Not Lost in Translation: The Use of Standardized Patients Technology among Health Professional Students in Tanzania.

Health professionals in Tanzania report a perceived need for sexual and reproductive health communication training to meet patient needs and reduce disparities. Simulation optimizes clinical performance and public entrustment. The study describes the development, feasibility, and acceptability measures of evidence-based, Afrocentric, standardized patient scenarios to train nursing, medical, and midwifery students in sexual and reproductive health in Tanzania. Standardized patient simulation cases with embedded cultural, language, gender, age, sexuality, and legal complexity issues were identified by stakeholders in Dar es Salaam centering on;1) adolescent health, 2) women's health, and 3) male health cases. Twenty-four health professional students evenly split across nursing, midwifery, and medicine were recruited and enrolled to participate in a pilot trial of the standardized patient simulations conducted in Kiswahili and the results recorded. Videos were evaluated by trained bilingual research staff using standardized behavioral checklists. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were used to assess the pilot data. The study found that seventy-five percent (N =18) of baseline participants (N=24) returned for the 3-month follow-up simulation assessment. While not powered for statistical significance, students showed improvement in all cases and a significant improvement in the male erectile dysfunction concerns case for both interpersonal communication (t (17) = -3.445, p < .005) and medical history taking checklist (t(17)= -3.259, p < .005). Further, most students found the opportunity to practice using the simulations helpful or very helpful in their sexual and reproductive health education. It was therefore concluded that preliminary sexual and reproductive health simulation data using standardized patients demonstrated feasibility and acceptability among student participants.

Evaluating the History-Taking Process of Sexual Reproductive Health Problems in Tanzania: Lessons from a Study of Health Students and Practitioners.

Building trust and therapeutic relationships between healthcare providers and patients are crucial for delivering high-quality, comprehensive sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services. Yet, while patients face substantial SRH disparities in Tanzania, little is known about health care professionals' [HCPs] SRH history-taking practices and experiences. This paper describes HCPs' interdisciplinary practices, experience in conducting SRH taking, and the critical lessons learned to optimize quality SRH care. We conducted 18 focus group discussions in June 2019 in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, with 60 healthcare practitioners and 61 students in midwifery, nursing, and medicine. We implemented a purposive, stratified sampling design to explore the experiences and perspectives of HCPs regarding providing sexual health services. We employed a grounded theory approach to perform the analysis. We provided seven scenarios to participants to discuss how they would manage SRH health problems. The scenarios helped us evaluate the practice and experience of SRH in Tanzania. Four broad themes and sub-themes emerged during the discussion; 1) SRH history-taking practices and experiences in the health care facilities; 2) the perceived benefit of effective SRH history-taking; 3) Factors hindering the SRH history-taking process; 4) The power of confidence. These findings have implications for strengthening a sexual health curriculum for medical students and continuing education programs for practicing health professionals designed to address the observed health disparities in Tanzania. These findings affirm that proper SRH history-taking requires a conducive environment, knowledge of relevant SRH-related laws and regulations; application of evidence-based techniques; and giving patients autonomy to make decisions for their health while making recommendations regarding standard care. Comprehensive SRH history-taking identifies critical data for illness diagnosis, provides foundational information for risk-reduction behavioural change counselling, and reduces medical costs. Therefore, the primary goal is to optimize health professional training on SRH issues and history-taking skills within the medical interview.

COVID-19 vaccine decision-making among Black women: A qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: To understand COVID-19 vaccine decision-making among Black women in the United States. METHODS: We conducted qualitative interviews with 60 Black women (both African American and first- and second-generation immigrants originating from Africa and the Caribbean) living in the Minneapolis/St. Paul Metropolitan Area. RESULTS: Participants who were highly motivated to get vaccinated described their trust in science and a desire to protect themselves and those around them; while those who delayed vaccination reported doubts about vaccine safety. Many reported being influenced by targeted misinformation including the pervasive vaccine myths related to reproductive health. Historical trauma from unethical biomedical research and experiences of racism were also motivating factors. There were several concerns raised that were specific to ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: Current public health strategies that are intended to promote COVID vaccination are failing Black communities. Participants highlighted the need for clear and culturally appropriate communication about COVID-19 and the vaccines that is aligned with their communities' values and addresses misinformation. The critical insights we have gained by listening to these communities should be used to develop novel vaccination policy approaches.