Nutritional Challenges and Treatment After Bariatric Surgery.

Bariatric surgery is an important weight loss tool in individuals with severe obesity. It is currently the most effective long-term weight loss treatment that lowers obesity-related comorbidities. It also has significant physiological and nutritional consequences that can result in gastrointestinal complications and micronutrient deficiencies. After gastric bypass, common clinical events that negatively affect nutritional status include malabsorption, dumping syndrome, kidney stones, altered intestinal bile acid availability, bowel obstruction, ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux, and bacterial overgrowth. Risk factors for poor nutritional status and excessive loss of lean body mass and bone include reduced dietary quality and inadequate intake, altered nutrient absorption, and poor patient compliance with nutrient supplementation. There are unique concerns in adolescents, older individuals, and individuals who become pregnant postoperatively. With careful management, health-care professionals can assist with long-term weight loss success and minimize the risk of acute and long-term nutrition complications after bariatric surgery.

Hypothalamic Inflammation Improves Through Bariatric Surgery, and Hypothalamic Volume Predicts Short-Term Weight Loss Response in Adults With or Without Type 2 Diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Preclinical research implicates hypothalamic inflammation (HI) in obesity and type 2 diabetes pathophysiology. However, their pathophysiological relevance and potential reversibility need to be better defined. We sought to evaluate the effect of bariatric surgery (BS) on radiological biomarkers of HI and the association between the severity of such radiological alterations and post-BS weight loss (WL) trajectories. The utility of cerebrospinal fluid large extracellular vesicles (CSF-lEVs) enriched for microglial and astrocyte markers in studying HI was also explored. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We included 72 individuals with obesity (20 with and 52 without type 2 diabetes) and 24 control individuals. Participants underwent lumbar puncture and 3-T MRI at baseline and 1-year post-BS. We assessed hypothalamic mean diffusivity (MD) (higher values indicate lesser microstructural integrity) and the volume of the whole and main hypothalamic subregions. CSF-lEVs enriched for glial and astrocyte markers were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Compared with control group, the obesity and type 2 diabetes groups showed a larger volume and higher MD in the hypothalamic tubular inferior region, the area encompassing the arcuate nucleus. These radiological alterations were positively associated with baseline anthropometric and metabolic measures and improved post-BS. A larger baseline tubular inferior hypothalamic volume was independently related to lesser WL 1 and 2 years after BS. CSF-lEVs did not differ among groups and were unrelated to WL trajectories. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest HI improvement after BS and may support a role for HI in modulating the WL response to these interventions.

Nutricionistas en el tratamiento de la obesidad: David contra Goliat y el bisturí / The role of dietitians in the treatment of obesity: David against Goliath and the scalpel

Este artículo describe las diferentes áreas de intervención terapéutica y el rol del dietista-nutricionista en cada una de estas áreas. El incremento de la prevalencia de obesidad conlleva un incremento paralelo del número de pacientes en busca de tratamiento y representa una nueva y desafiante oportunidad de actuación para los dietistas. Las habilidades interpersonales del dietista-nutricionista juegan un papel importante en los resultados del tratamiento y merece revisión periódica y entrenamiento constante. La comprensión total de la patología y el entendimiento de cómo esta puede afectar a la vida de las personas aumentará las habilidades del dietista-nutricionista para demostrar empatía y, de esa manera, facilitar el manejo del paciente a corto y a largo plazo

A description is presented on the different areas of therapeutic intervention and the role of the dietitian in each of these. The increasing prevalence of obesity has led to a parallel increase in the number of patients seeking and receiving treatment, which represents a new and challenging opportunity for dietitians to develop innovative programs. Interpersonal skills of dietitians play an important role in the treatment outcomes, and deserve periodic review and training. A full understanding of the pathology and how this can affect people's lives, increase dietitian skills to empathize, and thereby, facilitate patient management in the short and long term to ensure a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach