Short Communication: Understanding the Barriers to Cervical Cancer Prevention and HPV Vaccination in Saudi Arabia.

Cervical cancer, along with other sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) conditions, poses a significant burden in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Despite the availability of effective preventive methods such as vaccinations, particularly against the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), awareness about such preventive methods and HPV vaccination remains alarmingly low in the KSA, even with governmental effort and support. While many women are aware of the risks, the uptake of the HPV vaccine remains below 10% (7.6%) at the country level. This highlights the urgent need for Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) at the community level to raise awareness, dispel misconceptions, and empower women to embrace vaccinations. Additionally, there is a need to revitalize the cancer registry system to better track and monitor cervical cancer cases. This short communication aims to map these barriers while identifying opportunities for impactful research. Drawing from the scientific literature, government reports, and expert insights, we highlight the challenges surrounding the tackling of HPV. By exploring diverse sources of knowledge, this paper not only highlights current obstacles but also proposes actionable solutions for future interventions.

Predictors of musculoskeletal disorders among special education teachers in Sabah, Malaysia.

Special education teachers encounter considerable occupational challenges, yet there is limited information concerning musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) within this group. Therefore, this study aimed to address this gap by determining the prevalence of MSD, investigating associated factors of MSD, and identifying predictors of MSD among special education teachers. A cross-sectional study was conducted among special education teachers in Kota Kinabalu and Penampang, Sabah. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires and musculoskeletal fitness assessments. Chi-square tests and independent t-tests were utilized to determine factors associated with MSD, while multiple logistic regression was performed to develop a comprehensive predictive model for MSD, which was then validated and tested for model fitness. A total of 122 individuals participated in the study, yielding a response rate of 95 %. The findings revealed a high prevalence of MSD (77.9 %) among special education teachers, with the lower back, shoulder, neck, knee, upper back, and foot being the most affected regions. The multivariable regression model identified several predictors of MSD, including marital status (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.78, 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 1.49-15.40), body fat percentage (aOR = 1.06, 95 % CI = 1.00-1.12), teaching in prolonged standing for few days a week (aOR = 3.20, 95 % CI = 0.99-10.29) or every day (aOR = 6.20, 95 % CI = 1.44-26.70), mindfulness (aOR = 0.47, 95 % CI = 0.22-0.98), and back extensor strength (aOR = 5.86, 95 % CI = 1.92-17.92). This study highlights the necessity of implementing interventions focusing on the ergonomic, psychological, and musculoskeletal fitness components to mitigate the prevalence of MSD and improve the overall well-being of special education teachers.

Parental beliefs, attitudes, and practices on nutrition and children feeding: implications to preventive measures on children's obesity in Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE: Parents have a profound influence on their children's dietary habits. Parents' perspectives, attitudes, and behaviors regarding feeding their children a nutritious diet can have a significant impact on their children's health. The objective of this study was to examine the attitudes, beliefs, and feeding practices of parents in relation to nutrition for their children and to determine how these factors influence strategies for preventing obesity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 446 Saudi mothers with children aged 2-12 years were recruited for this study. The Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) was administered to mothers via an instant messaging application. RESULTS: Mothers' age showed a significant difference in perceived responsibility (p < 0.004), perceived parental weight (p = 0.000), perceived child's weight (p = 0.000), and concern about the child's weight (p = 0.000). Mothers with postgraduate degrees exhibited a significant difference in perceived child weight (p < 0.003); occupational status showed a significant difference in perceived parental weight (p < 0.004), perceived child weight (p < 0.001), and residence, particularly in Riyadh, which showed a significant difference in perceived parental weight (p < 0.026). There were also significant differences in body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.000) and perceived parental weight in relation to the mother's age. Mothers' age was significantly related to food restrictions (p = 0.000), pressure to eat (p = 0.000), and monitoring (p < 0.009). Mothers with only one child displayed significance in relation to pressure to eat (p < 0.019), while government-employee mothers showed a significant relationship with food restrictions (p < 0.005). There was a noteworthy association between the age of the mothers and perceived responsibility (p < 0.001), occupation (p < 0.22), residence (p = 0.000), and the mother's BMI (p = 0.000) with perceived parental weight. Finally, occupation (p < 0.006) was found to significantly influence food restriction, while the mother's age was significantly related to the pressure to eat (p < 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Parental attitudes, practices, and beliefs regarding child feeding were strongly associated with maternal age, occupation, and BMI. Targeted interventions should be developed to assist mothers exhibiting these characteristics in establishing healthier and more effective feeding routines for their children. For example, interventions could be designed to educate parents on the latest findings regarding child-feeding habits and help them develop a greater sense of responsibility for their children's nutrition.

Investigating the impact of preslaughter handling intensity on goats: a study on behavior, physiology, blood enzymes, and hormonal responses.

Introduction: The present study evaluated the effect of preslaughter stress intensities on the behavioral, physiological, blood biochemicals, and hormonal responses in goats. Methods: Twenty-seven intact male goats (Ardi breed, 10 months of age, 27 kg liveweight) were divided into three treatment groups viz., the control (C) group, ear pulling (EP) group, and leg pulling (LP) group. Various behavioral, physiological, blood biochemical and hormonal responses were recorded before and after handling. Results and Discussion: The EP and LP goats had a higher frequency and intensity of vocalization as compared to control goats. The preslaughter handling stress intensities had a significant effect on the before and after handling values of heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, and ear temperature. Further, among groups, the glucose value increased significantly upon preslaughter handling as compared to the baseline value. The LP goats had significantly higher after-handling value for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as compared to the before-handling value. The catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) and ß-endorphin concentrations increased significantly upon preslaughter handling. The higher physiological, behavioral, blood biochemical, and hormonal response indicated higher preslaughter stress in EP and LP goats. Both levels of intensity revealed unfavorable responses in goats that may adversely affect animal welfare and meat quality. Thus, to ensure minimal adverse effects on behavior, physiology, blood enzymes, and hormonal responses, it is recommended to follow animal welfare principles when implementing preslaughter handling practices.

Aroplectrus dimerus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Ectoparasitoid of the Nettle Caterpillar, Oxyplax pallivitta (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae): Evaluation in the Hawaiian Islands.

The stinging nettle caterpillar, Oxyplax (syn. Darna) pallivitta (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae), is a serious invasive pest of agricultural products and a health hazard on the Hawaiian Islands first discovered in 2001. Nursery workers and homeowners have been stung by the caterpillars while handling their plants, especially rhapis palms (Rhapis sp.). Throughout its invaded range, it causes widespread damage, including the many cultivated and native palm species that have grown in Hawaii. Larvae contain urticating hairs that secrete a toxin, causing painful skin swelling and irritation on contact. Horticulture and nursery products impacted by the limacodid pest are estimated at $84.3 million (2018 value). Suppression efforts with pesticides and lure traps were ineffective, and the moth population continued to spread to major Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Kauai, Maui, Oahu). The introduction of specific biological control agents from the native region was thought to be the long-term solution for this invasive pest. Initial exploration in Indonesia and Thailand resulted in the introduction of a pupal ectoparasitoid, Nesolynx sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), that was not specific. The oriental wasp, Aroplectrus dimerus Lin (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Eulophinae), idiobiont gregarious ectoparasitoid of the stinging nettle caterpillar, was introduced from Taiwan in 2004 for host specificity studies and biocontrol in Hawaii. Host range testing showed the parasitoid attacked only limacodid species, and it was approved for field release in 2010. The parasitoid identity, host specificity under containment facility conditions, reproductive performance, and colonization on the major infested sites were assessed. A total of 13,379 parasitoids were colonized on 162 release sites on four Hawaiian Islands. Evaluations were conducted using field surveys of larvae, pupal counts, and male lure traps. Field parasitism was thoroughly investigated on Oahu Island, averaging 18.9 ± 5.6% of 3923 collected larvae during 2010-2023. The numbers of male moths caught/trap/month were significantly reduced on Oahu Island (p < 0.05). Recently, the hyperparasitoid, Pediobius imbreus Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Entedoninae), was detected, reducing the efficiency of A. dimerus in the field. The mean hyperparasitism of A. dimerus pupae was 27.3 ± 7.6% on Oahu Island. There was no detailed biological assessment for A. dimerus or its field evaluation available in scientific literature. Results were discussed regarding the potential use of A. dimerus in biocontrol elsewhere if the stinging nettle caterpillar was invaded in the future.

Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism: The story so far.

Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is known to increase the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), which includes deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and less frequently cerebral vein thrombosis, but the absolute risk for a given patient is very low. After starting MHT, the risk of VTE seems to be at its highest, declining to the non-HRT user baseline level of risk after stopping. Whether estrogen-only or estrogen-progestin HRT combination is linked to a similar risk of VTE is unclear from the available evidence. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risks of developing VTE in relation to different types as well as different modes of administration of MHT through a database search including PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and others in order to provide the women carers with the up-to-date and evidence-based guidelines and recommendations while counseling the post-menopausal women enquiring on use of hormonal therapies either to alleviate the menopausal symptoms or to prevent the long-term sequelae of estrogen deficiency.

On sait que l'hormonothérapie ménopausique (MHT) augmente le risque de thromboembolie veineuse (TEV), qui comprend la thrombose veineuse profonde, l'embolie pulmonaire et, moins fréquemment, la thrombose veineuse cérébrale, mais le risque absolu pour un patient donné est très faible. Après le début du MHT, le risque de TEV semble être à son plus haut niveau, diminuant jusqu'au niveau de risque de base des non-utilisatrices de THS après l'arrêt. Les preuves disponibles ne permettent pas de savoir si un THS à base d'œstrogène seul ou d'association œstroprogestative est lié à un risque similaire de TEV. Le but de cette étude est d'évaluer les risques de développer une TEV par rapport à différents types ainsi qu'à différents modes d'administration du MHT grâce à une recherche dans des bases de données comprenant PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library et autres afin de fournir aux femmes les soignants avec les lignes directrices et recommandations à jour et fondées sur des preuves tout en conseillant les femmes ménopausées qui se renseignent sur l'utilisation de thérapies hormonales, soit pour soulager les symptômes de la ménopause, soit pour prévenir les séquelles à long terme d'une carence en œstrogènes.

In-lab synthesized turn-off fluorescence sensor for estimation of Gemigliptin and Rosuvastatin polypill appraised by Spider diagram, AGREE and whiteness metrics.

Gemigliptin-Rosuvastatin single-pill combination is a promising therapeutic tool in the effective control of hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia. Organic sensors with high quantum yields have profoundly significant applications in the pharmaceutical industry, such as routine quality control of marketed formulations. Herein, the fluorescence sensor, 2-Morpholino-4,6-dimethyl nicotinonitrile 3, (λex; 226 nm, λem; 406 nm), was synthesized with a fluorescence quantum yield of 56.86% and fully characterized in our laboratory. This sensor showed high efficiency for the determination of Gemigliptin (GEM) and Rosuvastatin (RSV) traces through their stoichiometric interactions and simultaneously fractionated by selective solvation. The interaction between the stated analytes and sensor 3 was a quenching effect. Various experimental parameters and the turn-off mechanism were addressed. The adopted approach fulfilled the ICH validation criteria and showed linear satisfactory ranges, 0.2-2 and 0.1-1 µg/mL for GEM and RSV, respectively with nano-limits of detection less than 30 ng/mL for both analytes. The synthesized sensor has been successfully applied for GEM and RSV co-assessment in their synthetic polypill with excellent % recoveries of 98.83 ± 0.86 and 100.19 ± 0.64, respectively. No statistically significant difference between the results of the proposed and reported spectrophotometric methods in terms of the F- and t-tests. Ecological and whiteness appraisals of the proposed study were conducted via three novel approaches: the Greenness Index via Spider Diagram, the Analytical Greenness Metric, and the Red-Green-Blue 12 model. The aforementioned metrics proved the superiority of the adopted approach over the previously published one regarding eco-friendliness and sustainability. Our devised fluorimetric turn-off sensing method showed high sensitivity, selectivity, feasibility, and rapidity with minimal cost and environmental burden over other sophisticated techniques, making it reliable in quality control labs.

Practical Guide to Assessment Tool Development for Surgical Education Research.

This Guide to Statistics and Methods describes the process of validation and gathering validity evidence for assessment tool development for surgical education research.

A metabolomics approach for the evaluation of Ficus benghalensis female in vivo reproductive effects relative to its metabolite fingerprint as determined via UPLC-MS and GC-MS.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ficus benghalensis, commonly known as Banyan Fig, is the national tree of India and its aerial roots are used traditionally to treat female reproductive disorders. However, despite this traditional use, no pharmacological evidence could be traced supporting this use. Additionally, no comprehensive metabolite profiling was reported for F. benghalensis aerial roots. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study attempts to justify biochemically the traditional use of F. benghalensis aerial roots in treatment of female reproductive disorders and in relation to its secondary metabolite profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total ethanol extract (TEE) and subfractions [petroleum ether (PEF), chloroform (CHF), ethyl acetate (EAF) and n-butanol (BUF] were prepared from air-dried powdered aerial roots of F. benghalensis. Detailed in-vivo investigation of the hormonal activity and action mechanism of the total ethanol extract and subfractions was carried out through evaluation of estrogenic and gonadotropic activities. The estrogenic activity was evaluated on ovariectomized immature female rats through estimating uterine weight, vaginal cornification and serum estradiol level along with histological examination of uteri. The gonadotropic activity was measured by assay of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) like activities. Total follicular and corpora lutea counts in immature female rats were used to determine FSH and LH like activities, respectively in addition to histological picture of the genitalia. Comprehensive non-targeted metabolite profiling was carried out for the TEE and subfractions using UPLC-HRMS in negative and positive ionization modes. UPLC-MS fingerprint was subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares analyses to correlate the bioactivities to specific chemical constituents in F. benghalensis different subfractions. GC-MS was further used for non-polar silylated fractions. RESULTS: Results revealed that only the non-polar PEF and CHF displayed moderate estrogenic and FSH-like activities but with no LH-like activity. Metabolites profiling via (UPLC-HRMS) and multivariate PCA analysis enabled identification and comparison of various chemical classes in F. benghalensis extract and fractions. The active non-polar fractions revealed nearly similar metabolites profile being composed of isoflavonoids, triterpenes, sterols, fatty acids and cyclic peptides. In contrast, polar fractions were more abundant in apocarotenoids, fatty acyl amides, hydroxybenzoates and hydroxycinnamates in addition to two lignans. PLS analysis revealed strong correlation between hydroxylated fatty acids and pyranoisoflavones with estrogenic and FSH-like activities. GC-MS analysis was further employed for non-polar fractions profiling revealing for their enrichment in fatty acids/esters, terpenes, organic acids and phenolics. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to rationalize the use of F. benghalensis aerial root traditionally in treatment of gynecological disorders, revealing that the petroleum ether and chloroform non-polar subfractions of F. benghalensis showed estrogenic and FSH-like activity with absence of LH-like activity. This biological activity could possibly be attributed to its metabolites profile of isoflavonoids, fatty acids, triterpenes, sterols and cyclic peptides identified via UPLC-MS and GC-MS techniques. Consequently, F. benghalensis aerial roots should be used with caution in traditional treatment of female infertility or other reproductive disorders.

Sex influences how attendings evaluate surgical residents in the operating room.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of sex on facultys' perception of resident autonomy and performance. METHODS: Autonomy/performance/complexity evaluations performed by faculty of categorical general surgery residents (2015-2021) were analyzed. Comparisons of scores by faculty and resident sex were performed. RESULTS: A total of 10967 paper/electronic evaluations were collected. Female attendings rated female residents significantly lower in autonomy when compared to males (2.75 vs 2.91, p â€‹= â€‹0.0037). There was no significant difference in autonomy ratings for male versus female residents when evaluated by a male attending (2.93 vs 2.96, p â€‹= â€‹0.054) but male attendings did rate female residents significantly lower in autonomy at the highest complexities (2.37 vs 2.50, p â€‹= â€‹0.012). CONCLUSION: The data suggests a unique interaction between attending and resident sex. A periodic evaluation of evaluations within one's program may provide invaluable implicit bias insight and should be considered.

Tibial Nerve Repair in a Dog Model: Effect of Local and Systemic Administration of Erythropoietin.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of erythropoietin (EPO) as a novel treatment for peripheral nerve injury after surgical repair of an induced tibial nerve injury in dogs. METHODS: Mongrel dogs (n = 27) were randomly divided into three equal groups. A complete tibial nerve injury was induced and repaired directly by stay sutures and the local application of 1 mL fibrin glue (control group). In the "systemic" group, 20,000 IU of EPO were given subcutaneously immediately after surgery and on the first and second days after surgery. In the "local" group, EPO was mixed with fibrin glue at 1,000 IU/mL. Lameness score, compound muscle action potential of the tibial nerve, and serum biochemical and histopathological examinations were performed to evaluate the treated dogs over the study period (12 weeks). RESULTS: EPO significantly improved the lameness score and compound muscle action potential in both the systemic and local groups. After 12 weeks, systemic and local groups showed earlier improvement in lameness, reaching scores of -1 and 0, respectively, in comparison with the control group, which did not reach a score of -1. The histological study revealed a normal architecture of the nerve bundles within connective tissue. The axons were aligned in a regular pattern, whereas the control group had disrupted and degenerated nerve axons with large gaps in between. CONCLUSIONS: EPO has an accelerating healing effect after tibial nerve surgical repair. Local EPO mimics systemic EPO treatment without systemic adverse effects. These findings indicated that EPO has a potential role in tibial nerve recovery and nerve regeneration. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The findings of the present experimental study supported the beneficial effects of systemic and local EPO when combined with peripheral nerve surgical repair, potentially improving functional outcomes and enhancing faster recovery.

The analgesic effect of transmuscular quadratus lumborum block versus erector spinae plane block for women undergoing elective Caesarean section: A randomized controlled trial.

Background: We aimed to compare the analgesic effect and quality of recovery of transmuscular quadratus lumborum block (QLB) and erector spinae plane block (ESPB) in the presence of multimodal analgesia following Caesarean section. Methods: This randomised controlled trial included full-term pregnant women who underwent elective Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia without intrathecal morphine. The included women were randomised to receive either bilateral QLB (n = 51) or bilateral thoracic ESPB (n = 51), in addition to the control group (n = 51) who did not receive any block. All participants received regular paracetamol (1 g/6h) and diclofenac (50 mg/8 h). Intravenous morphine was used as a rescue analgesic. The primary outcome was time to first morphine requirement. Secondary outcomes included total postoperative morphine consumption and total Obstetric Quality of Recovery-11 (ObsQoR-11) score. Results: We analysed 51, 50 and 48 patients in the QLB, ESPB and control groups, respectively. The time to first morphine requirement in both QLB and ESPB groups was longer than that in the control group (median [quartiles] time: 6 [6,12] h, 6 [6,6] h and 4 [3,4] h, respectively; p-value <0.001), without significant differences between the two former groups. The total morphine consumption in both QLB and ESPB groups was lower than that in the control group (median [quartiles]:0 [0,5] mg, 0 [0,5] mg and 25 [25,30] mg, respectively; p-value <0.001), without significant differences between the two former groups. The QLB and ESPB groups had comparable ObsQoR-11 score, and both groups' scores were higher than the control group. Conclusion: In patients undergoing elective Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia without intrathecal morphine, both QLB and ESPB provided superior analgesia and quality of recovery compared to the standard care, without significant difference between the two blocks.

Reproductive Parameters and Host Specificity of Eurytoma erythrinae (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), a Biological Control Agent of the Erythrina Gall Wasp, Quadrastichus erythrinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).

Eurytoma erythrinae Gates & Delvare (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) is an important biological control agent of the erythrina gall wasp (EGW), Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), an invasive species likely originating in eastern Africa that is a threat to Erythrina trees in Hawaii and worldwide. Thousands of Erythrina trees in Hawaii have succumbed to EGW since 2005 and died within a few years of infestation. The endemic wiliwili tree, Erythrina sandwicensis, an important component of Hawaii's dry forests and one of few deciduous native trees, were severely impacted by this wasp. Early during the invasion by EGW it became evident that the endemic species may be driven to extinction, and exploration programs for natural enemies of the EGW started in December 2005. East Africa was selected as the starting point for natural enemy exploration owing to high native Erythina species richness. Several gall formers were found in Tanzania and a putative color variant type of Q. erythrinae was detected in association with three ectoparasitoids. During January 2006, the dominant parasitoid of this gall former was introduced to Hawaii and described as the new species, E. erythrinae. It was found in Ghana and South Africa attacking other gall wasp species on Erythrina. Eurytoma erythrinae was a voracious ectoparasitoid feeding as a predator on 1-5 adjacent EGW immatures to complete its development. Host specificity studies that included seven nontarget gall-forming species showed no evidence of attraction or parasitism by this parasitoid. Mean ± SEM longevity of host-deprived females (40.4 ± 2.2 days) was significantly higher than males (20.5 ± 1.1 days). Host feeding enhanced longevity of ovipositing females (51.3 ± 1.5 days). Female E. erythrinae is synovigenic, with high egg-maturation rate. Peak fecundity (105-239 offspring/female), host feeding biology, short life cycle (18.4 ± 0.1 days), and synchronization with the host were additional desirable attributes of this species. The parasitoid was approved for field release in Hawaii in November 2008. A total of 3998 wasps were distributed on six Hawaiian Islands, with establishment in less than a year. Impacts on high density infestations of EGW were sufficient to prevent tree deaths. Limited rates of parasitism on low-density galled leaves, flowers, and seedpods necessitated the consideration for releasing a second parasitoid, Aprostocetus nitens Prinsloo & Kelly (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). We report on the reproductive characteristics and host specificity of E. erythinae that could be of importance for classical biocontrol programs in areas with an EGW problem.

A multicentric and nationwide predictive study role of T cell sub-population in the prevalence and prognosis of cryoglobulinemia among genotype 4 chronic hepatitis C patients.

The infection caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a significant global health concern. The prevailing genotype of HCV in Egypt is 4a, commonly referred to as GT-4a. A significant proportion exceeding 50% of patients infected with HCV experience extrahepatic manifestations (EHMs), encompassing a diverse range of clinical presentations. These manifestations, including essential mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC), can serve as initial and solitary indicators of the disease. The complete understanding of the pathogenesis of EHM remains unclear, with autoimmune phenomena being recognized as the primary causative factor. In this study, we examined the predictive significance of T-cell subpopulations in relation to the occurrence and prognosis of cryoglobulinemia in HCV patients. A total of 450 CHC genotype four treatment naïve patients were enrolled in this analytic cross-sectional study after thorough clinical, laboratory, and radiological examinations. All patients underwent laboratory investigations, including testing for cryoglobulin antibodies and measurements of CD4 and CD8 levels; two groups were described according to their test results: Group 1 consists of patients who have tested positive for cryoglobulin antibodies and Group 2 consists of patients who have tested negative for cryoglobulin antibodies. The exclusion criteria encompassed individuals with HIV infection or chronic HBV infection. Additionally, pelvi-abdominal ultrasonography was performed. Our study included 450 treatment naïve CHC patients (59% male, mean age 50.8 years). The patients were categorized according to their cryoglobulin antibodys test results into two groups: group A, CHC patients with cryoglobulin antibodies (Abs) negative (364 patients), and group B, CHC patients with cryoglobulin Ab positive (86 patients). Group B demonstrated a higher average age, elevated international normalized ratio, more prolonged duration of HCV infection, lower albumin, higher alanine aminotransferase, higher aspartate aminotransferase, higher bilirubin, lower CD8, lower CD4, and lower CD4:CD8 ratio. In contrast, 27 out of 86 (31.40%) patients in group B had symptoms; 85.8% had purpura and arthralgia, 74.3% had paresthesias, 86.7% had weakness, and 12.2% had non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The levels of CD4 and CD8 were found to be decreased in chronic HCV patients with MC. T-cell subpopulation serves as a reliable indicator for assessing the prevalence and prognosis of MC in individuals with genotype 4 chronic hepatitis C. However, additional research is needed to further understand the development and spread of various emerging infectious diseases. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that a critical threshold may exist beyond which EHM reaches a point of no return.

Breast cancer and pregnancy: From an obstetrician's perspective / Cáncer de mama y embarazo: desde la perspectiva de un obstetra

The most frequent malignant tumour affecting women throughout their reproductive years is breast cancer, which is also the most often identified cancer worldwide.The purpose of this literature review is to examine current treatments for this condition, assess how they affect pregnancy outcomes, and assess how pregnancy affects the course and prognosis of the condition itself via this narrative review. (AU)

La neoplasia que afecta con mayor frecuencia a las mujeres a lo largo de su vida reproductiva es el cáncer de mama, siendo también el tipo de cáncer más identificado a nivel mundial. El objetivo de esta revisión de la literatura es examinar los tratamientos actuales para esta situación, evaluar cómo afecta a los resultados del embarazo, así como el modo en que afecta al curso y pronóstico de la enfermedad en sí, a través de esta revisión de la narrativa. (AU)

Design, spectral, molecular modeling, antimitotic, analytical and mechanism studies of phenyl isothiocyanate Girard's T derived metal complexes.

The ligand N-{[(phenyl amino) thioxomethyl] hydrazino carbonyl methyl} trimethyl ammonium chloride (PTHAC) was prepared by the refluxing phenyl isothiocyanate and Girard-T (trimethyl ammonium-acethydrazide) in a molar ratio (1:1). The metal complexes derived from NiCl2.6H2O, CuCl2.2H2O and Co(CH3COO)2.6H2O were synthesized and purified. The PTHAC and its Cu(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) metal complexes(1-3) were characterized using a variety of various instrumental performances such as elemental analysis, magnetic moment, spectra (IR, UV-Vis, 1H NMR, mass) and thermal analysis (TGA and DTG).The results of element analysis, magnetic moment, spectra (IR, UV-Vis, 1H NMR, mass), and thermal (TGA and DTA) analyses provide the structures of the produced ligand and its (1-3) complexes. According to the spectroscopic results, PTHAC acts as an O, N and S tridentate donor, creating a mononuclear complex with copper(II), cobalt(II), and nickel(II) ions with an octahedral geometry. All of the atomic properties, including bond lengths, bond angles, HOMO, LUMO, dipole moments, and charges, have been determined. The cytotoxic activities of the PTHAC and the produced (1-3) complexes against breast carcinoma cells have been studied and correlated to the molecular modeling. When compared to the free ligand, CoII-L, and NiII-L, the CuII-L complex inhibits breast cancer cell growth more effectively. Furthermore, the PTHAC ligand was successfully applied for separation via flotation and spectrophotometric determination of Co(II) in several natural water, certified ore and pharmaceutical samples using oleic acid surfactant (HOL). At pH 6.5, PTHAC reacted with Co(II) to create a dark green (1:1) Co(II):PTHAC complex that was floated significantly using oleic acid (HOL) surfactant. The different experimental variable affecting the separation procedure e.g. pH, concentration of Co(II), HOL, PTHAC, temperature etc.…, were investigated. Co(II) had a linear range of (0.1-7.0) mgL-1. In the aqueous and scum layers, the molar absorptivities for the coloured complex are 0.14 × 104 and 0.16 × 105Lmol-1 cm-1, respectively. The LOD was 0.04 mgL-1, which is related to Sandell sensitivity of 3.7 × 10-3 µg cm-2 with a preconcentration factor of 200 and a RSD, % (n = 5) less than 4.2%. In addition, the mechanisms involved in the process of coordination of PTHAC with Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) and the mechanism involved in the process of flotation of the PTHAC-Co(II) complex using HOL surfactant were elucidated.

Morphological changes in intraepithelial and stromal telocytes in Cyprinus carpio in response to salinity stress.

Telocytes establish connections and communicate with various types of cells and structures. Few experimental studies have been performed on telocytes. In this study, we investigated the effect of salinity stress on telocytes in relation to osmoregulatory, immune, and stem cells. After exposing the common carp to 0.2 (control), 6, 10, or 14 ppt salinity, we extracted and fixed gill samples in glutaraldehyde, processed and embedded the samples in resin, and prepared semi-thin and ultrathin sections. Two types of telocytes were identified: intraepithelial and stromal telocytes. Intraepithelial telocytes were found to form part of the cellular lining of the lymphatic space and shed secretory vesicles into this space. Stromal telocytes were observed to shed their secretory vesicles into the secondary circulatory vessels. Both intraepithelial and stromal telocytes were enlarged and exhibited increased secretory activities as salinity increased. They exerted their effects via direct contact and paracrine signaling. The following changes were observed in samples from fish exposed to high salinity levels: chloride cells underwent hypertrophy, and their mitochondria became cigar-shaped; pavement cells were enlarged, and their micro-ridges became thin and elongated; stromal telocytes established contact with stem cells and skeletal myoblasts; skeletal muscle cells underwent hypertrophy; and macrophages and rodlet cells increased in number. In conclusion, our findings indicate that intraepithelial and stromal telocytes respond to salinity stress by activating cellular signaling and that they play major roles in osmoregulation, immunity, and regeneration.

A Survey in Hawaii for Parasitoids of Citrus Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), for Introduction into Greece.

Whitefly species of Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) and A. woglumi Ashby (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are serious pests of citrus and other important fruit crops. The problem of citrus has initiated the successful introduction of several natural enemies for biocontrol programs in Hawaii and many other countries. Here, we summarized the history of infestation and biocontrol efforts of the two whiteflies in Hawaii for possible parasitoid importation into Greece. Two Platygasteridae (Amitus hesperidum Silvestri, A. spiniferus (Brethes), and three Aphelinidae (Encarsia clypealis (Silvestri), E. smithi (Silvestri), E. perplexa Huang, and Polaszek) were released in Hawaii for biocontrol of the citrus whiteflies during the period 1974-1999. The aphelinid Cales noacki Howard, purposely released for Aleurothrixus flococcus (Maskell) in 1982, was also reported to attack other whiteflies, including Aleurocanthus species, on citrus. An additional aphelinid parasitoid, Encarsia nipponica Silvestri, native to Japan and China, was accidentally introduced and found to attack both citrus whiteflies on the islands. Since the colonization of introduced parasitoids in infested fields on four Hawaiian Islands, no survey has been conducted to evaluate their potential impact. We conducted two short surveys during September-November 2022 on the islands of Kauai, Hawaii, and Oahu to introduce the dominant parasitoids to Greece for the biocontrol of A. spiniferus. Results showed that the infestation level was very low on Kauai, Hawaii, and Oahu Islands, with a mean infestation level range of 1.4-3.1 on Hawaii and Oahu Islands, mostly on pummelo and sweet orange, with no detection on the island of Kauai. The dominant parasitoid was characterized as Encarsia perplexa, using molecular analysis. Its parasitism rates ranged from 0 to 28% on the island of Hawaii and 11 to 65% on the island of Oahu. Emerged parasitoids have been reared in Greece for evaluation. This was the first field survey of Hawaii since the introduction and release of citrus whitefly natural enemies.

Prospects for Biological Control of Macadamia Felted Coccid in Hawaii with Metaphycus macadamiae Polaszek & Noyes, a New Encyrtid Wasp Native to New South Wales, Australia.

Macadamia felted coccid (MFC), Acanthococcus ironsidei (Williams) (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae), was first discovered in 2005 on the Island of Hawaii. Host plants are restricted to Macadamia species, with Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche (Proteaceae) being grown in Hawaii for nut production. Approximately 6839 hectares macadamia nuts are harvested in Hawaii with an estimated farm value of USD 48.8 million (2019-2020 records). Exploration in Australia started in November 2013 for the evaluation of potential parasitoids being host specific for introduction into Hawaii. A dominant solitary endoparasitoid of MFC from New South Wales was discovered and described as Metaphycus macadamiae Polaszek & Noyes sp. n (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae: Encyrtinae). Biology and host specificity testing were conducted at the Hawaii Department of Agriculture, Insect Containment Facility, on nine hemipteran and three lepidopteran eggs. Results indicated that M. macadamiae is host specific to MFC. There has been no evidence of parasitism or host feeding on any of the non-target insect hosts that were tested. Parasitoid emergence from the control (MFC) averaged 30.2% compared to 0% on non-target hosts. A low rate of parasitoid emergence in the laboratory (average 30.2%) and an increased rate of MFC nymphal mortality was due to adult feeding. Field parasitism reached up to 32.7% emergence in Alstonville, New South Wales, Australia. We report on the parasitoid performance in native Australia, rearing biology, host specificity testing, and the extant natural enemies associated with MFC in Hawaii. A petition to release this parasitoid for the biocontrol of MFC in Hawaii is pending. Once permitted for release, the colony will be shared with South African Mac Nut Association for their biocontrol program of this invasive pest. They will conduct their own testing before approval for release.

Therapeutic activity of green synthesized selenium nanoparticles from turmeric against cisplatin-induced oxido-inflammatory stress and cell death in mice kidney.

Cisplatin (CDDP) is a commonly prescribed chemotherapeutic agent; however, its associated nephrotoxicity limits its clinical efficacy and sometimes requires discontinuation of its use. The existing study was designed to explore the reno-therapeutic efficacy of turmeric (Tur) alone or conjugated with selenium nanoparticles (Tur-SeNPs) against CDDP-mediated renal impairment in mice and the mechanisms underlying this effect. Mice were orally treated with Tur extract (200 mg/kg) or Tur-SeNPs (0.5 mg/kg) for 7 days after administration of a single dose of CDDP (5 mg/kg, i.p.). N-acetyl cysteine NAC (100 mg/kg) was used as a standard antioxidant compound. The results revealed that Tur-SeNPs counteracted CDDP-mediated serious renal effects in treated mice. Compared with the controls, Tur or Tur-SeNPs therapy remarkably decreased the kidney index along with the serum levels of urea, creatinine, Kim-1, and NGAL of the CDDP-injected mice. Furthermore, Tur-SeNPs ameliorated the renal oxidant status of CDDP group demonstrated by decreased MDA and NO levels along with elevated levels of SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GSH, and gene expression levels of HO-1. Noteworthy, lessening of renal inflammation was exerted by Tur-SeNPs via lessening of IL-6 and TNF-α besides down-regulation of NF-κB gene expression in mouse kidneys. Tur-SeNPs treatment also restored the renal histological features attained by CDDP challenge and hindered renal apoptosis through decreasing the Bax levels and increasing Bcl-2 levels. Altogether, these outcomes suggest that the administration of Tur conjugated with SeNPs is effective neoadjuvant chemotherapy to guard against the renal adverse effects that are associated with CDDP therapy.