Lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factors in the ethnic and non-ethnic population > 15 years of age: results from the National Chilean Health Survey 2016-2017 / Estilo de vida y factores de riesgo cardiometabólico en la población étnica y no étnica > 15 años: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Chile 2016-2017

Background: lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factors information is scarce regarding youth and adults of Latin-American ethnics. Objective: the primary aim was to describe the lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factors for arterial hypertension (HTN) and diabetes in ethnic Latin-American groups (Mapuche and Aymara) and other non-ethnics > 15 years of age in the Chilean population. A secondary aim was to determine the association between physical activity ‘intensity’ with HTN and diabetes markers. Material and methods: a representative sample from the National Chilean Health Survey 2016-2017, included Mapuche (EG-Map; women n = 166, men n = 300; total n = 466), Aymara (EG-Aym; women n = 96, men n = 55; total n = 151), and a non-ethnic population group (No-EG; women n = 2057, men n = 3445; total n = 5502). The main outcomes were; systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting plasma glucose (GL), and secondary outcomes were other anthropometric, lipid profile, and lifestyle parameters. Results: GL was significantly associated with nutrition (0.9 %, p < 0.0001), tobacco and alcohol habits (0.6 %, p < 0.0001). SBP was significantly associated with nutrition (whole-grains 0.04, p = 0.001; water consumption 0.07, p < 0.0001), sleep hygiene (week 0.04, p = 0.030; on weekends -0.04, p = 0.026), and alcohol consumption (-0.06, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: in conclusion, lifestyle differences among Mapuche and Aymara ethnic groups in comparison with non-ethnic Chilean peers > 15 years are significantly associated with blood pressure and glycemia. (AU)

Antecedentes: la información sobre estilos de vida y factores de riesgo cardiometabólico es escasa en jóvenes y adultos de etnia latinoamericana. Objetivo: el objetivo principal fue describir el estilo de vida y los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico para la hipertensión arterial (HTA) y la diabetes en grupos étnicos latinoamericanos (Mapuche y Aymara) y otros no étnicos > 15 años de la población chilena. Un objetivo secundario fue determinar la asociación de la “intensidad” de la actividad física con la HTA y los marcadores de diabetes. Material y métodos: muestra representativa de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Chile 2016-2017, compuesta por mapuches (EG-Map; mujeres n = 166, hombres n = 300; total n = 466), aymaras (EG-Aym; mujeres n = 96, hombres n = 55; total n = 151) y un grupo poblacional no étnico (No-GE; mujeres n = 2057, hombres n = 3445; total n = 5502). Las principales evaluaciones fueron la presión arterial sistólica (PAS), la presión arterial diastólica (PAD) y la glucosa plasmática en ayunas (GL), y los resultados secundarios fueron otros parámetros antropométricos, del perfil lipídico y del estilo de vida. Resultados: la GL se asoció significativamente a los hábitos nutricionales (0,9 %, p < 0,0001) y los hábitos de tabaco y alcohol (0,6 %, p < 0,0001). La PAS se asoció significativamente con la nutrición (cereales integrales 0,04, p = 0,001; consumo de agua 0,07, p < 0,0001), higiene del sueño (semana 0,04, p = 0,030; fines de semana -0,04, p = 0,026) y consumo de alcohol (- 0,06, p < 0,0001). Conclusión: en conclusión, las diferencias de estilo de vida entre las etnias mapuche y aymara en comparación con sus pares chilenos no étnicos mayores de 15 años se asocian significativamente con la presión arterial y la glucemia. (AU)

Lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factors in the ethnic and non-ethnic population > 15 years of age: results from the National Chilean Health Survey 2016-2017.

Introduction: Background: lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factors information is scarce regarding youth and adults of Latin-American ethnics. Objective: the primary aim was to describe the lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factors for arterial hypertension (HTN) and diabetes in ethnic Latin-American groups (Mapuche and Aymara) and other non-ethnics > 15 years of age in the Chilean population. A secondary aim was to determine the association between physical activity 'intensity' with HTN and diabetes markers. Material and methods: a representative sample from the National Chilean Health Survey 2016-2017, included Mapuche (EG-Map; women n = 166, men n = 300; total n = 466), Aymara (EG-Aym; women n = 96, men n = 55; total n = 151), and a non-ethnic population group (No-EG; women n = 2057, men n = 3445; total n = 5502). The main outcomes were; systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting plasma glucose (GL), and secondary outcomes were other anthropometric, lipid profile, and lifestyle parameters. Results: GL was significantly associated with nutrition (0.9 %, p < 0.0001), tobacco and alcohol habits (0.6 %, p < 0.0001). SBP was significantly associated with nutrition (whole-grains 0.04, p = 0.001; water consumption 0.07, p < 0.0001), sleep hygiene (week 0.04, p = 0.030; on weekends -0.04, p = 0.026), and alcohol consumption (-0.06, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: in conclusion, lifestyle differences among Mapuche and Aymara ethnic groups in comparison with non-ethnic Chilean peers > 15 years are significantly associated with blood pressure and glycemia.

Introducción: Antecedentes: la información sobre estilos de vida y factores de riesgo cardiometabólico es escasa en jóvenes y adultos de etnia latinoamericana. Objetivo: el objetivo principal fue describir el estilo de vida y los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico para la hipertensión arterial (HTA) y la diabetes en grupos étnicos latinoamericanos (Mapuche y Aymara) y otros no étnicos > 15 años de la población chilena. Un objetivo secundario fue determinar la asociación de la "intensidad" de la actividad física con la HTA y los marcadores de diabetes. Material y métodos: muestra representativa de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Chile 2016-2017, compuesta por mapuches (EG-Map; mujeres n = 166, hombres n = 300; total n = 466), aymaras (EG-Aym; mujeres n = 96, hombres n = 55; total n = 151) y un grupo poblacional no étnico (No-GE; mujeres n = 2057, hombres n = 3445; total n = 5502). Las principales evaluaciones fueron la presión arterial sistólica (PAS), la presión arterial diastólica (PAD) y la glucosa plasmática en ayunas (GL), y los resultados secundarios fueron otros parámetros antropométricos, del perfil lipídico y del estilo de vida. Resultados: la GL se asoció significativamente a los hábitos nutricionales (0,9 %, p < 0,0001) y los hábitos de tabaco y alcohol (0,6 %, p < 0,0001). La PAS se asoció significativamente con la nutrición (cereales integrales 0,04, p = 0,001; consumo de agua 0,07, p < 0,0001), higiene del sueño (semana 0,04, p = 0,030; fines de semana -0,04, p = 0,026) y consumo de alcohol (- 0,06, p < 0,0001). Conclusión: en conclusión, las diferencias de estilo de vida entre las etnias mapuche y aymara en comparación con sus pares chilenos no étnicos mayores de 15 años se asocian significativamente con la presión arterial y la glucemia.

Autonomic function and its relationship with central obesity and hemodynamic variables in obese and overweight adults.

Introduction: Introduction: central obesity is associated with an autonomic dysfunction characterized by an increase in sympathetic activity and a reduction in vagal tone, leading to a decrease in heart rate variability. Objective: we aimed to analyze the relationship between the time and frequency domains of heart rate variability with central obesity, and its hemodynamic variables in normal-weight, overweight and obese adults. Methods: a total of 65 adults were evaluated (25.4 ± 3.2 years old) and distributed in 3 groups: normal weight group (NW group), overweight group (OW group) and obese group (OB group). Heart rate variability parameters at rest and both anthropometric and hemodynamic variables were recorded. Results: the results showed a positive correlation between waist circunference and LF/HF ratio in the OW (p = 0.0008; r = 0.6607; r2 = 0.4365) and OB (p = 0.0001; r = 0.8286; r2 = 0.6866) groups. The waist-to-height ratio showed significant differences with HF in the NW, OW, and OB groups. The variables related to the parasympathetic system (SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50, HF) in the OB and OW groups showed a decrease in values when compared to the NW group. Likewise, the variable related to the sympathetic system (LF) in the OB and OW groups increased its values when compared with the NW group. The LF/HF ratio increased from the NW group to the OW and OB groups (1.6 ± 0.7; 2.5 ± 1.8 and 3.3 ± 0.7). Conclusion: overweight and obese adults present a modulation of sympathetic activity predominance at rest. This increased activity is represented by the time and frequency domains of heart rate variability, having an important correlation with waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio.

Introducción: Introducción: la obesidad central se asocia con una disfunción autonómica caracterizada por una mayor actividad simpática y reducción del tono vagal, conduciendo a una disminución de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (VFC). Objetivo: analizar la relación entre los dominios de tiempo y frecuencia de la VFC con la obesidad central y sus variables hemodinámicas en adultos con peso normal, sobrepeso y obesidad. Metodología: participaron 65 adultos (25,4 ± 3,2 años) distribuidos en 3 grupos: peso normal (grupo NW), sobrepeso (grupo OW) y obesidad (grupo OB). Se registraron los parámetros de la VFC y las variables antropométricas y hemodinámicas. Resultados: se observó una correlación positiva entre la circunferencia de la cintura y la relación LF/HF en el grupo OW (p = 0,0008; r = 0,6607; r2 = 0,4365) y OB (p = 0,0001; r = 0,8286; r2 = 0,6866). La relacion cintura/altura mostró una diferencia significativa con la HF en los grupos NW, OW y OB. La actividad parasimpática (SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50, HF) de los grupos OB y OW evidenció una disminución de los valores en comparación con el grupo NW. La actividad simpática (LF) en el grupo OB y OW presentó mayores valores que en el grupo NW. La relación LF/HF aumentó del grupo NW hacia el OW y el OB (1,6 ± 0,7; 2,5 ± 1,8 y 3,3 ± 0,7). Conclusiones: el sobrepeso y la obesidad presentan una predominancia de la actividad simpática en reposo. Este aumento de la actividad está representado en el dominio de tiempo y frecuencia de la VFC y, además, presenta una correlación importante con la circunferencia de la cintura y la relación cintura/altura.

[Effects of physical exercise on aerobic fitness and cognition in older women with type 2 diabetes mellitus]. / Efectos de un programa de entrenamiento de marcha sobre las capacidad aeróbica y la función cognitiva en mujeres diabéticas de edad avanzada.

BACKGROUND: Among older people, physical exercise improves cognitive function, aerobic fitness, and thus functional independence. AIM: To determine the effects of a walking training program on aerobic fitness and cognitive function in older women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An experimental study was carried out in 76 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged between 64 and 78 years. Thirty-eight women in the exercise group (EG) participated in a controlled walking program 3 times a week for 48 sessions (60min /day) and 38 women in the control group (CG) were not trained. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and cognitive function using the Minimental test were evaluated at baseline and the end of the intervention. RESULTS: The Minimental test improved significantly in the exercise group and did not change in the control group. Estimated VO-2max improved in women aged between 69 and 78 years. The distance walked in 6 minutes increased in all women of the experimental group. No changes in these parameters were observed in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: A structured walking program improved cognitive function, estimated aerobic capacity, and walking distance in these diabetic women.

Effects of Two Physical Training Programs on the Cognitive Status of a Group of Older Adults in Chile.

INTRODUCTION: The effect of two physical training methods on older adults should be investigated in greater depth and its results shared with the community. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of two types of physical training on the functional features associated with the cognitive state and the effect on a physiological mediator of growth hormone (IGF-1) in older women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Quasi-experimental study that included 12 weeks of training in two groups divided into resistance and aerobic training. The study included a population of 113 women aged 69.39 ± 6.48 years from Talcahuano, Chile. All participants were randomly assigned to either group. The MINIMENTAL test was used to examine the executive functions of cognitive state and blood concentration of IGF-1, which was also used to examine neurotrophic factors. For the assessment of physical condition, an indirect test was used for the maximum mass displaced in one repetition (1RM) by the limbs and the TM6 test to estimate maximal oxygen consumption. RESULTS: Significant differences between the groups with respect to the total score obtained in the MINIMENTAL test (EG1 = 28.13 ± 2.26; EG2 = 28.57 ± 1.83 and CG = 23.47 ± 2.80; ANOVA; p = 0.000) were observed. A post hoc analysis revealed no significant differences when examining executive functions individually between groups (Bonferroni; p > 0.05). An increase in the neurotrophic factor IGF-1 was also recorded in the training groups (EG1 p = 0.014 and EG2 p = 0.005). The pre- and post-test showed large differences in magnitude in the resistance training group (ES = 0.9; 20.41% change). CONCLUSION: Both workouts produce an overall improvement in the functions associated with cognitive status and increase blood concentrations of IGF-1 in older adults.

Efectos de un programa de entrenamiento de marcha sobre las capacidad aeróbica y la función cognitiva en mujeres diabéticas de edad avanzada

Background: Among older people, physical exercise improves cognitive function, aerobic fitness, and thus functional independence. Aim: To determine the effects of a walking training program on aerobic fitness and cognitive function in older women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods: An experimental study was carried out in 76 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged between 64 and 78 years. Thirty-eight women in the exercise group (EG) participated in a controlled walking program 3 times a week for 48 sessions (60min /day) and 38 women in the control group (CG) were not trained. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and cognitive function using the Minimental test were evaluated at baseline and the end of the intervention. Results: The Minimental test improved significantly in the exercise group and did not change in the control group. Estimated VO-2max improved in women aged between 69 and 78 years. The distance walked in 6 minutes increased in all women of the experimental group. No changes in these parameters were observed in the control group. Conclusions: A structured walking program improved cognitive function, estimated aerobic capacity, and walking distance in these diabetic women.

Efecto del entrenamiento de fuerza prensil de intensidad ascendente sobre la presión arterial y la cinética de oxigenación muscular en personas mayores hipertensas tipo 1 / Effect of hand grip strength training of ascending intensity on blood pressure and muscle oxygenation kinetics in elderly people with hypertension type 1

Resumen Introducción: La hipertensión arterial presenta una alta prevalencia y es un factor de riesgo importante para el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, las cuales afectan mayormente a personas mayores (PM). Como estrategia terapéutica el entrenamiento isométrico de fuerza prensil (EIFP) ha demostrado resultados efectivos en la respuesta hipotensora. Sin embargo, el comportamiento fisiológico de la oxigenación muscular durante y posterior al entrenamiento sigue siendo inespecífica. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos de un protocolo de entrenamiento isométrico de fuerza prensil de intensidad ascendente comparado con un protocolo de entrenamiento isométrico de fuerza prensil al 30% de la contracción máxima voluntaria (CMV) sobre la presión arterial y la cinética de oxigenación muscular en personas mayores hipertensas tipo1. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuasi-experimental con grupo control en 50 personas mayores físicamente activas (hombres 20 y 30 mujeres) hipertensos tipo 1 farmacológicamente controlados, pertenecientes a la YMCA Santiago, edad promedio 69,6 (± 1,18) años. Muestreo intencional, no probabilístico y aleatorio, considerando criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se realizó un entrenamiento isométrico de intensidad ascendente (10%, 20%, 30% CMV) de fuerza prensil durante 4 semanas, en un grupo experimental (GE; n: 25), contrastado con un entrenamiento isométrico de fuerza prensil (30 % CMV) grupo control (GC; n: 25). Se valoraron las siguientes variables hemodinámicas y antropométricas: frecuencia cardiaca (FC), presión arterial (PA), oxigenación muscular (OM %), e índice de masa corporal (IMC), analizando los cambios previos y posterior al entrenamiento. Resultados: El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante la prueba de U de Mann-Whitney. En ambos grupos posterior a la intervención disminuyó de manera significativa la presión arterial sistólica (PAS) (GC: 123,6 ± 2,42 a 114,6 ± 2,36 p = 0,01* y GE: 128,1 ± 1,56 a 111,4 ± 2,31 p < 0,00* mmHg) y FC (70,84 ± 1,92 a 64,08 ± 1,87 p = 0,01* y 69,72 ± 2,01 a 64 ± 1,98 p = 0,04* lpm) respectivamente. El mayor cambio de oxigenación muscular (OM) se observa sólo en el GE (57,68 ± 1,34 a 64,56 ± 1,05 p = 0,00* OM%). Conclusión: El entrenamiento isométrico de fuerza prensil de intensidad ascendente es un método valioso y mejor tolerado en personas mayores para disminuir de manera aguda la PA y mejorar el porcentaje de oxigenación muscular posterior al ejercicio. En cuanto al uso de los sensores de espectroscopía del infrarrojo cercano (NIRS) Moxy, podrían desempeñar un papel importante en la mejora del conocimiento científico respecto del metabolismo oxidativo del músculo. No obstante se requieren evaluaciones futuras para determinar los límites basales de oxigenacion muscular.

Abstract Introduction: High blood pressure has a high prevalence and is an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, which mostly affect the elderly (PM). As a therapeutic strategy, the isometric hand grip strength training has demonstrated effective results in the hypotensive response. However, the physiological behavior of muscle oxygenation during and after exercise remains unspecified. Objective: Analyze the effects of an isometric training protocol for hand grip strength of ascending intensity compared to an isometric training protocol for hand grip strength at 30% of the maximum voluntary contraction on blood pressure and muscle oxygenation kinetics in hypertensive elderly people type1. Materials and methods: Quasi-experimental study with a control group in 50 physically active elderly people (men 20 and 30 women) pharmacologically controlled type 1 hypertensive, belonging to the YMCA Santiago, average age 69.6 (± 1.18). Intentional, non-probabilistic and random sampling, considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. An ascending intensity training (10%, 20%, 30% of the maximum voluntary contraction CMV) of hand grip strength was performed for 4 weeks, on an experimental group (GE; n: 25), contrasted with an isometric training (30% CMV) control group (GC; n: 25). The following hemodynamic and anthropometric variables were assessed: heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), muscle oxygenation (OM%), weight, height and body mass index (BMI), analyzing the changes before and after training. Results: Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. In both groups after the intervention, systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased significantly (GC: 123.6 ± 2.42 to 114.6 ± 2.36 p = 0.01 and GE: 128.1 ± 1, 56 to 111.4 ± 2.31 p <0.000 mmHg) and FC (70.84 ± 1.92 to 64.08 ± 1.87 p = 0.01 and 69.72 ± 2.01 to 64 ± 1.98 p = 0.04 bpm) respectively. The greatest change in muscle oxygenation (OM) is observed only in the GE (57.68 ± 1.34 to 64.56 ± 1.05 p = 0.00 OM%). Conclusion: Isometric training protocol for hand grip strength of ascending intensity is a valuable and better tolerated method in older people to decrease BP and improve the percentage of post-exercise muscle oxygenation. Regarding the use of Moxy near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) sensors, they could play an important role in improving scientific knowledge regarding oxidative muscle metabolism. However, future evaluations are required to determine baseline muscle oxygenation limits.

Effects of Progressive Resistance Training on Cognition and IGF-1 Levels in Elder Women Who Live in Areas with High Air Pollution.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a muscular strength programme on the levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and cognitive status in elder women with mild cognitive impairment who lived in areas of high air pollution. A total of 157 women participated in the study, distributed in four groups: Active/Clean (AC n = 38) and Active/Pollution (AP n = 37), who carried out a progressive resistance training programme for 24 months, and Sedentary/Clean (SC n = 40) and Sedentary/Pollution (SP n = 42). Maximum strength in the upper and lower limbs (1RM), cognition (Mini-Mental Scale Examination (MMSE)) and blood IGF-1 were evaluated. At the beginning of the intervention, there were no differences between the groups in the assessed variables. The active groups which carried out the resistance training programme (AC and AP), registered better results in IGF-1 than the sedentary groups. These differences were statistically significant in AC vs. SC (p < 0.01) and AP vs. SC (p < 0.05). Regarding MMSE, group AC registered the highest score increases (+8.2%) (significantly better than the other groups), while group SP worsened (-7%) significantly compared to the other three groups. In conclusion, resistance training had a positive effect on IGF-1, while sedentary behaviour and air pollution had a negative effect on cognitive status.

Ejercicio o prescripción dietética: efectos sobre la salud en mujeres inactivas con malnutrición por exceso / Effects of an exercise program or a dietary prescription in overweight or obese women

Background Physical activity and dietary prescription are the mainstay of overweight and obesity management. Aim To compare the effects of physical activity or dietary management in overweight or obese sedentary women. Material and Methods Thirty-four physically inactive adult women with overweight or obesity, were intentionally divided into three groups: controls (C), exercise (E) and dietary prescription (DP). Women in the E group were trained in a circuit for twelve weeks and a hypocaloric diet was prescribed to those in the DP group. Blood pressure, body composition and phase angle (FA) measured using bioimpedance and dynamometry, were measured at baseline and the end of the intervention. Results Women in the E group had a significant increase in muscle mass and intracellular water and significant decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels. No significant differences in dynamometry were observed between groups. The DP group had significant decreases in body weight, fat mass, body mass index, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Conclusions The DP group had a higher weight reduction than the E group. Dietary prescription should be complemented with a physical activity program in the management of overweight or obesity.

Adiposidad corporal, estilos de vida y nivel de actividad física en mujeres dueñas de casa y trabajadoras remuneradas chilenas / Adiposity, healthy lifestyle and physical activity levels in housewives and women with paid employment in Chile

RESUMEN En Chile existe escasa evidencia en relación a las características de los estilos de vida en mujeres dueñas de casa versus mujeres con trabajos renumerados. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar marcadores de adiposidad, hábitos de consumo asociados a estilos de vida y nivel de actividad física (AF) en mujeres dueñas de casa y trabajadoras remuneradas chilenas. Se compararon variables de adiposidad como el índice de masa corporal (IMC), peso corporal, perímetro de cintura (PC), estilos de vida y niveles de AF (transporte, moderada y vigorosa intensidad y tiempo sedente) de 2.232 participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010. Las dueñas de casa, en comparación con las trabajadoras renumeradas, presentaron un mayor IMC (27,9 vs. 20,0 kg/m2, <0,0001) y PC (98,3 vs. 95,6 cm, <0,0001). El tiempo destinado a la práctica de AF de trasporte (42,5 vs. 51,5 min/día, p= 0,009), moderada (94,2 vs. 128,4 min/día, <0,0001) y vigorosa (25,06 vs. 53,49 min/día, <0,0001) fue menor en dueñas de casa que en trabajadoras renumeradas. Por el contrario, las dueñas de casa destinaron menor tiempo al desarrollo de actividades sedentes (2,71 vs. 3,26 horas/día, <0,0001), además mostraron un menor consumo de alcohol (30,5 vs. 43,2 g/día, p= 0,021) en comparación a trabajadoras renumeradas.

ABSTRACT Lifestyle behaviours among women who take care of their home duties (housewives) and women who are currently working in paid employment is unknown in the Chilean population. The aim of this study was, therefore, to characterise adiposity, lifestyle behaviours and physical activity levels in housewives and women with paid employment in Chile. A total of 2,231 women from the National Health Survey 2009-2010 were included in this study. Adiposity markers (body weight, body mass index and waist circumference), lifestyle behaviors and physical activity were measured using self-reported questionnaires. The main findings of this study was that housewives had a higher body mass index (27,9 vs. 20,0 kg/m2, <0,0001) and waist circumference (98,3 vs. 95,6 cm, <0,0001) than women with paid-employment. Physical activity levels were lower (transport PA 42,5 vs. 51,5 min/day, p= 0,009, moderate PA 94,2 vs. 128,4 min/ day, <0,0001 and vigorous PA 25,06 vs. 53,49 min/day, <0,0001) and sedentary-related behaviours (2,71 vs. 3,26 hours/day, <0,0001) were higher in housewives compare to women with paid-employment. Dietary behaviors showed that housewives consume less alcohol (30,5 vs. 43,2 g/day, p= 0,021) than women with paid-employment.

Effects of Cardiorespiratory Exercise on Cognition in Older Women Exposed to Air Pollution.

The aim was to analyze the effects of cardiorespiratory exercise and air pollution on cognition and cardiovascular markers in four groups of older women: the active/clean air group (AC), the active/polluted air group (AP), the sedentary/clean air group (SC), and the sedentary/polluted air group (SP). Active groups performed a training task based on progressive walking. Prior to and after the experiment, the following parameters were assessed: cognition, by Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE); maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), estimated by the Six-Minute Walk Test (6mWT); heart rate (HR); and oxygen saturation (SpO2). There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the AC and the SP in all the MMSE dimensions except "Registration", and in all the physiological variables (VO2max, SpO2, HR). Aerobic exercise may be a protective factor against the effects that pollution have on cognition and on the mechanisms of oxygen transport.

Effects of exercise on the cognition of older women treated with lovastatin / Efectos del ejercicio físico sobre la cognición en mujeres mayores tratadas con lovastatina

Introduction: The deterioration of cognition is highly predominant in older adults. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a walking program on the cognition and blood concentration of lipids in women over 60 years of age who were being treated with lovastatin. Materials and methods: Participants were distributed in two groups: An exercise group (EG, n=45) with aerobic training and an inactive sedentary group (SG, n=22). The cognitive state of the subjects was assessed through the Spanish Mini-Cog Test version of the MMSE; lipoproteins were quantified using a lipid profile test, and the cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using the six-minute walking test (6MWT). Results: EG showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in cardiorespiratory fitness and in HDL-C concentrations. Furthermore, the results from the cognition tests showed a large effect size in spatial orientation and in and calculation. The decrease in LDL-C was not significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: A controlled and progressive walking program for older women treated with Lovastatin may induce a boost of brain activity linked to HDL-C, which could delay cognitive impairment.

Introducción. El deterioro cognitivo tiene una gran incidencia en el adulto mayor. Objetivo. El principal objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los efectos sobre la cognición y la concentración de lípidos de un programa de caminatas en mujeres mayores de 60 años tratadas con lovastatina. Materiales y métodos. Las participantes se distribuyeron en dos grupos: uno con ejercicio (EG, n=45) sometido a entrenamiento aeróbico y otro inactivo o sedentario (SG, n=22). El estado cognitivo se evaluó mediante la versión en español del Mini-Mental Test. Los niveles de lipoproteínas se midieron con una prueba de perfil lipídico y la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria se valoró con la prueba de caminata de 6 minutos (Six-Minute Walking Test, 6MWT). Resultados. El grupo con ejercicio mostró una mejora significativa (p<0,05) de la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y de las concentraciones de colesterol HDL. Además, en la prueba de cognición se observó un efecto de gran tamaño en la orientación espacial, en la atención y en el cálculo. La reducción del colesterol LDL no fue significativa. Conclusión. Un programa de entrenamiento progresivo y supervisado para mujeres mayores tratadas con lovastatina, podría mejorar la actividad cerebral relacionada con el colesterol HDL, lo cual podría retrasar el deterioro cognitivo.

[Effects of exercise on the cognition of older women treated with lovastatin]. / Efectos del ejercicio físico sobre la cognición en mujeres mayores tratadas con lovastatina

INTRODUCTION: The deterioration of cognition is highly predominant in older adults. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a walking program on the cognition and blood concentration of lipids in women over 60 years of age who were being treated with lovastatin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants were distributed in two groups: An exercise group (EG, n=45) with aerobic training and an inactive sedentary group (SG, n=22). The cognitive state of the subjects was assessed through the Spanish Mini-Cog Test version of the MMSE; lipoproteins were quantified using a lipid profile test, and the cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using the six-minute walking test (6MWT). RESULTS: EG showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in cardiorespiratory fitness and in HDL-C concentrations. Furthermore, the results from the cognition tests showed a large effect size in spatial orientation and in and calculation. The decrease in LDL-C was not significant (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: A controlled and progressive walking program for older women treated with Lovastatin may induce a boost of brain activity linked to HDL-C, which could delay cognitive impairment.

Introducción. El deterioro cognitivo tiene una gran incidencia en el adulto mayor. Objetivo. El principal objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los efectos sobre la cognición y la concentración de lípidos de un programa de caminatas en mujeres mayores de 60 años tratadas con lovastatina. Materiales y métodos. Las participantes se distribuyeron en dos grupos: uno con ejercicio (EG, n=45) sometido a entrenamiento aeróbico y otro inactivo o sedentario (SG, n=22). El estado cognitivo se evaluó mediante la versión en español del Mini-Mental Test. Los niveles de lipoproteínas se midieron con una prueba de perfil lipídico y la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria se valoró con la prueba de caminata de 6 minutos (Six-Minute Walking Test, 6MWT). Resultados. El grupo con ejercicio mostró una mejora significativa (p<0,05) de la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y de las concentraciones de colesterol HDL. Además, en la prueba de cognición se observó un efecto de gran tamaño en la orientación espacial, en la atención y en el cálculo. La reducción del colesterol LDL no fue significativa. Conclusión. Un programa de entrenamiento progresivo y supervisado para mujeres mayores tratadas con lovastatina, podría mejorar la actividad cerebral relacionada con el colesterol HDL, lo cual podría retrasar el deterioro cognitivo.

Características antropométricas, composición corporal y somatotipo de jugadores de tenis de mesa de alto nivel / Anthropometric characteristics, body composition and somatotype of high level table tennis players

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características antropométricas, la composición corporal y el somatotipo de una muestra internacional de jugadores de tenis de mesa de alto nivel clasificados entre los 150 mejores jugadores del mundo. En el estudio participaron un total de 31 jugadores (18 varones y 13 mujeres) de categoría absoluta. Todos los deportistas analizados en el estudio competían de manera regular en la Superdivisión, máxima categoría de la liga española y en pruebas internacionales de carácter oficial (ETTU e ITTF). La muestra fue distribuida en dos grupos atendiendo al sexo. Un total de 16 variables antropométricas fueron evaluadas. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la masa, talla, IMC (p<0,01), en cinco pliegues (p<0,05), en dos perímetros (p<0,01) y en todos los diámetros (p0,01). Asimismo se encontraron diferencias en el componente endomórfico y mesomórfico del somatotipo (p<0,02). El grupo masculino presentó una distribución del somatotipo mesomorfo balanceado (2,5-4,6-2,6) mientras que el grupo femenino fue endo-mesomórfico (4,0-3,4-2,9). Los resultados obtenidos sugieren un biotipo diferente a los datos de referencia, presentando los hombres menor endomorfia mientras que las mujeres alcanzan mayores niveles en su endomorfia y un descenso en la mesomorfia. Este estudio aporta datos biotipológicos actualizados de referencia para la población de elite de tenis de mesa.

The aim of this study was to analyze the anthropometric profile, body composition and somatotype of international top-level table tennis players belonging to the 150 best world players. A total of 31 players (18 males and 13 females) belonging to the absolute category were evaluated. All of them played regularly in the "Superdivision", the highest Spanish table tennis championship category as well as in other official international championships (ETTU e ITTF). Participants were divided into two groups according to their sex and a total of 16 anthropometric variables were assessed. Statistically significant differences were recorded in: body mass, height and BMI values (p<0.01); seven skinfolds (p<0.05), two girths (p<0.01) and in all breadths (p<0.01). Significant differences were also found between the somatotype mesomorph and endo-mesomorph profiles (p<0.02). A balanced mesomorph somatotype was found for males (2.5-4.6-2.6) while females recorded a mesomorph-endomorph somatotype (4.0-3.4-2.9). These results highlight a different biotype if compared with reference data with less endomorphy between males and an improvement of endomorphy and less mesomorphy between females. This study provides new biotypology data that represent a suitable reference for elite table tennis players.

Efectos de dos programas de entrenamiento sobre la aptitud física metabólica en adultos mayores / Effects of two metabolic physical competence training Programs in the elderly / Efeitos de dois programas de treinamento sobre a aptidão física metabolica em adultos maiores

Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue conocer los efectos de dos programas de entrenamiento sobre la fuerza muscular, la glicemia y la presión arterial en adultos mayores. Material y método: se estudiaron dos grupos, Grupo Experimental Uno (G1) (n=11) con entrenamiento de fuerza muscular contra resistencia y Grupo Experimental Dos (G2) (n=20) con entrenamiento aeróbico basado en caminatas. Se evaluó la presión arterial (PA), la glucemia y la Fuerza Máxima estimada indirectamente con en un test de máximas repeticiones en los siguientes ejercicios: Prensa Sentado (PS), Press de Banca (PB) y Extensiones de Rodilla (ER). Se midieron todas las variables al inicio y al final del programa de entrenamiento. Resultados: los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron un mayor aumento de la fuerza en el G1; en PB (p<0,001), ER (p<0,001) y PS (p<0,05), mientras que el G2 no se registraron diferencias. En el G1, la PA sistólica pos-programa, disminuyó significativamente (p<0,001), mientras que en el G2 no se produjeron cambios. La glicemia intrasesión disminuyó significativamente en ambos grupos. El programa de fuerza muscular indujo mayores aumentos en la fuerza muscular y disminuyó más la Presión Arterial Sistólica que el entrenamiento aeróbico.

Objective: the aim of the study was to know the effects of two training programs on muscular strength, glycemia and blood pressure in the elderly. Material and Method: two groups were studied, Experimental Group 1, (G1) (n 11) with training in muscle strength against resistance, and Experi mental Group Two (G2) (n=20) with aerobic training based on walking. Blood pressure (BP) was evaluated, and glycemia and estimated Maximum Strength were indirectly estimated with a maximum repetitions test in the following exercises: Leg Press (LP), Bench Press (BP), and Knee Extension (KE). Al variables at the beginning and the end of the training program were measured. Results: the results obtained showed a higher increase in the strength in G1; in BP (p<0,001), KE (p<0,001) y PL (p<0,05): while in G2 there were no changes. In G1 the post-program systolic BP decreased significantly (p<0,001) while in G2 there were no changes. Intra-session glycemia diminished considerably in both groups. The muscle strength program induced a greater increase in muscle strength and decreased the Systolic Blood Pressure more than the aerobic training.

Objetivo: o objetivo da pesquisa foi conhecer os efeitos de dois programas de treinamento sobre a força muscular, a glicemia e a pressão arterial em adultos mais velhos. Material e métodos: pesquisaram se dois grupos, Grupo Experimental. (G1) (n=11) com treinamento de força muscular contra resistência e grupo experimental Dois (G2) (n=20) com treinamento aeróbico baseado em caminhadas. Avaliou se a pressão arterial (PA), a glicemia e a Força Máxima estimada indiretamente com um teste de máximas repetições nos seguintes exercícios: Prensa Sentada (PS), Press de Banca (PB) e extensões de Joelho (ER). Mediram se todas as variáveis ao inicio e ao final do programa de treinamento. Resultados: Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram um maior aumento da força no G1; em PB (p<0,001), ER (p<0,001) y PS (p<0,05), enquanto que o G2 não registraram se diferencias. No G1, a PA sistólica post – programa diminuiu significativamente (p<0,001), quanto que no G2 não produziram se câmbios. A glicemia intrasesão diminuiu significativamente nos dois grupos. O programa de força muscular induziu maiores aumentos na força muscular e diminuiu mais a Pressão Arterial Sistólica que o treinamento aeróbico.

Análisis de la capacidad ergogénica del consumo de phlebodium decumanum en sujetos universitarios no entrenados / Evaluation of the ergogenic capacity of phlebodium decumanum in untrained universitary subjects

El objetivo de este estudio es demostrar si el aporte dietético de un preparado a base de Phlebodium Decumanum, tiene efectos ergogénicos sobre el rendimiento físico-deportivo. Para ello se sometió a 31 sujetos a un programa de acondicionamiento físico general. Se randonÍizó la muestra para obtener dos grupos, a uno de ellos se suplementó con el Phlebodium Decumanum (Grupo PD) (edad: 22.1+/- 1.81, peso 74.21+/-8.74 kg.), mientras que al otro se le administrÓ un placebo (Grupo P) (edad: 22.5+/-1.63, peso 78+/-12.5 kg.). Tras un mes de entrenamiento a razón de 3 sesiones semanales se controlaron variables de rendimiento físico y deportivo: Fuerza Máxima Dinámica, Interval- training, y test de tenis en cancha. Se recogieron medidas pre y postratamiento no encontrando diferencias significativas intergrupo en los contrastes de los pretest. Sin embargo, en los resultados obtenidos en los postest sí hallamos diferencias significativas en todas las variables estudiadas al comparar los grupos entre sí, mejorando en mayor medida el G.PD que el G.P: Test de Fuerza: Dorsales: G.P: 7.59 +/- 9.52 y G.PD: 22.35+/-19.11; p<0.002, hombros: G.P: 16.30 +/- 29.82 Y G.PD: 50.82 +/- 40.06; p

The aim of this study is to assess if the dietary dos e of a preparation from Phlebodium Decumanum, provides ergogenic effects over the sport performance.31 healthy subjects underwent a fitness training program including tennis practice. This sample was randomized in orderto obtain two groups: one (PD group; 22.1+/- 1.81 years, 74.21 +/- 8.74 kg) was supplemented with Phlebodium Decumanum and the other (Control group; 22.5 +/- 1.63 years, 78 +/- 12.5 kg ) toke a placebo. Before and after one month training with a frequency of 3 sessions a week, several variables of performance were assessed: maximal strengh, interval-training and an specific tennis test. In the previous measures there were no significant differences between groups. In the post-training results we found important differences between the two groups in all parameters in favor of PD group: dorsal strengh: G.P: 7.59 +/- 9.52 y G.PD: 22.35 +/- 19.11; p<0.002, shoulders strengh: G.P: 16.30 +/- 29.82 y G.PD: 50.82 +/- 40.06; p