieved in 80 patients (97.6%). One (1.2%) severe groin-related bleeding event occurred. At midterm, 1 (1.2%) mildly symptomatic arteriovenous fistula was diagnosed (conservative treatment). Over a median follow-up of 22 (IQR 10-35.5) months, 14 (17.1%) major adverse events were recorded, including 1 loss of capture requiring TPS replacement and 5 deaths. CONCLUSION: Femoral vein access closure using dual Perclose Proglide devices during TPS is feasible and clinically effective.

Controlled-Level EVERolimus in Acute Coronary Syndrome (CLEVER-ACS) - A phase II, randomized, double-blind, multi-center, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Activation of inflammatory pathways during acute myocardial infarction contributes to infarct size and left ventricular (LV) remodeling. The present prospective randomized clinical trial was designed to test the efficacy and safety of broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory therapy with a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor to reduce infarct size. DESIGN: Controlled-Level EVERolimus in Acute Coronary Syndrome (CLEVER-ACS, clinicaltrials.gov NCT01529554) is a phase II randomized, double-blind, multi-center, placebo-controlled trial on the effects of a 5-day course of oral everolimus on infarct size, LV remodeling, and inflammation in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Within 5 days of successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI), patients are randomly assigned to everolimus (first 3 days: 7.5 mg every day; days 4 and 5: 5.0 mg every day) or placebo, respectively. The primary efficacy outcome is the change from baseline (defined as 12 hours to 5 days after pPCI) to 30-day follow-up in myocardial infarct size as measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI). Secondary endpoints comprise corresponding changes in cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers as well as microvascular obstruction and LV volumes assessed by CMRI. Clinical events, laboratory parameters, and blood cell counts are reported as safety endpoints at 30 days. CONCLUSION: The CLEVER-ACS trial tests the hypothesis whether mTOR inhibition using everolimus at the time of an acute STEMI affects LV infarct size following successful pPCI.

A patient-centered multidisciplinary cardiac rehabilitation program improves glycemic control and functional outcome in coronary artery disease after percutaneous and surgical revascularization.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is strongly associated with all-cause mortality reduction in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The impact of CR on pathological risk factors, such as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and functional recovery remains under debate. The aim of the present study is to determine whether CR had a positive effect beside physical exercise improvement on pathological risk factors in IGT and diabetic patients with CAD. METHODS: One hundred and seventy-one consecutive patients participating in a 3-month CR from January 2014 to June 2015 were enrolled. The primary endpoint was defined as an improvement of peak workload and VO2-peak; glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reduction was considered as secondary endpoint. RESULTS: Euglycemic patients presented a significant improvement in peak workload compared to diabetic patients (from 5.75 ± 1.45 to 6.65 ± 1.84 METs vs. 4.8 ± 0.8 to 4.9 ± 1.4 METs , p = 0.018). VO2-peak improved in euglycemic patients (VO2-peak from 19.3 ± 5.3 to 22.5 ± 5.9 mL/min/kg, p = 0.003), while diabetic patients presented only a statistically significant trend (VO2-peak from 16.9 ± 4.4 to 18.0 ± 3.8 mL/min/kg, p < 0.056). Diabetic patients have benefited more in terms of blood glucose control compared to IGT patients (HbA1c from 7.7 ± 1.0 to 7.4 ± 1.1 compared to 5.6 ± 0.4 to 5.9 ± 0.5, p = 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A multidisciplinary CR program improves physical functional capacity in CAD setting, particularly in euglycemic patients. IGT patients as well as diabetic patients may benefit from a CR program, but long-term outcome needs to be clarified in larger studies.

Prevalence, clinical determinants and prognostic implications of coronary procedural complications of percutaneous coronary intervention in non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: Insights from the contemporary multinational TAO trial.

BACKGROUND: Few data are available on procedural complications of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the setting of acute coronary syndrome in the contemporary era. AIM: We sought to describe the prevalence of procedural complications of PCI in a non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) cohort, and to identify their clinical characteristics and association with clinical outcomes. METHODS: Patients randomized in TAO (Treatment of Acute coronary syndrome with Otamixaban), an international randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01076764) that compared otamixaban with unfractionated heparin plus eptifibatide in patients with NSTE ACS who underwent PCI, were included in the analysis. Procedural complications were collected prospectively, categorized and adjudicated by a blinded Clinical Events Committee, with review of angiograms. A multivariable model was constructed to identify independent clinical characteristics associated with procedural complications. RESULTS: A total of 8656 patients with NSTE ACS who were enrolled in the TAO trial underwent PCI, and 451 (5.2%) experienced at least one complication. The most frequent complications were no/slow reflow (1.5%) and dissection with decreased flow (1.2%). Procedural complications were associated with the 7-day ischaemic outcome of death, myocardial infarction or stroke (24.2% vs. 6.0%, odds ratio 5.01, 95% confidence interval 3.96-6.33; P<0.0001) and with Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction major and minor bleeding (6.2% vs. 2.3%, odds ratio 2.79, 95% confidence interval 1.86-4.2; P<0.0001). Except for previous coronary artery bypass grafting, multivariable analysis did not identify preprocedural clinical predictors of complications. CONCLUSIONS: In a contemporary NSTE ACS population, procedural complications with PCI remain frequent, are difficult to predict based on clinical characteristics, and are associated with worse ischaemic and haemorrhagic outcomes.

Antiplatelet therapy in patients with myocardial infarction without obstructive coronary artery disease.

OBJECTIVE: Approximately 10% of patients with myocardial infarction (MI) have no obstructive coronary artery disease. The prognosis and role of intensified antiplatelet therapy in those patients were evaluated. METHODS: We analysed data from the Clopidogrel and Aspirin Optimal Dose Usage to Reduce Recurrent Events-Seventh Organisation to Assess Strategies in Ischaemic Symptoms trial randomising patients with ACS referred for early intervention to receive either double-dose (600 mg, day 1; 150 mg, days 2-7; then 75 mg/day) or standard-dose (300 mg, day 1; then 75 mg/day) clopidogrel. Outcomes in patients with myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) versus those with obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) and their relation to standard-dose versus double-dose clopidogrel were evaluated. The primary outcome was cardiovascular (CV) death, MI or stroke at 30 days. RESULTS: We included 23 783 patients with MI and 1599 (6.7%) with MINOCA. Patients with MINOCA were younger, presented more frequently with non-ST-segment elevation MI and had fewer comorbidities. All-cause mortality (0.6% vs 2.3%, p=0.005), CV mortality (0.6% vs 2.2%, p=0.006), repeat MI (0.5% vs 2.3%, p=0.001) and major bleeding (0.6% vs 2.4%, p<0.0001) were lower among patients with MINOCA than among those with obstructive CAD. Among patients with MINOCA, 2.1% of patients in the double-dose clopidogrel group and 0.6% in the standard-dose group experienced a primary outcome (HR 3.57, 95% CI 1.31 to 9.76), whereas in those with obstructive CAD, rates were 4.3% and 4.7%, respectively (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.03; p value for interaction=0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with MINOCA are at lower risk of recurrent CV events compared with patients with MI with obstructive CAD. Compared with a standard clopidogrel-based dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) regimen, an intensified dosing strategy appears to offer no additional benefit with a signal of possible harm. Further randomised trials evaluating the effects of potent DAPT in patients with MINOCA are warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT00335452.

Short P-Wave Duration is a Marker of Higher Rate of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrences after Pulmonary Vein Isolation: New Insights into the Pathophysiological Mechanisms Through Computer Simulations.

Background Short ECG P-wave duration has recently been demonstrated to be associated with higher risk of atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of this study was to assess the rate of AF recurrence after pulmonary vein isolation in patients with a short P wave, and to mechanistically elucidate the observation by computer modeling. Methods and Results A total of 282 consecutive patients undergoing a first single-pulmonary vein isolation procedure for paroxysmal or persistent AF were included. Computational models studied the effect of adenosine and sodium conductance on action potential duration and P-wave duration (PWD). About 16% of the patients had a PWD of 110 ms or shorter (median PWD 126 ms, interquartile range, 115 ms-138 ms; range, 71 ms-180 ms). At Cox regression, PWD was significantly associated with AF recurrence (P=0.012). Patients with a PWD <110 ms (hazard ratio [HR], 2.20; 95% CI, 1.24-3.88; P=0.007) and patients with a PWD ≥140 (HR, 1.87, 95% CI, 1.06-3.30; P=0.031) had a nearly 2-fold increase in risk with respect to the other group. In the computational model, adenosine yielded a significant reduction of action potential duration 90 (52%) and PWD (7%). An increased sodium conductance (up to 200%) was robustly accompanied by an increase in conduction velocity (26%), a reduction in action potential duration 90 (28%), and PWD (22%). Conclusions One out of 5 patients referred for pulmonary vein isolation has a short PWD which was associated with a higher rate of AF after the index procedure. Computer simulations suggest that shortening of atrial action potential duration leading to a faster atrial conduction may be the cause of this clinical observation.

Association of high-risk coronary atherosclerosis at CCTA with clinical and circulating biomarkers: Insight from CAPIRE study.

BACKGROUND: High-risk coronary atherosclerosis features evaluated coronary CT angiography (CCTA) were suggested to have a prognostic role. The present study aimed to evaluate the association of circulating biomarkers with high-risk plaque features assessed by CCTA. METHODS: A consecutive cohort of subjects who underwent CCTA because of suspected CAD was screened for inclusion in the CAPIRE study. Based on risk factors (RF) burden patients were defined as having a low clinical risk (0-1 RF with the exclusion of patients with diabetes mellitus as single RF) or an high clinical risk (≥3 RFs). In all patients, measurement of inflammatory biomarkers and CCTA analysis focused on high-risk plaque features were performed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the relationship between clinical and biological variables with CCTA advanced plaque features. RESULTS: 528 patients were enrolled in CAPIRE study. Older age and male sex appeared to be predictors of qualitative high-risk plaque features and associated with the presence of elevated total, non-calcified and low-attenuation plaque volume. Among circulating biomarkers only hs-CRP was found to be associated with qualitative high-risk plaque features (OR 2.02, p = 0.004 and 2.02, p = 0.012 for LAP and RI > 1.1, respectively) with borderline association with LAP-Vol (OR 1.52, p = 0.076); HbA1c and PTX-3 resulted to be significantly associated with quantitative high-risk plaque features (OR 1.71, p = 0.003 and 1.04, p = 0.002 for LAP-Vol, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the association between inflammatory biomarkers (hs-CRP, PTX- 3), HbA1c and high-risk atherosclerotic features detected by CCTA. Male sex and older age are significant predictors of high-risk atherosclerosis.

Challenges in activation of remote monitoring in patients with cardiac rhythm devices during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Remote monitoring (RM) technology embedded in cardiac rhythm devices permits continuous monitoring of device function, and recording of selected cardiac physiological parameters and cardiac arrhythmias and may be of utmost utility during Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, when in-person office visit for regular follow-up were postponed. However, patients not alredy followed-up via RM represent a challenging group of patients to be managed during the lockdown. METHODS: We reviewed patient files scheduled for an outpatient visit between January 1, 2020 and May 11th, 2020 to assess the proportion of patients in whom RM activation was possible without office visit, and compared them to those scheduled for visit before the lockdown. RESULTS: During COVID-19 pandemic, RM activation was feasible in a minority of patients (7.8% of patients) expected at outpatient clinic for a follow-up visit and device check-up. This was possible in a good proportion of complex implantable devices such as cardiac resynchronization therapy and implantable cardioverter defibrillator but only in a minority of patients with a pacemaker the RM function could be activated during the period of restricted access to hospital. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience strongly suggest to consider the systematic activation of RM function at the time of implantation or - by default programming - in all cardiac rhythm management devices.

Heavy Drinking Habits Are Associated with Worse In-Hospital Outcomes in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: An Insight from the AMIS Plus Registry.

BACKGROUND: The association between alcohol consumption and the occurrence of coronary heart disease is well described in the literature, while data regarding the impact of regular alcohol consumption on in-hospital outcomes in the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are lacking. We aimed to evaluate the impact of self-reported alcohol consumption on in-hospital outcomes in patients with ACS. METHODS: Data derived from patients enrolled between 2007 and 2019 in the Acute Myocardial Infarction in Switzerland (AMIS) Plus registry were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were stratified based on alcohol drinking pattern. Primary outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality, while secondary outcomes were set as incidence of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs). Outcome comparisons according to quantity of daily alcohol intake were also performed. RESULTS: Records concerning alcohol consumption were available in 25,707 patients; 5,298 of them (21%) fulfilled the criteria of regular alcohol consumption. Regular drinkers were predominantly male, younger, smokers, more comorbid and with a worse clinical presentation as compared with abstainers/occasional drinkers. Daily alcohol intake was reported in 4,059 (77%) of these patients (regular drinkers). Among them, 2,640 were light drinkers (≤2 drinks/day) and 1,419 heavy drinkers (>2 drinks/day). In-hospital mortality and MACCEs of heavy drinkers were significantly higher compared with those of light drinkers (5.4 vs. 3.3% and 7.0 vs. 4.4%, both p = 0.001). When tested together with Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events risk score parameters, heavy alcohol consumption was independently associated with in-hospital mortality (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support that heavy alcohol consumption is an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality in patients presenting with ACS.

High-density mapping in patients undergoing ablation of atrial fibrillation with the fourth-generation cryoballoon and the new spiral mapping catheter.

AIMS: To assess the value of high-density mapping (HDM) in revealing undetected incomplete pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) after the fourth-generation cryoballoon (CB4G) ablation compared to the previous cryoballoon's versions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive patients with paroxysmal or early-persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing CB ablation as the index procedure, assisted by HDM, were retrospectively included in this study. A total of 68 patients (52 males; mean age: 60 ± 12 years, 58 paroxysmal AF) were included, and a total of 272 veins were mapped. Fourth-generation cryoballoon with the new spiral mapping catheter (SMC) was used in 35 patients (51%). Time to PVI was determined in 102/132 (77%) and in 112/140 (80%) veins during second-generation cryoballoon/third-generation cryoballoon (CB2G/CB3G) and CB4G ablation, respectively (P = 0.66). There was a statistically significant difference in terms of discrepancy rate between the SMC and the mini-basket catheter in PV detection after CB4G and CB2G/CB3G ablation(1.4% vs. 7.6%; P = 0.01). A total of 57 patients (84%) remained free of symptomatic AF during a mean follow-up of 9.8 ± 4.6 months. CONCLUSION: High-density mapping after cryoballoon ablation using CB4G and the new SMC identifies incomplete PVI, not detected by the new SMC, in a significantly lower proportion of veins compared to HDM performed after the other generation CB ablation.

[Sex and gender medicine: the foundation of gender medicine]. / "Sex and gender medicine": il principio della medicina di genere.

"Sex and gender medicine" is the original name of gender medicine. It is important to define medical concepts without ignoring key terminology. The purpose of "sex and gender medicine" is to focus on both sex and gender differences, to analyze how these two sides of the human being overlap and, finally, to improve their medical understanding. On the one hand sex, besides defining male and female, refers to the biological differences among humans, animals, tissues and cells. On the other, the concept of gender is applicable only to humans, and includes identity, roles and relations in the society. However, despite its 20 years of history, gender medicine is still little known. Biological differences among cardiovascular diseases are ignored. Symptoms and their expressions, which may be different in women, are often described as "atypical" because of the masculine vision of the heart attack and pain. Similarly, anxious syndrome is often conceived as the first reason to explain chest discomfort in women. In reality, prejudices and vagueness around women still dominate prevention and medical treatment. Our objective is to distinguish the concepts of sex and gender in order to understand the best way to face differences and medical knowledge in both.