Preclinical and Clinical Studies on the Use of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Chronic Wounds.

To date, the widespread implementation of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic wounds, including debridement, infection control, and the use of grafts and various dressings, has been time-consuming and accompanied by many challenges, with definite success not yet achieved. Extensive studies on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have led to suggestions for their use in treating various diseases. Given the existing barriers to utilizing such cells and numerous pieces of evidence indicating the crucial role of the paracrine signaling system in treatments involving MSCs, extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from these cells have garnered significant attention in treating chronic wounds in recent years. This review begins with a general overview of current methods for chronic wound treatment, followed by an exploration of EV structure, biogenesis, extraction methods, and characterization. Subsequently, utilizing databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, we have explored the latest findings regarding the role of EVs in the healing of chronic wounds, particularly diabetic and burn wounds. In this context, the role and mode of action of these nanoparticles in healing chronic wounds through mechanisms such as oxygen level elevation, oxidative stress damage reduction, angiogenesis promotion, macrophage polarization assistance, etc., as well as the use of EVs as carriers for engineered nucleic acids, have been investigated. The upcoming challenges in translating EV-based treatments for healing chronic wounds, along with possible approaches to address these challenges, are discussed. Additionally, clinical trial studies in this field are also covered.

Comparing the effect of phytobiotic, coccidiostat, toltrazuril, and vaccine on the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in broilers.

This study compared 2 herbal anticoccidiosis drugs (water-soluble and feed-additive drugs) with monensin coccidiostat, toltrazuril (TTZ, anticoccidiosis drug), and Livacox Q (anticoccidiosis vaccine) in terms of their effects on the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in broilers. In this study, 280 Ross 308 broiler chickens (a mix of both genders) were used in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments and 5 replications each including 8 chickens per replicate. On d 21 of rearing, all experimental groups, except for the negative control group (NC), were challenged with a mixed suspension of common strains of Eimeria, and the intended indices were assessed, including performance indices, number of oocysts per gram (OPG) of feces, intestinal injuries, and the total number of intestinal bacteria. In addition, the NC and the group receiving the monensin had greater body weight gain (BWG) (P < 0.05). At the end of week 6, the monensin group had the highest feed intake (FI), while the water soluble medicine treatment resulted in the lowest feed intake (P < 0.05). Regarding the lesion scores on day 28, the highest and lowest rates of jejunal injuries were observed in the positive control group (PC), the monensin and vaccine group respectively. The rate of oocysts excretion (oocysts per gram of feces = OPG) on different days was higher in the PC group, and the use of monensin could further reduce excretion compared to the other groups (P > 0.05). Based on a comparison of the population of lactic acid bacteria between the NC and both medicinal plant treated groups, the use of these products could increase the population of these types of bacteria. Moreover, the population of Escherichia coli was less considerable in the NC and herbal powder groups (P < 0.05). Overall, similar to commercial medicines, the herbal medicines used in this project can be effective in the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis and can improve profitability in broiler rearing centers by improving intestinal health.

Effects of the algae derivatives on performance, intestinal histomorphology, ileal microflora, and egg yolk biochemistry of laying Japanese quail.

We examined the effect of the Persian Gulf algae derivates, phycocyanin (PC) and fucoidan (FUC), on production performance, egg quality, intestinal histomorphology, ileal microflora, and egg yolk biochemistry of laying Japanese quail. A total of 250 six-wk-old Japanese quails with an average body weight of 215 ± 10 g were allocated to 5 treatments, 5 replicates and 10 birds in each replicate in a completely randomized design. The treatment groups received PC (from Spirulina platensis) and FUC (from brown seaweed) in their drinking water while control groups did not. Treatment groups received PC and FUC at 20 or 40 mg/L levels (denoted as PC20, PC40, FUC20, and FUC40, respectively). All birds were fed the same diet. All treatments significantly improved the percentage of hen day egg production (HDEP) (P = 0.002), egg mass (P = 0.002), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P = 0.022) but no difference was noted in egg weight (EW) and feed intake (FI). Different levels of PC and FUC significantly increased the thickness of eggshells (P = 0.022); however, the weight of the digestive tract (liver, spleen, proventriculus, gizzard, and pancreas) and oviduct was not affected. Algal derivates improved the villus height (P = 0.007) and crypt depth (P = 0.007) of the duodenum, as well as, the villus height (P = 0.005) and crypt depth (P = 0.026) of the jejunum. Both algal derivates positively affected the intestinal microflora (populations of Lactobacillus (P = 0.017), Coliform (P = 0.005), and Clostridium (P = 0.000)) whereas aerobic bacteria were unaffected. Yolk cholesterol P = 0.012) and yolk malondialdehyde P = 0.050) content were significantly reduced in experimental treatments compared to the control group. In conclusion, our results showed that the treatment of laying Japanese quails with algal derivates positively affects quail performance, intestinal morphology, intestinal microflora, and yolk cholesterol and malondialdehyde. Additional studies exploring optimal dosages and mechanisms of action is warranted to fully understand the scope of the algae derivates in poultry production.

Beneficiation of Low-Grade Hematite Iron Ore Fines by Magnetizing Roasting and Magnetic Separation.

Present investigation includes the magnetizing roasting of low-grade iron ore fines followed by grinding and beneficiation using magnetic separation. The hematite iron ore used in the investigation contains 53.17% T Fe, 10.7% SiO2, and 4.5% Al2O3. Powdered bituminous coal of 210 µm size with an ash content of 12.5% and fixed carbon of 54.25% was used as reductant during magnetizing roasting. Optical microstructures have shown where iron and silicate minerals are found and how they are interconnected. Hematite is the most abundant material in the specimen and is found in fine- and medium-sized grains. Hematite emerged as the predominant iron-bearing mineral, accompanied by magnetite and goethite phases in smaller proportions according to XRD analyses. The primary gangue mineral identified by scanning electron microscopy is quartz, with gibbsite, feldspar, and pyrolusite present in lesser levels. The effects of iron/coal ratio, roasting time, and roasting temperature were considered as variable parameters. Hematite ore's magnetic characteristics were significantly impacted by magnetizing roasting. By selectively magnetizing roasting, hematite is transformed into magnetite. With an Fe grade of 65.25% at a recovery value of 72.5% in the concentrate, magnetic separation produced the greatest result for Fe. The performance of magnetization and therefore the magnetic separation process were shown to be significantly impacted by temperature, reductant %, and roasting duration in this investigation.

Recent Advances in the Role of Different Nanoparticles in the Various Biosensors for the Detection of the Chikungunya Virus.

Humans contract the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus transmitted by mosquitoes that induces acute and chronic musculoskeletal discomfort and fever. Millions of cases of the disease have been attributed to CHIKV in the Indian Ocean region since 2004, and the virus has since spread to Europe, the Middle East, and the Pacific. The exponential proliferation of CHIKV in recent times underscores the critical nature of implementing preventative measures and exploring potential control strategies. The principal laboratory test employed to diagnose infection in serum samples collected over six days after the onset of symptoms is the detection of CHIKV or viral RNA. Although two commercially available real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction products exist, data on their validity are limited. A diagnostic instrument that is rapid, sensitive, specific, and cost-effective is, therefore an absolute necessity, particularly in developing nations. Biosensors have demonstrated considerable potential in the realm of pathogen detection. The rapid and sensitive detection of viruses has been facilitated by the development of numerous types of biosensors, including affinity-based nano-biosensors, graphene affinity-based biosensors, optical nano-biosensors, surface Plasmon Resonance-based optical nano-biosensors, and electrochemical nano-biosensors. Furthermore, the utilization of nanomaterials for signal extension, including but not limited to gold and silver nanoparticles, quantum dots, and iron oxide NPs, has enhanced the precision and sensitivity of biosensors. The developed innovative diagnostic method is time-efficient, precise, and economical; it can be implemented as a point-of-care device. The technique may be implemented in diagnostic laboratories and hospitals to identify patients infected with CHIKV. Throughout this article, we have examined a multitude of CHIKV nano-biosensors and their respective properties. Following a discussion of representative nanotechnologies for biosensors, numerous NPs-assisted CHIKV nano-biosensors are summarized in this article. As a result, we anticipate that this review will furnish a significant foundation for advancing innovative CHIKV nano-biosensors.

Mannose-specific plant and microbial lectins as antiviral agents: A review.

Lectins are non-immunological carbohydrate-binding proteins classified on the basis of their structure, origin, and sugar specificity. The binding specificity of such proteins with the surface glycan moiety determines their activity and clinical applications. Thus, lectins hold great potential as diagnostic and drug discovery agents and as novel biopharmaceutical products. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in understanding plant and microbial lectins as therapeutic agents against various viral diseases. Among them, mannose-specific lectins have being proven as promising antiviral agents against a variety of viruses, such as HIV, Influenza, Herpes, Ebola, Hepatitis, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1), Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and most recent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The binding of mannose-binding lectins (MBLs) from plants and microbes to high-mannose containing N-glycans (which may be simple or complex) of glycoproteins found on the surface of viruses has been found to be highly specific and mainly responsible for their antiviral activity. MBLs target various steps in the viral life cycle, including viral attachment, entry and replication. The present review discusses the brief classification and structure of lectins along with antiviral activity of various mannose-specific lectins from plants and microbial sources and their diagnostic and therapeutic applications against viral diseases.

A sustainable nano-hybrid system of laccase@M-MWCNTs for multifunctional PAHs and PhACs removal from water, wastewater, and lake water.

This study examined the use of modified multiwall carbon nanotubes (M-MWCNTs) with immobilized laccase (L@M-MWCNTs) for removing ciprofloxacin (Cip), carbamazepine (Cbz), diclofenac (Dcf), benzo[a]pyrene (Bap), and anthracene (Ant) from different water samples. The synthesized materials were characterized using an array of advanced analytical techniques. The physical immobilization of laccase onto M-MWCNTs was confirmed through Scanning electron microscope (SEM)-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis and Brunner-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area measurements. The specific surface area of M-MWCNTs decreased by 65% upon laccase immobilization. There was also an increase in nitrogen content seen by EDS analysis asserting successful immobilization. The results of Boehm titration and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) exhibited an increase in acidic functional groups after laccase immobilization. L@M-MWCNTs storage for two months maintained 77.8%, 61.6%, and 57.6% of its initial activity for 4 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C, respectively. In contrast, the free laccase exhibited 55.3%, 37.5%, and 23.5% of its initial activity at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C, respectively. MWCNTs improved storability and widened the working temperature range of laccase. The optimum removal conditions of studied pollutants were pH 5, 25 °C, and 1.6 g/L of M-MWCNTs. These parameters led to >90% removal of the targeted pollutants for four treatment cycles of both synthetic water and spiked lake water. L@M-MWCNTs demonstrated consistent removal of >90% for up to five cycles even with spiked wastewater. The adsorption was endothermic and followed Langmuir isotherm. Oxidation, dehydrogenation, hydroxylation, and ring cleavage seem to be the dominant degradation mechanisms.

The FEDBD plasma's quantitative investigation of skin parameters: Skin elasticity, thickness, density, tissue oxygenation, perfusion, and edema.

This study used the FEDBD plasma device for skin rejuvenation in animal samples. There were two groups of six male Wistar rats. Before starting the treatment, immediately after the treatment, the fourth week, and the tenth week of follow-up, biometric tests were performed, including moisture level, evaporation from the skin surface, erythema and melanin, skin elasticity and firmness with an MPA9 device and cutometer. The thickness and density of the epidermis and dermis, an essential indicator in rejuvenation, were evaluated with a skin ultrasound device. Also, the level of oxygen, perfusion, and interstitial water (edema) was checked using a Tivita tissue hyperspectral camera at a depth of 6 mm of the skin.

The effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) as a mediator of dietary fatty acids and thiazolidinedione in pulmonary arterial hypertension induced by cold stress of broilers.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of dietary fish oil and pioglitazone as peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activating ligands on the reduction of cold-induced ascites in broiler chickens. A total of 480 one-day-old (Ross 308) male chicks were randomly allocated to four treatment groups with eight replicates of 15 birds each. The following treatments were used: 1) ambient temperature (negative control), with basal diet; 2) cold-induced ascites (positive control), with basal diet; 3) cold-induced ascites, with basal diet +10 mg/kg/day pioglitazone and 4) cold-induced ascites, with basal diet +1% of fish oil. When compared with the positive control, body weight gain was higher (P ≤ 0.05) for broilers fed diets containing fish oil and pioglitazone at 28, 42, and 0-42 d. Broilers under cold-induced ascites had the highest blood pressure at 21 and 42 d, while fish oil and pioglitazone treatment reduced the blood pressure (P ≤ 0.05). Red blood cells, white blood cells, hematocrit, erythrocyte osmotic fragility, bursa of Fabricius and spleen weights were improved (P ≤ 0.05) for chickens fed fish oil diets and pioglitazone compared to the cold-induced ascites (positive control). Exposure to cold temperature resulted in an increase in plasma T3 and T3/T4 ratio and decline in plasma T4 (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, PPARγ agonist pioglitazone and fish oil as source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid could be used as a strategy to reduce the negative effects of pulmonary arterial hypertension and ascites in broiler chickens.

Cold atmospheric pressure air plasma jet disinfection of table eggs: Inactivation of Salmonella enterica, cuticle integrity and egg quality.

Eggshell cuticles are first lines of defense against egg-associated pathogens, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE). Infections from eggs contaminated with this strain remain a significant risk. In addition, changes in the cuticle are closely related to changes in egg safety. The emerging non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma technology enables a high rate of microbial inactivation at near-ambient temperatures, making it ideal for food safety applications. This study examines the effects of a cold atmospheric pressure air plasma jet (CAAP-J) on eggshell cuticle and egg quality whilst inactivating SE. Shell eggs inoculated with SE (7 log10 cfu/egg) were used as the samples to test the decontamination performance of the device. The tests were conducted using an industrial CAAP-J with different power levels (600-800 W), exposure times (60-120 s), at a fixeddistance of 20 mm from the plasma jet and an air flow rate of 3600 L/h. It was found that the best results were obtained after 120 s at maximum plasma power (800 W). Subsequent to the implementation of this plasma procedure, it was determined that no viable cells could be detected. After CAAP-J treatment, the temperature remains below 50.5 °C, thereby minimizing the risk of altering egg quality. All specific measurements (egg white pH, yolk pH, yolk color, HU, and eggshell breaking strength) have shown that CAAP-J treatment has no negative effect on egg quality. No changes in eggshell cuticle quality after CAAP-J treatment was confirmed through scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Intramuscular cavernous malformation in the temporalis muscle: Diagnosis and treatment of a rare tumor in a rare site.

In this case report we present a very rare case of intramuscular cavernous hemangioma in the temporalis muscle which was successfully managed with surgical excision with no evidence of recurrence in follow-up.

Development of eco-friendly wall insulation layer utilising the wastes of the packing industry.

Efficient thermal insulation materials considerably lower power consumption for heating and cooling of buildings, which in turn minimises CO2 emissions and improves indoor comfort conditions. However, the selection of suitable insulation materials is governed by several factors, such as the environmental impact, health impact, cost and durability. Additionally, the disposal of used insulation materials is a major factor that affects the selection of materials because some materials could be very toxic for humans and the environment, such as asbestos-containing materials. Therefore, there is a continuous research effort, in both industry and academia, to develop sustainable and affordable insulation materials. In this context, this work aims at utilising the packing industry wastes (cardboard) to develop an eco-friendly insulation layer, which is a biodegradable material that can be disposed of safely after use. Experimentally, wasted cardboard was collected, cleaned, and soaked in water for 24 h. Then, the wet cardboard was minced and converted into past papers, then cast in square moulds and left in a ventilated oven at 75 °C to dry before de-moulding them. The produced layers were subjected to a wide range of tests, including thermal conductivity, acoustic insulation, infrared imaging and bending resistance. The obtained results showed the developed material has a good thermal and acoustic insulation performance. Thermally, the developed material had the lowest thermal conductivity (λ) (0.039 W/m.K) compared to the studied traditional materials. Additionally, it successfully decreased the noise level from 80 to about 58 dB, which was better than the efficiency of the commercial polyisocyanurate layer. However, the bending strength of the developed material was a major drawback because the material did not resist more than 0.6 MPa compared to 2.0 MPa for the commercial polyisocyanurate and 70.0 MPa for the wood boards. Therefore, it is recommended to investigate the possibility of strengthening the new material by adding fibres or cementitious materials.

Structural Performance of Ferrocement Panels under Low- and High-Velocity Impact Load.

The primary objective of this experimental study is to examine the response and energy absorption capacity of ferrocement panels exposed to low- and high-velocity impact loads. The panels are reinforced with two different types of mesh layers, namely, welded wire grid (WWG) and expanded wire grid (EWG), with varying percentages of steel fibers (SF). The ferrocement panel system is made up of cement mortar reinforced with 0-2% SF with an increment of 1% and wire grid layers arranged in three different layers 1, 2, and 3. A consistent water-cement ratio (w/c) of 0.4 is maintained during mortar preparation, and all panels are subjected to a 28-day curing process in water. The study utilized square-shaped ferrocement panels measuring 290 mm × 290 mm × 50 mm. The panels are exposed to repeated impact blows from a 2.5 kg falling mass dropped from a height of 0.80 m. The count of blows necessary to commence the first crack formation and the cause of ultimate failure are recorded for each panel. The study reports that an increase in SF content and the number of wire grid layers increased the number of blows needed for both the first crack and the ultimate failure. In the high-velocity impact test, 7.62 mm bullets are fired at the panels from a distance of 10 m with a striking velocity of 715 m/s. The study observed and analyzed the extent of spalling, scabbing, and perforation. The results showed that an increase in fiber content and the number of wire grid layers led to a decrease in the area of scabbing and spalling compared with the control specimens. It was also possible to see the mode of failure and crack pattern for impacts with low and high velocities.

Assessing the nutritional equivalency of DL-methionine and L-methionine in broiler chickens: a meta-analytical study.

The purpose of this study was to perform a meta-analysis comparing the biological efficiency of DL-methionine and L-methionine (DL-Met and L-Met) in broiler nutrition. This analysis was based on a dataset comprising experiment results published in peer-reviewed papers since 2007. All experiments investigated the response of broilers (aged 0-21 d) to different dietary concentrations of DL- and L-Met, achieved by supplementing crystalline Met. A graphical analysis was conducted on the database using ellipses coverage and nonparametric density techniques. Two methods of linear and nonlinear exponential meta-regression analysis were used to determine relative bioavailability based on average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) responses to dietary Met sources. The analyses of ADG and FCR obtained from both linear and exponential models showed a relative difference between the tested methionine sources. The results showed that both ADG and FCR were improved in L-Met compared to DL-Met supplemented diets. Linear regression analysis revealed that DL-Met was 94.97% (for ADG) and 95.63% (for FCR) as efficacious as L-Met (P < 0.01). In contrast, the analysis of the fitted nonlinear exponential model showed that the biological efficiencies of DL-Met were 91.33% and 76.57% of the values for L-Met for ADG (P = 0.01) and FCR (P = 0.09), respectively. Based on the meta-analytical results, an equivalence of relative biological efficiency of DL-Met in comparison with L-Met for young broilers could not be confirmed.

Decision Tree-Based Modeling of the Aeration Effectiveness of Circular Plunging Jets.

Since soft computing has gained a lot of attention in hydrological studies, this study focuses on predicting aeration efficiency (E20) using circular plunging jets employing soft computing techniques such as reduced error pruning tree (REPTree), random forest (RF), and M5P. The study undertaken required the development and validation of models, which were achieved using 63 experimental data values with input variables, such as angle of inclination of tilt channel (α), number of plunging jets (JN), discharge of each jet (Q), hydraulic radius of each jet (HR), and Froude number (Fr. No), to evaluate the aeration efficiency (E20), which served as the output variable. To evaluate the effectiveness of the developed models, three different statistical indices were used such as the coefficient of correlation (CC), root-mean-square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE), and it was found that all of the applied techniques possessed good forecasting ability since their correlation coefficient values were greater than 0.8. Upon testing, it was discovered that the M5P model outperformed other soft computing-based models in its ability to predict E20, as demonstrated by its correlation coefficient value of 0.9564 and notably low values of MAE (0.0143) and RMSE (0.0193).

The Therapeutic Efficacy of Freeze-Dried Human Amniotic Membrane Allograft Gel for Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Phase-1 Clinical Trial.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are classified as hard-to-heal wounds, which occur in approximately 15% of diabetic patients. Several interventions have shown efficacy in reducing the risk of amputation among patients with DFU, including timely diagnosis and management of infection and ischemia, debridement of necrotic tissues, reducing mechanical pressure on ulcers, and patient education. One major challenge in the management of DFUs is optimizing wound care to improve healing outcomes. Recently, interdisciplinary approaches proposed a new generation of wound dressing which increased efficacy and significantly decreased the healing time. The current study assessed the healing characteristics of chronic DFUs treated with lyophilized amniotic membrane gel (LAMG) in combination with standard care, versus a placebo hydrogel with standard care. In total, 18 patients (8 male, 10 female) were randomly assigned to the control group, which received standard care and a gelatin scaffold (placebo), or the intervention group, which received standard care along with LAMG. We evaluated the reduction in wound size and assessed the patient's health-related quality of life over 9 weeks. In the LAMG group (n = 9) and the Placebo group (n = 9), the wounds were reduced in size by a mean of 73.4% ± 15.3% and 13.1% ± 10.1%, respectively (P = .008). Patients treated with LAMG demonstrated significant improvements in the scores related to physical function, physical limitation, physical pain, general health, social function, emotional problems, and energy levels compared to the control group. The findings of this study indicate that using the LAMG with standard care significantly enhances wound healing.

Distribution of Carbon Nanotubes in an Aluminum Matrix by a Solution-Mixing Process.

In order to overcome the limitations of standard ball-mill mixing processes to fabricate a uniformly dispersed carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforcement composite without damaging CNTs in matrix powder, a unique and easy solution-mixing process was developed. The present study aims to synthesize Al-0.5 wt % CNT composites using ball-milling and solution-mixing processes and compares their CNT dispersion and structural and thermal properties. Compared with the ball-milling process, the solution-mixing process was simple and effective for the uniform distribution of CNTs without structural damage. Various methods were utilized to examine the structural characteristics of the composite powder. These techniques included high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Raman spectroscopy, and particle size analysis. Raman spectroscopy observes an increase of defects in ball-milled composites, and the particle size analyzer confirms the structural deformation, resulting in the degradation of composite powder mechanical properties. In the solution-mixing process, aluminum particles and the structure of CNTs are well-preserved even after mixing. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to research the thermal stability of the composite materials. The results validated the impact of CNTs on thermal characteristics enhancement (improved thermal resistance) when compared with pure aluminum, suggesting potential uses in the aerospace industry, transport, and construction sectors.

Tribological Performance Evaluation of Greases on a Four-Ball Tester with Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles.

Conventional greases have an exceptional place in the field of lubrication. They are unique in the sense of their areas of application and are very difficult to replace with other lubricating substances for the same reason. The advancements in the field of nanoparticles and the results they provide as an additive in greases have great scientific interest as they improve the tribological properties of greases to a great extent. The current work's aim is to synthesize a nanogripe using graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles to lithium grease (Li grease), which will increase the tribological properties of the plain Li grease. Steps were taken to investigate the impact of variation of load on the frictional and wear characteristics of nanogrease. Synthesis of nanogrease and tribological evaluation were performed with a magnetic stirrer with a hot plate and a four-ball tester. Results indicated that nanogrease exhibits better tribological properties. It is also found that the antiwear and frictional properties of grease are not proportional to the wt % of GO nanoparticles. It is also detected that with the increase in load, the tribological properties of nanogrease increase.

A state-of-art-review on emerging contaminants: Environmental chemistry, health effect, and modern treatment methods.

Pollution problems are increasingly becoming e a priority issue from both scientific and technological points of view. The dispersion and frequency of pollutants in the environment are on the rise, leading to the emergence have been increasing, including of a new class of contaminants that not only impact the environment but also pose risks to people's health. Therefore, developing new methods for identifying and quantifying these pollutants classified as emerging contaminants is imperative. These methods enable regulatory actions that effectively minimize their adverse effects to take steps to regulate and reduce their impact. On the other hand, these new contaminants represent a challenge for current technologies to be adapted to control and remove emerging contaminants and involve innovative, eco-friendly, and sustainable remediation technologies. There is a vast amount of information collected in this review on emerging pollutants, comparing the identification and quantification methods, the technologies applied for their control and remediation, and the policies and regulations necessary for their operation and application. In addition, This review will deal with different aspects of emerging contaminants, their origin, nature, detection, and treatment concerning water and wastewater.

Treatment of superficial and deep partial width second degree burn's wound with allogeneic cord blood platelet gel.

BACKGROUND: Burns are caused by a variety of mechanisms, including flames, hot liquids, metallurgy, chemicals, electric current, and ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. The most significant burn wound management involves complete repair and regeneration as soon as possible while minimizing infection, contraction, and scarring in the damaged tissue area. Some factors such as delivery of nutrients, growth factors, and oxygen are essential to promote and stimulate the wound healing progress in the burns area. When these factors are not provided, the burn wound undergoes a physiological crisis. The use of growth factors is a promising approach to overcoming this limitation. Umbilical cord blood platelet concentrates are a rich natural source of growth factors. METHODS: This clinical trial used growth factors released from the lysis of umbilical cord blood platelet concentrates that have a key role in promoting re-epithelization and regeneration of damaged tissues by forming a fibrin network. This study evaluated the effectiveness of allogeneic cord blood platelet gel topical dressing in a group of patients diagnosed with superficial and deep partial thickness (second-degree) burn wounds. Clinical outcomes were compared between the intervention group and a control group of patients with superficial second-degree burn wounds who received the standard routine treatment including paraffin gauze wound dressing and silver sulfadiazine ointment. RESULTS: The study's results showed that the increased rate of recovery and tissue granulation completely promoted to wound healing and burn wound closure, decreased the recovery time, and reduced inflammation and scars caused by burn injuries. However, the use of cord blood platelet gel topical dressing is not currently a routine treatment method in patients suffering from burn wounds. However, the study's results showed that allogenic cord blood platelet gel could be used to treat superficial and deep second-degree burns as a routine treatment. It was also shown that allogenic cord blood platelet gel topical dressing could be a candidate for autograft or after autograft skin transplantation surgery (in donor and recipient sites) instead of skin surgery in some patients. CONCLUSION: Allogeneic topical wound dressing provides an effective treatment that offers a faster rate of epithelialization and healing of wounds and also decreases patients' scar and inflammation level as well as the length of recovery time. This, finally, leads to better burn wound management and the improved quality of burn wound treatment.