RESUMO
Biodiversity keeping increases the flexibility, interaction and adaptation of different ecosystems with the environment which benefits all organisms, including humans. This diversity can be maintained through different paths including co-evolution between insects and plants. One of these unique interactions leads to the production of "Mannas" in Iran, which have biological and ethno-medicinal importance. Considering the crises of biodiversity and the rapid extinction of species, in this research, we aimed to review the latest scientific findings about mannas and their biological, medicinal and bio perspective considerations. Until August 2023, all English publications in Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus, as well as Persian databases such as Magiran, Iranmedex, Medlib, SID were surveyed using various search terms such as manna, angabin, sweet secretions and plant-insect interference. Articles that studied manna production from plants or provided a comprehensive description of host plants and manna producing insects were included in the study. In total, out of more than 180 reviewed articles, 113 articles met the inclusion criteria and 7 known mannas (Bidkhesht, Gaz-e-Alafi, Gaz-e-Khansar, Gaz-e-Shahdad, Shirkhesht, Shekartigal, and Taranjebin) have been explained here. This review deals with different aspects of special interactions between insects and plants that lead to the production of manna and presents different uses of manna from medicinal, ethnobotanical, health, conservation and bio perspective points of view. In addition, the changes in the population of manna-breeding insects and host plants are taken into consideration and influencing factors including loss of their growth conditions and climatic conditions, animal breeding in the region, inappropriate exploitation methods and host preference phenomenon which increase the risk of destruction of these natural products have been given. These mannas cannot be produced in any way, and maintaining their production conditions requires environmental care and providing necessary training.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: One of the dermatologic problems in elderly people is skin aging, which is a natural and complex biological process. Morin is a flavonoid with high radical scavenging activity as well as antityrosinase effects but its low water solubility has restricted its application. AIMS: This research aimed to develop, characterize, and optimize morin niosomes composed of non-ionic surfactants, and evaluate the in vitro UV protection and antiaging effectiveness. METHODS: Niosomes were prepared by the film hydration method with sorbitan monostearate (Span® 40), polyoxyethylenesorbitan monopalmitate (Tween® 40), and cholesterol. The niosomes were characterized in terms of size, zeta potential, morphology, in vitro release behavior, and drug entrapment efficiency (EE). Afterward, antiaging activity, including antityrosinase, antioxidant, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, and sun protection factor (SPF) were evaluated. RESULTS: The optimized niosomes appeared as unilamellar vesicles with a spherical shape, with size, zeta potential, and EE values of 6.13 ± 0.40 µm, -0.81 ± 0.32 mV, and 89.35% ± 2.80%, respectively. The noisome formulation remained stable at -4°C for 3 months. The release profiles of morin loaded in niosomes revealed the extended release over 8 h and followed zero-order release kinetics. Morin-loaded niosomes exhibited no significant toxicity toward the L929 cell line. The niosome loaded with morin showed anti skin aging activity, including antityrosinase effects (IC50 = 13.17 ± 1.58 µg/ml), antioxidant (IC50 = 28.49 ± 2.05 µg/ml), and ROS scavenging activity. For 1% and 5% (w/w) morin niosomes in eucerin base cream, the SPF was 39.03 ± 1.01 and 38.15 ± 0.82, respectively, whereas the noisome-free morin cream exhibited an SPF of 4.47 ± 0.56. CONCLUSION: Morin-loaded niosome has been shown to provide sun protection and antiaging effects, suggesting that it could be used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.
