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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of age, gender, body mass index (BMI), food intake, and smoking on serum prolactin (PRL) levels among healthy adults. METHODS: In total, 100 healthy adults (46 males and 54 females) aged ≥18 years were recruited. Serum PRL levels were measured after a 9 h overnight fast, 1 h postprandially (early), and 3 h postprandially (late). RESULTS: Mean PRL levels were significantly higher in females than males in the fasting, early, and late postprandial states. PRL levels were suppressed significantly after food intake in both genders. Mean PRL levels were significantly higher in younger individuals (<30 years) in the fasting and the early postprandial states compared to older individuals (≥30 years) and suppressed significantly after food intake in younger individuals only. Mean PRL levels were not significantly different between individuals with a normal BMI (<25 kg/m2) compared to those overweight and with obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2); however, PRL levels were significantly suppressed after food intake only in subjects with a normal BMI. Mean PRL levels did not differ significantly according to smoking status. PRL levels were suppressed significantly after food intake in nonsmokers only. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that age, gender, and food intake should be considered when the serum PRL level is measured in clinical practice.
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SUMMARY: The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence and the anatomical variations of the posterolateral tubercle of talus in relation to sex on CT imaging. A total of 1478 ankle CT scans was retrospectively reviewed for the different anatomical variants of the posterolateral tubercle of talus, the type and size of os trigonum. Normal sized lateral tubercle was found in 46.1 %, an enlarged posterolateral tubercle (Stieda's process) in 26.1 %, os trigonum in 20.5 % and almost absent tubercle in 7.3 %. A statistically higher prevalence of Stieda's process was found in males while os trigonum was higher in females (p0.05). The posterolateral tubercle of talus and its accessory ossicle, the os trigonum, could vary morphologically. The data of this study could be helpful in understanding the clinical problems that could be associated with some of these variants.
RESUMEN: El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y las variaciones anatómicas del tubérculo posterolateral del talo en relación con el sexo en la imagen de TC. Se revisaron retrospectivamente un total de 1478 TC de tobillo para las diferentes variantes anatómicas del tubérculo posterolateral del talo, el tipo y tamaño del os trigonum. Se encontró tubérculo lateral de tamaño normal en 46,1 %, tubérculo posterolateral (proceso de Stieda) en 26,1 %, os trigonum en 20,5% y tubérculo casi ausente en 7,3 %. Se encontró una prevalencia estadísticamente más alta del proceso de Stieda en los hombres, mientras que el os trigonum fue mayor en las mujeres (p 0,05) no se observaron diferencias significativas. El tubérculo posterolateral del talo y su osículo accesorio, el os trigonum, podrían originar problemas clínicos que podrían estar asociados con algunas de estas variantes.