Severity of Fatigue and Its Relationship with TSH before and after Levothyroxine Replacement Therapy in Patients with Primary Hypothyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Fatigue is a common symptom in hypothyroidism; however, the effect of levothyroxine on fatigue has been little studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of levothyroxine on fatigue in Latino patients with primary hypothyroidism, as well as the association of TSH and free T4 (FT4) with the severity and persistence of fatigue. METHODS: A prospective study was performed in 92 patients with primary hypothyroidism. Fatigue severity scale (FSS) scores and clinical and biochemical characteristics before and at 6 months of levothyroxine were evaluated. RESULTS: After 6 months of levothyroxine, a reduction in FSS (53 (47-57) vs. 36 (16-38); p = 0.001) and fatigue frequency (45.7% vs. 26.1%; p = 0.008) was evident. Both before and after 6 months of levothyroxine, there was a positive correlation of the FSS score with TSH and a negative correlation with FT4. Persistent fatigue was associated with a pretreatment FSS score (r = 0.75; p = 0.001) and diabetes (r = 0.40; p = 0.001). An FSS > 34 (RR 3.9 (95% CI 1.43-10.73; p = 0.008)), an FSS > 36 (RR 3.23 (95% CI 1.21-8.6; p = 0.019)), and diabetes (RR 5.7 (95% CI 1.25-9.6; p = 0.024)) before treatment were risk factors for persistent fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: Levothyroxine improved fatigue in most patients. Diabetes and an FSS score >34 or >36 before treatment were risk factors for persistent fatigue.

Expression of obesity- and type-2 diabetes-associated genes in omental adipose tissue of individuals with obesity.

AIMS: Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are two pathologies that share metabolic abnormalities in most of the cases; however, there are differences as well. Some studies have reported that approximately 30% of obese patients have normal glucose and lipid levels in blood despite an accumulation of abdominal adipose tissue. Here, we compare the gene expression in adipose tissue of several genes associated with obesity and/or diabetes between obese patients without T2D and obese patients with T2D. METHODS: Omental adipose tissue was collected during the patients elective bariatric surgery. Gene expression was determined by real-time PCR. Phenotypic variables were correlated with gene expression and 2^-ΔΔCt relative expression analysis between groups was performed. RESULTS: The stronger correlations in the obese without T2D or reference group was between ICAM1 and HbA1c; HP and TC and LDL while in the obese with diabetes or case group the correlation occurred between CSF1 and BMI. A correlation between HP and TC was found in the case group as well. The expression of VEGFA, CCND2, IL1R1 and PTEN was downregulated in the obese with T2D group. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified genes whose expression is different between obese subjects with and without diabetes. Those genes are related to inflammation, cholesterol transport, adipocyte differentiation/expansion and browning.

Quality of life evaluation in Mexican patients with severe obesity before and after bariatric surgery.

INTRODUCTION: In Mexico, neither the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) nor the Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System (BAROS) instruments have been used to assess quality of life (QoL) before and after bariatric surgery (BS). OBJECTIVE: To describe changes in QoL using the SF-36 and BAROS questionnaires in patients with severe obesity before and after BS. METHODS: Clinical and anthropometric data of patients undergoing bariatric surgery between 2015 and 2016 were collected. Statistical significance was considered with a p-value < 0.05. RESULTS: 230 patients were analyzed, 98 before and 132 and after BS; most were females (81 %). Initial body mass index was 48 kg/m2 (44-53). SF-36-measured QoL showed an increase in the physical component score from 43 to 54.2 points (p < 0.001), and in the mental component, from 53.3 to 56.6 points after BS. With BAROS, 98.5 % showed good to excellent QoL results within the first three months after BS. CONCLUSION: When measured with the SF-36 and BAROS questionnaires, QoL of Mexican patients with severe obesity was found to improve after BS.

INTRODUCCIÓN: En México no se han utilizado los instrumentos Shorth Form 36 Items (SF-36) ni Baryatric Assesment Reporting Outcomes System (BAROS) para evaluar la calidad de vida (CV) antes y después de la cirugía bariátrica (CB). OBJETIVO: Describir los cambios en la CV con los cuestionarios SF-36 y BAROS, en pacientes con obesidad severa antes y después de la CB. MÉTODOS: Se recolectaron los datos clínicos y antropométricos de pacientes sometidos a cirugía baríatrica entre 2015 y 2016. Se consideró con significación estadística una p < 0.05. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 230 pacientes, 98 y 132 antes y después de la CB; la mayoría fue del sexo femenino (81 %). El índice de masa corporal inicial fue de 48 kg/m2 (44-53). La CV medida con el SF-36 demostró un incremento en la puntuación del componente físico de 43 a 54.2 (p < 0.001) y en el componente mental, de 53.3 a 56.6 después de la CB. Con BAROS, en 98.5 % se registraron resultados buenos a excelentes en la CV en los primeros tres meses. CONCLUSIÓN: Al ser medida con los cuestionarios SF-36 y BAROS se definió que la CV de los pacientes mexicanos con obesidad severa mejora después de la CB.

Evaluación de la calidad de vida en pacientes mexicanos con obesidad severa antes y después de cirugía bariátrica / Quality of life evaluation in Mexican patients with severe obesity before and after bariatric surgery

Resumen Introducción: En México no se han utilizado los instrumentos Shorth Form 36 Items (SF-36) ni Baryatric Assesment Reporting Outcomes System (BAROS) para evaluar la calidad de vida (CV) antes y después de la cirugía bariátrica (CB). Objetivo: Describir los cambios en la CV con los cuestionarios SF-36 y BAROS, en pacientes con obesidad severa antes y después de la CB. Métodos: Se recolectaron los datos clínicos y antropométricos de pacientes sometidos a cirugía baríatrica entre 2015 y 2016. Se consideró con significación estadística una p < 0.05. Resultados: Se analizaron 230 pacientes, 98 y 132 antes y después de la CB; la mayoría fue del sexo femenino (81 %). El índice de masa corporal inicial fue de 48 kg/m2 (44-53). La CV medida con el SF-36 demostró un incremento en la puntuación del componente físico de 43 a 54.2 (p < 0.001) y en el componente mental, de 53.3 a 56.6 después de la CB. Con BAROS, en 98.5 % se registraron resultados buenos a excelentes en la CV en los primeros tres meses. Conclusión: Al ser medida con los cuestionarios SF-36 y BAROS se definió que la CV de los pacientes mexicanos con obesidad severa mejora después de la CB.

Abstract Introduction: In Mexico, neither the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) nor the Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System (BAROS) instruments have been used to assess quality of life (QoL) before and after bariatric surgery (BS). Objective: To describe changes in QoL using the SF-36 and BAROS questionnaires in patients with severe obesity before and after BS. Methods: Clinical and anthropometric data of patients undergoing bariatric surgery between 2015 and 2016 were collected. Statistical significance was considered with a p-value < 0.05. Results: 230 patients were analyzed, 98 before and 132 and after BS; most were females (81 %). Initial body mass index was 48 kg/m2 (44-53). SF-36-measured QoL showed an increase in the physical component score from 43 to 54.2 points (p < 0.001), and in the mental component, from 53.3 to 56.6 points after BS. With BAROS, 98.5 % showed good to excellent QoL results within the first three months after BS. Conclusion: When measured with the SF-36 and BAROS questionnaires, QoL of Mexican patients with severe obesity was found to improve after BS.

Comparison of indirect markers of insulin resistance in adult patients with Double Diabetes.

BACKGROUND: The presence of insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MS) in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been called "double diabetes". This entity increases the risk for development of micro and macrovascular complications and cardiovascular mortality. The gold standard for IR quantification is the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC) but it is invasive, time-consuming and not available in the majority of the clinical settings. Because of this, some formulas for IR quantification have been proposed. We aimed to compare the utility of those methods for MS detection in patients with T1D. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 112 patients with T1D and determined the presence of MS using the Joint Statement Criteria. We calculated the estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR), estimated insulin sensitivity index (eIS), natural logarithm of glucose disposal rate (lnGDR), triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-c), visceral adipose index (VAI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and compared among patients with and without MS using Student t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. Receiver Operating Characteristics curves for the different indexes were used to identify the best cut-off points for MS detection. RESULTS: Thirty three percent of the patients were considered to have MS. The patients with MS had lower eGDR (5.49 [4.37-6.80] vs. 8.93 [8.03-9.94] mg/kg/min), eIS (2.89 [1.54-3.54] vs. 3.51 [2.68-4.68]) and lnGDR (1.69 ± 0.27 vs. 1.95 ± 0.21 mg/kg/min), and higher WHtR (0.55 ± 0.05 vs. 0.50 ± 0.05), VAI (3.4 [1.92-5.70] vs. 1.39 [0.97-1.92]) and TG/HDL-c (3.78 [2.63-5.73] vs. 1.77 [1.18-2.75]) in comparison with patients without MS. The cut-off points of TG-HDL-c > 2.0, eGDR < 7.32 mg/kg/min, lnGDR < 1.8 mg/kg/min, VAI > 1.84, WHtR > 0.52 and eIS < 2.92 had a sensitivity of 86, 85, 82, 77 and 70% respectively, for MS detection. The TG/HDL-c, lnGDR and eIS sensitivity changed depending on sex meanwhile eGDR, WHtR and VAI did not need adjust by sex. CONCLUSION: Our data show that an eGDR < 7.32 mg/kg/min have the highest sensitivity and specificity to detect the presence of MS in patients with T1D.

Efficacy of the treatment with dapagliflozin and metformin compared to metformin monotherapy for weight loss in patients with class III obesity: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Mexico has one of the highest prevalence rates of obesity worldwide. New pharmacological strategies that focus on people with class III obesity are required. Metformin and dapagliflozin are two drugs approved for the treatment of diabetes. Beyond its effects on glucose, metformin has been suggested by some studies to result in weight loss. Therapy with dapagliflozin is associated with a mild but sustained weight loss in patients with diabetes. The primary outcome of the study is to determine if the combined treatment with dapagliflozin and metformin is more effective than monotherapy with metformin for weight loss in patients with class III obesity and prediabetes or diabetes who are awaiting bariatric surgery (including those patients who do have surgery). We also aimed to assess the effect of this combined treatment on waist circumference, triglycerides, blood pressure, and inflammatory cytokines. METHODS: This randomized phase IV clinical trial will include patients with diabetes or prediabetes who are between the ages of 18 and 60 years and exhibit grade III obesity (defined as body mass index ≥ 40 kg/m2). Patients using insulin will be excluded. Subjects will be randomized to one of two groups as follows: 1) metformin tablets 850 mg PO bid or 2) metformin tablets 850 mg PO bid plus dapagliflozin tablets 10 mg PO qd. The sample size required is 108 patients, which allows for a 20% dropout rate: 54 patients in the metformin group and 54 in the metformin/dapagliflozin group. All participants will receive personalized nutritional advice during the study. A run-in period of one month will be used to assess tolerance and adherence to treatment regimens. Anthropometric and biochemical variables will be recorded at baseline and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. A serum sample to determine glucagon, ghrelin, adiponectin, resistin, interleukin 6, and interleukin 10 will be collected at baseline and before surgery, or at 12 months (whatever happens first). Adherence to treatment and adverse and secondary events will be recorded throughout the study. An intention-to-treat analysis will be used. DISCUSSION: Forty-six percent of the patients in our Obesity Clinic have been diagnosed with prediabetes (32%) or diabetes (14%). The use of dapagliflozin in this population could improve weight loss and other cardiovascular factors. This effect could be translated into less time before undergoing bariatric surgery and better control of associated comorbidities. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov, ID: NCT03968224. Retrospectively registered on May 29, 2019.

Are there really any predictive factors for a successful weight loss after bariatric surgery?

BACKGROUND: Currently, bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for severe obesity and its metabolic complications; however, 15-35% of the patients that undergo bariatric surgery do not reach their goal for weight loss. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of patients that didn't reach the goal of an excess weight loss of 50% or more during the first 12 months and determine the factors associated to this failure. METHODS: We obtained the demographic, anthropometric and biochemical information from 130 patients with severe obesity who underwent bariatric surgery in our institution between 2012 and 2017. We used self-reports of physical activity, caloric intake and diet composition. An unsuccessful weight loss was considered when the patient lost < 50% or more of the excess weight 12 months after surgery. We compared the characteristics between the successful and unsuccessful groups in order to find the factors associated with success. RESULTS: We included 130 patients (mean age 48 ± 9 years, 81.5% were women). One year after surgery, 26 (20%) had loss < 50% EBW. Unsuccessful surgery was associated with an older age, previous history of hypertension, abdominal surgery or depression/anxiety, also the number of comorbidities and unemployment affected the results. These patients loss enough weight to improve some of their comorbidities, but they are more prone to regain weight 2 years after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: A fifth of the patients undergoing bariatric surgery may not lose enough weight to be considered successful by current standards. Some patients may benefit from the surgery in the short term, but they are more likely to regain weight after 2 years. The factors influencing this result are still controversial but may be population-specific. Early detection of the patients that are more likely to fail is imperative to establish additional therapeutic strategies, without denying them the opportunity of surgery or waiting for weight re-gain to occur.

The Short-Term Effects of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass on Renal Excretion of Sodium and Its Association with Blood Pressure.

INTRODUCTION: Bariatric surgery has been shown to be effective in reducing weight and has benefits, such as lowering blood pressure. An increase in urinary sodium excretion has been suggested as a possible mechanism. This study explored changes in sodium excretion and their correlation with blood pressure after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted on 28 obese participants with body mass index (BMI) of 44.54 ± 7.81 kg/m2 who underwent gastric bypass. Before surgery and at the third and sixth months after gastric bypass, blood pressure, urinary sodium concentration, 24-hour (24-h) urinary sodium excretion, and fractional excretion of sodium were evaluated. In addition, serum sodium and potassium levels were determined. Nonparametric tests were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Blood pressure decreased after surgery and remained at low levels over the 3- and 6-month periods. The urinary sodium concentration increased at 3 months after surgery; however, the 24-h urinary sodium excretion and urine volume decreased. Interestingly, although some associations between variables were observed, significant correlations between the 24-h urinary sodium excretion and the systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures were found. In addition, the urine volume was higher in the sixth month than in the third month following surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In the months immediately following surgery, a low-salt and low-volume diet favors decreases in urine volume and 24-h urinary sodium excretion. In addition, in the sixth month after surgery, an association between blood pressure and 24-h urinary sodium excretion was observed.

Early identification of peripheral neuropathy based on sudomotor dysfunction in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 Diabetes in Mexico has a high prevalence, 16-87% of patients may experience peripheral neuropathy. Early detection can prevent or halt its progression. The performance of Sudoscan in detecting neuropathy was compared to the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI). The aim was to identificate small fibers neuropathy. METHODS: Patients type 2 diabetes received both MNSI and sudomotor function assessment through measurement of electrochemical skin conductance (ESC) in the hands and feet. RESULTS: Two hundred twenty-one patients with neuropathy according to MNSI B had lower hands and feet ESC, regardless of diabetes duration. Among the 170 patients who had had diabetes for at least 5 years, 76 of them with normal MNSI B had abnormal hands or feet ESC; this was also the case in 28 out of 51 patients with diabetes than 5 or more years. In contrast, only 5 patients in the first group and 1 in the second group had abnormal MNSI B with normal ESC. Using MNSI B as a reference, abnormal hands or feet ESC (< 60 µS and 70 µS respectively) had a sensitivity of 97%, positive predictive value of 87% to detect neuropathy in patients with longer diabetes duration. The group with shorter diabetes duration, the sensitivity of abnormal hands or feet ESC to detect neuropathy was 91% while the positive predictive value was 88%. CONCLUSIONS: The Sudoscan device, which does not require any preparation, is noninvasive, easy and rapid to perform, can be useful in the early diagnosis peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetic.

[Obesity treatment with liraglutide in a patient with Prader-Willi syndrome: a case report]. / Tratamiento de obesidad con liraglutida en un paciente con síndrome de Prader-Willi: reporte de un caso.

BACKGROUND: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a major cause of syndromic obesity, caused by deletions on chromosome 15q11-q13. It is characterized by neonatal hypotonia, difficulty in feeding with low birth-weight and subsequent development of hyperphagia, behavioral disorders and obesity. Treatment options for weight control in those patients is limited and there are controversies for a surgical approach. CASE REPORT: we present the case of a patient with PWS who achieved weight loss and control through the use of liraglutide, nutritional therapy and physical activity. DISCUSSION: the treatment of obesity in patients with PWS is challenging and requires an adequate nutritional approach combined with psychological therapy. In those patients that persist with uncontrolled appetite, medications such as metformin or GLP-1 analogs can be used.

Tratamiento de obesidad con liraglutida en un paciente con síndrome de prader-willi: reporte de un caso / Obesity treatment with liraglutide in a patient with Prader-Willi syndrome: a case report

Introducción: el síndrome de Prader-Willi (SPW) es una de las principales causas de obesidad sindrómica, causado por deleciones en el cromosoma 15q11-q13. Está caracterizado por hipotonía neonatal, dificultad para la alimentación con peso bajo al nacer y posterior desarrollo de hiperfagia, alteraciones de la conducta y obesidad. El tratamiento para la pérdida de peso en estos pacientes es complicado debido a la limitación para el uso de algunos medicamentos y la controversia en el uso de opciones quirúrgicas. Caso clínico: presentamos el caso de un paciente con SPW que logró disminución y control de peso mediante el uso de liraglutida, terapia nutricional y actividad física. Discusión: el tratamiento de la obesidad en los pacientes con SPW es complicado y requiere un adecuado manejo dietético aunado a terapia psicológica y, en caso de persistencia del descontrol del apetito, el uso de medicamentos como metformina o los análogos de GLP-1

Background: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a major cause of syndromic obesity, caused by deletions on chromosome 15q11-q13. It is characterized by neonatal hypotonia, difficulty in feeding with low birth-weight and subsequent development of hyperphagia, behavioral disorders and obesity. Treatment options for weight control in those patients is limited and there are controversies for a surgical approach. Case report: we present the case of a patient with PWS who achieved weight loss and control through the use of liraglutide, nutritional therapy and physical activity. Discussion: the treatment of obesity in patients with PWS is challenging and requires an adequate nutritional approach combined with psychological therapy. In those patients that persist with uncontrolled appetite, medications such as metformin or GLP-1 analogs can be used

Gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with long standing type 1 diabetes mellitus: utility of two self-report questionnaires in a multifactorial disease.

BACKGROUND: Gastroesophageal pathologies are common and multifactorial in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). The evaluation with endoscopy and 24 h pH esophageal monitoring is expensive and not always available in all medical centers, especially in developing countries so more cost-effective algorithms for diagnosis are required. Clinical questionnaires are easy to apply but its utility for gastroesophageal reflux disease screening in patients with long standing T1DM must be analyzed. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility of the FSSG and Carlsson-Dent (CDQ) questionnaires to detect the frequency of gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with T1DM. METHODS: Analytic cross-sectional study, included 54 randomly selected patients from the T1DM clinic in our hospital. Before their routine evaluation, were asked to answer FSSG and CDQ questionnaires, classifying them as positive with a score >8 or >4, respectively. we associated and compared the clinical and biochemical characteristics between patients with or without gastroesophageal reflux detected through questionnaires. RESULTS: Median age was 29 years (22-35), 67% were female (median of 16 years from diagnosis). In 39% of the patients FSSG was positive, CDQ was positive in 28%. A total of 71% of patients were taking medications to treat non-specific gastric symptoms. The concordance between questionnaires was 65% (p: <0.001). Those patients with tobacco consumption as well as those with poor glycemic control were more likely to score positive in either questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: Patients T1DM had a high prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease. In those patients FSSG questionnaire detected a higher number of patients in comparison with CDQ.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las patologías gastroesofágicas son comunes y multifactoriales en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 (DM1). La evaluación por medio de panendoscopia y pHmetría es costosa y difícil de realizar en todos los centros de atención, por lo que se requieren algoritmos rentables para su diagnóstico. Existen cuestionarios sencillos y autoaplicables que pueden ser útiles para el diagnóstico de enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico en los pacientes con DM1. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la utilidad de los cuestionarios FSSG y Carlsson-Dent (CDQ) para detectar la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE) en pacientes con DM1. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal, se incluyeron 54 pacientes, elegidos al azar de la clínica de DMT1. Previo a la consulta, se les solicitó contestaran los cuestionarios FSSG y el CDQ, considerándose positivos para diagnóstico de ERGE los puntajes >8 y >4, respectivamente. Se analizaron y compararon las características bioquímicas y clínicas entre los pacientes con y sin síntomas de ERGE detectada por medio de los cuestionarios. RESULTADOS: Los pacientes estudiados tenían edad de 29 años (22-35), 67% fueron mujeres, (mediana de diagnóstico de 16 años). El 39% de los pacientes tenían ERGE detectado mediante FSSG y 28% utilizando el cuestionario CDQ. El 71% de los pacientes reportó uso de medicamentos para reflujo. La concordancia entre ambos cuestionarios fue del 65% (p: <0.001). Pacientes que consumen tabaco y con descontrol glucémico, tenían más probabilidades de positividad en cualquier cuestionario. CONCLUSIONES: Existe una alta prevalencia de ERGE en los pacientes con DM1. En esta población el cuestionario FSSG detectó a un mayor número de pacientes en comparación con el CDQ.

[Evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors in obesity before and after bariatric surgery]. / Evaluación de factores de riesgo cardiovascular antes y después de cirugía bariátrica.

BACKGROUND: Mexico has one of the highest prevalences of severe obesity worldwide. Mortality in those patients may be as high as 90% mainly due to cardiovascular disease. Despite Framingham score has been validated in the Mexican population, it only predicts cardiovascular risk at 10 years. Meanwhile ASCVD10 score could evaluate risk at 10 years and through lifetime. None of these scores have been used for cardiovascular risk assessment in Mexican patients with severe obesity. METHODS: We conducted a quasi-experimental (before/ after) study with 109 patients with severe obesity, assessed prevalence of comorbidities, performed anthropometric and biochemical evaluations before and a year after bariatric surgery. With these results we calculated Framingham and ASCVD10 scores and compared them. RESULTS: Patients had a mean age of 45.3 ± 10.1 years, 70% female, 79% underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. We observed weight decrease at each evaluation point after surgery, independently of the surgical procedure. All biochemical parameters improved. Framingham score decreased from 9.4% to 5.9%, frequency of patients classified as high-risk decreased from 25% to 11%. ASCVD10 score decreased from 4.1% to 2.5%, patients classified as high-risk decreased from 28% to 16%. Tobacco use was the most important factor involved in cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular risk at 10-years and lifetime decreased as soon as one year after surgery as assessed through Framingham and ASCVD scores.

INTRODUCCIÓN: México posee una de las más altas prevalencias de obesidad severa en el mundo. La mortalidad por causas cardiovasculares en estos pacientes alcanza el 90%. Existen distintas escalas para valorar el riesgo, como la escala de Framingham que evalúa a 10 años, y la ASCVD10 que evalúa a 10 años y a lo largo de la vida. Ninguna se ha usado para evaluar el riesgo cardiovascular en mexicanos con obesidad severa antes y después de la cirugía bariátrica. MÉTODOS: se efectuó un estudio cuasiexperimental con 109 pacientes con obesidad severa, con evaluación antropométrica y bioquímica, antes y un año después de la cirugía bariátrica. Se obtuvo el puntaje de riesgo con las escalas de Framingham y ASCVD10. RESULTADOS: la mediana de edad fue 45.3 ± 10.1 años, 70% eran mujeres, en 79% se realizó bypass laparoscópico con Y de Roux. Hubo disminución de peso en cada evaluación posterior a la cirugía, independientemente del procedimiento, y mejoría en todos los parámetros bioquímicos. El riesgo evaluado por Framingham disminuyó de 9.4 a 5.9%, el porcentaje de pacientes de "alto riesgo" disminuyó de 25 a 11%; con respecto al riesgo evaluado por ASCVD10 se redujo de 4.1 a 2.5%, con porcentaje de pacientes de alto riesgo que disminuyó de 28 a 16%. El tabaquismo fue el mayor determinante de riesgo cardiovascular. CONCLUSIONES: el riesgo cardiovascular evaluado por ambas escalas disminuyó un año después de la cirugía bariátrica.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with long standing type 1 diabetes mellitus: utility of two self-report questionnaires in a multifactorial disease / Enfermedad por Reflujo Gastroesofágico en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1: utilidad de dos cuestionarios auto-aplicables

Abstract Background: Gastroesophageal pathologies are common and multifactorial in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). The evaluation with endoscopy and 24 h pH esophageal monitoring is expensive and not always available in all medical centers, especially in developing countries so more cost-effective algorithms for diagnosis are required. Clinical questionnaires are easy to apply but its utility for gastroesophageal reflux disease screening in patients with long standing T1DM must be analyzed. Objective: To evaluate the utility of the FSSG and Carlsson-Dent (CDQ) questionnaires to detect the frequency of gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with T1DM. Methods: Analytic cross-sectional study, included 54 randomly selected patients from the T1DM clinic in our hospital. Before their routine evaluation, were asked to answer FSSG and CDQ questionnaires, classifying them as positive with a score >8 or >4, respectively. we associated and compared the clinical and biochemical characteristics between patients with or without gastroesophageal reflux detected through questionnaires. Results: Median age was 29 years (22-35), 67% were female (median of 16 years from diagnosis). In 39% of the patients FSSG was positive, CDQ was positive in 28%. A total of 71% of patients were taking medications to treat non-specific gastric symptoms. The concordance between questionnaires was 65% (p: <0.001). Those patients with tobacco consumption as well as those with poor glycemic control were more likely to score positive in either questionnaire. Conclusions: Patients T1DM had a high prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease. In those patients FSSG questionnaire detected a higher number of patients in comparison with CDQ.

Resumen Introducción: Las patologías gastroesofágicas son comunes y multifactoriales en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 (DM1). La evaluación por medio de panendoscopia y pHmetría es costosa y difícil de realizar en todos los centros de atención, por lo que se requieren algoritmos rentables para su diagnóstico. Existen cuestionarios sencillos y autoaplicables que pueden ser útiles para el diagnóstico de enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico en los pacientes con DM1. Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad de los cuestionarios FSSG y Carlsson-Dent (CDQ) para detectar la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE) en pacientes con DM1. Métodos: Estudio transversal, se incluyeron 54 pacientes, elegidos al azar de la clínica de DMT1. Previo a la consulta, se les solicitó contestaran los cuestionarios FSSG y el CDQ, considerándose positivos para diagnóstico de ERGE los puntajes >8 y >4, respectivamente. Se analizaron y compararon las características bioquímicas y clínicas entre los pacientes con y sin síntomas de ERGE detectada por medio de los cuestionarios. Resultados: Los pacientes estudiados tenían edad de 29 años (22-35), 67% fueron mujeres, (mediana de diagnóstico de 16 años). El 39% de los pacientes tenían ERGE detectado mediante FSSG y 28% utilizando el cuestionario CDQ. El 71% de los pacientes reportó uso de medicamentos para reflujo. La concordancia entre ambos cuestionarios fue del 65% (p: <0.001). Pacientes que consumen tabaco y con descontrol glucémico, tenían más probabilidades de positividad en cualquier cuestionario. Conclusiones: Existe una alta prevalencia de ERGE en los pacientes con DM1. En esta población el cuestionario FSSG detectó a un mayor número de pacientes en comparación con el CDQ.

Clinical evaluation of diabetic neuropathy in adult patients with type 1 diabetes and its possible association with insulin resistance

Background: In Mexico, there is a lack of information regarding the prevalence and characteristics of Diabetic Neuropathy (DN) in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Although it was, considered as a country with low-incidence of T1D, recent publications show that T1D frequency is under-represented. The aim of this paper is to describe the frequency and severity of DN in patients with T1D using a clinical scale and assess its possible association with insulin resistance.Methods: We evaluated 48 patients from T1D Clinic. We assessed clinical and biochemical characteristics and determined insulin resistance through estimated glucose dispose rate (eGDR). Patients underwent a neurologic evaluation using a previously validated score. Results: Seventy-three percent of patients had DN (54% mild and 19% moderate neuropathy). Twenty-nine percent of total population had Metabolic Syndrome. Major predictor factors for DN were the presence of diabetes for more than 13 years (OR 4.6, CI95%: 1.09-15.7), achieving treatment goals during the first 5 years (OR 0.22, CI95%: 0.05-0.87) and eGDR > 7.32 mg/kg/min (OR 0.096, CI95%: 0.011-0.81). Conclusions: The clinical scale performed in this study is a useful screening tool for DN in adults with long-standing T1D. DN is more frequent in patients with longer evolution of diabetes and poor glucose control during the initial years after diagnosis as expected, but insulin resistance should also be considered as an additional risk factor in this group.

Introducción: En México, hay poca información sobre la prevalencia y las características de la neuropatía diabética (DN) en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 (T1D). Aunque es considerado como un país con baja incidencia de T1D, publicaciones recientes muestran que la frecuencia está subdiagnosticada. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir la frecuencia y gravedad de ND en pacientes con T1D utilizando una escala clínica y evaluar su posible asociación con la resistencia a la insulina. Métodos: Se incluyeron 48 pacientes con T1D. Se evaluaron las características clínicas y bioquímicas, y se determinó la resistencia a la insulina a través de la tasa estimada de eliminación de Glucosa (eGDR). Los pacientes fueron evaluados neurológicacamente mediante una escala validada. Resultados: El 73% de los pacientes tuvieron ND. El 29% de la población total tenía síndrome metabólico. Los principales factores predictores de ND fueron la presencia de diabetes de más de 13 años (OR 4.6, IC95%: 1.09-15.7), logrando metas de tratamiento durante los primeros 5 años (OR 0.22, IC95%: 0.05-0.87) y eGDR > 7.32 mg/kg/min (OR 0.096, IC95%: 0.011-0.81). Conclusiones: La escala clínica realizada en este estudio es una herramienta de detección útil para ND en adultos con T1D de larga evolución y pobre control glucémico durante los primeros años posteriores al diagnóstico, pero la resistencia a la insulina también debe considerarse como factor de riesgo.

High Thyroid-stimulating Hormone Levels Increase Proinflammatory and Cardiovascular Markers in Patients with Extreme Obesity.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Obesity is an important health problem worldwide and many studies have suggested a relationship between obesity and thyroid function, with controversial results. Interestingly, high TSH levels have been involved with the presence of inflammatory state and risk for developing cardiovascular diseases in hypothyroid and obese patients. The aim in this work was to determine the prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with extreme obesity and to determine whether their TSH levels were related to increased serum levels of inflammatory and cardiovascular markers. METHODS: A cross-sectional study in 101 patients with extreme obesity (BMI ≥40) was performed. Anthropometric (weight, height and waist circumference) and biochemical (fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and insulin) parameters were measured. TSH and FT4 levels as well as clinical exploration for diagnosis of hypothyroidism were carried out. Serum concentration of IL-10, IL-6, adiponectin, resistin, leptin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin were determined. RESULTS: A high prevalence for diabetes (37.6%), prediabetes (50.5%), dyslipidemia (74.3%), hypertension (61.4%) and hypothyroidism (48.5%) was observed in patients with extreme obesity. The presence of hypothyroidism increased serum concentration of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and leptin and decreased the antiinflammatory cytokine adiponectin. In addition, serum TSH levels showed a correlation for waist circumference, weight, BMI, A1c, insulin, IL-6, leptin, ICAM-1 and E-selectin. CONCLUSION: There is a high prevalence for hypothyroidism in patients with extreme obesity. High levels of TSH contribute to elevate proinflammatory and cardiovascular risk markers, increasing the risk for development of cardiovascular diseases.

[Clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with morbid obesity at the time of hospital admission and one year after undergoing bariatric surgery]. / Características clínicas y bioquímicas de pacientes con obesidad extrema al ingreso y un año después de someterse a cirugía bariátrica.

BACKGROUND: Three percent of Mexicans suffer from morbid obesity. Comorbidities associated to this condition diminish quality of life, increase mortality and health care costs. Despite bariatric surgery has specific indications and risks, it is the only treatment with effective long-term results. The aim of the study was to evaluate biochemical and clinical patient characteristics, both preoperatively and a year after they underwent bariatric surgery. METHODS: We carried out a quasi-experimental study that evaluates a sample of patients in the Clínica de Obesidad at Hospital de Especialidades (a third level hospital) between March 2011 and October 2015. RESULTS: A total of 150 patients were analyzed (60 % were women). Mean age was 41 ± 9 years and mean body mass index (BMI) was 48 kg/m2 (42-53 kg/m2). Before surgery, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was present in 31 %, hypertension in 60 % and 30 % of the patients were "metabolically healthy obese". A year after surgery, the percentage of excess body weight loss was 66 %, T2DM and hypertension remission was 70 % and 50 %, respectively. CONCLUSION: Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment to reduce excess weight. It improves biochemical, and clinical parameters in extreme obese patients.

Introducción: el 3 % de la población mexicana padece obesidad extrema. Sus comorbilidades disminuyen la calidad de vida, aumentan la mortalidad y los costos de atención médica. El único tratamiento con resultados a largo plazo es la cirugía bariátrica, aunque tiene indicaciones y riesgos específicos. Buscamos evaluar las características de los pacientes de cirugía bariátrica al inicio y un año después del tratamiento quirúrgico. Métodos: estudio cuasi experimental con los datos antropométricos, clínicos y bioquímicos de una muestra de pacientes operados en la Clínica de Obesidad del Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional de marzo del 2011 a octubre del 2015. Resultados: fueron analizados 150 pacientes (60 % mujeres), la media de edad fue de 41 ± 9 años y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 48 kg/m2 (42-53 kg/m2). Previo a la cirugía, 31 % tenía diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) y 62 % hipertensión arterial (HAS). El 30 % eran obesos "metabólicamente sanos". Un año después de la cirugía el porcentaje del exceso de peso perdido fue de 66 %. La remisión de DM2 y HAS fue de 70 y 50 %, respectivamente. Conclusión: la cirugía bariátrica es efectiva en la pérdida de peso y en la mejoría de parámetros bioquímicos y clínicos en pacientes con obesidad extrema.

[Association of inflammatory cytokines with bone turnover markers in type 1 diabetes]. / Asociación de citocinas inflamatorias con marcadores de recambio óseo en diabetes tipo 1.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) adversely affects the skeleton and the physiological mechanisms implicated have not been explained sufficiently. Thus, the objective was to identify inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha) in patients with T1DM and their association with markers of bone formation (sPINP) and markers of bone resorption (sCTX). METHODS: We studied 62 patients of 18 years of age or more with T1DM. We determined the values of HbA1c, vitamin D, inflammatory cytokines, as well as those of markers of bone formation and of markers of bone resorption. RESULTS: 49 patients were female with a mean age of 33.5 years. We found values of HbA1c > 7.5 in 83 %, vitamin D of 16 ng/mL. In patients with HbA1c >7.5 we found a positive correlation between TNF-alpha and sCTX (r = 0.43, p = 0.05), IL-6 and sCTX (r = 0.48, p = 0.037). With a model of simple linear regression between IL-6 and sCTX, it was found a beta coefficient of 23.8 with a p = 0.030 (95 % CI = 2-45.6), ie.: for every unit increase in IL-6 there is a sCTX increase of 23.8 pg/mL. CONCLUSIONS: We found a positive association between TNF-alpha and IL-6 with the marker of bone resorption (sCTX) in the group of patients with HbA1c > 7.5. The loss of metabolic control was associated with TNF-alpha and IL-6.

Introducción: la diabetes mellitus afecta de una manera adversa al esqueleto y esos mecanismos fisiopatológicos continúan sin entenderse completamente. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio es identificar citocinas inflamatorias (IL-1, IL-6 y TNFα) en pacientes con DM1 y su asociación con marcadores de formación (sPINP) y resorción (sCTX) óseas. Métodos: Se estudiaron 62 pacientes con DM1, mayores de 18 años. Se determinaron los valores de la HbA1c, la vitamina D, las citocinas inflamatorias, así como los de los marcadores de formación y resorción óseas. Resultados: 49 pacientes fueron del sexo femenino con una edad media de 33.5 años, HbA1c > 7.5 en 83%, vitamina D 16 ng/mL. En los pacientes con HbA1c > 7.5 hubo correlación positiva entre el TNFa y sCTX (r = 0.43, p = 0.05), IL-6 y sCTX (r = 0.48, p = 0.037). Posterior a un modelo de regresión lineal simple entre el sCTX y la IL-6 se encontró un coeficiente beta de 23.8, p = 0.030 (IC 2-45.6), es decir, por cada unidad de elevación de IL-6 hay un incremento de sCTX de 23.8 pg/mL. Conclusiones: encontramos una asociación positiva entre TNF-alfa e IL-6 con el marcador de resorción ósea (sCTX) en pacientes con HbA1c > 7.5 %. El descontrol metabólico se asoció con la elevación de citocinas inflamatorias TNF-alfa e IL-6.

[Autoimmune diseases in type 1A diabetes mellitus]. / Enfermedades autoinmunitarias asociadas a diabetes mellitus tipo 1A.

Type 1A diabetes (DM1A) is an autoimmune disease that comprises 10% of patients with diabetes mellitus. Its frequency is gradually increasing in countries like Mexico. Patients with DM1A commonly have hypothyroidism, Addison disease, celiac disease and less common diseases such as polyglandular syndrome. These diseases are related to susceptibility genes such as HLA, CTLA-4 and PTPN22, which induce central and peripheral immunologic tolerance. This review article emphasizes the importance of searching other autoimmune diseases in patients with DM1A, to improve their prognosis and quality of life.