An unusual case of erythema multiforme presenting to an orthodontic department: A case report.

A 16-year-old female patient presented to the orthodontic department with a 2-week history of painful oral lesions that were affecting her ability to eat. Clinical examination revealed widespread oral ulceration, crusted bleeding from the lips with evidence of a herpes simplex infection in the region of the right buccal commissure. A diagnosis of oral erythema multiforme (EM) was made after a detailed clinical history and examination by the oral and maxillofacial team. Supportive care was provided alongside management with topical corticosteroids. Within 6 weeks of initial presentation, complete resolution of the lesions had occurred and the patient was able to resume active orthodontic treatment.

Endodontic microsurgery. Part two: armamentarium and technique.

Modern endodontic microsurgery has a high reported success rate of up to 93.5%, making it a viable treatment option in the management of periapical disease when orthograde root treatment is not possible or inappropriate. This high success rate is intimately related to advanced techniques that have allowed practitioners to overcome historical barriers to the success seen in traditional surgical endodontics. When comparing traditional root-end surgery and endodontic microsurgery there are key differences when considering the flap design, access armamentarium, size of osteotomy, instruments used and root-end material. This paper highlights such key differences and advises practitioners on the techniques and instruments used to achieve high success rates, firmly establishing non-surgical endodontic treatment as an important treatment option in well-selected cases.

Endodontic microsurgery. Part one: diagnosis, patient selection and prognoses.

Historically, surgical endodontics has been viewed as a treatment of last resort, mainly due to poor outcomes as a result of limitations in materials and techniques. Contemporary techniques, modern materials and better visualisation have all led to an improvement in success rates, making endodontic microsurgery a valuable treatment option to certain patients. Such advances, however, are no substitute for skill in endodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, which can often prove challenging. A variety of tools are available to test for fractures and assess both periodontal and pulpal health. More advanced techniques such as cone beam computed tomography are often invaluable in pre-surgical assessment and diagnosis. Once an accurate diagnosis has been established, a favourable prognosis is explicitly linked to careful patient selection. Orthograde treatment, or retreatment, remains the gold standard for the majority of endodontic problems. However, there are a number of indications for surgery where orthograde treatment is either impossible, or less likely to be successful. It is paramount for any clinician undertaking endodontic surgery to have a detailed understanding of the local and systemic factors associated with successful treatment. Whilst there are few absolute medical contraindications, there are a number of conditions which may influence patient management and make treatment more challenging.

Cutaneous metastasis of a primary oesophageal adenocarcinoma to the right cheek.

This case report details of a case of cutaneous metastasis from a primary adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus to the right cheek. A 67-year-old male was referred to the maxillofacial department with a 2-3 week history of non-painful swelling of the cheek. A diagnosis of infected sebaceous cyst was made and drainage was attempted with adjunctive antibiotic therapy. Follow up appointments showed no improvement a biopsy was taken. Histology reported presence of metastatic adenocarcinoma, suggesting the gastrointestinal tract as the primary site. An MRI scan was performed showing an oesophageal mass. Treatment options were discussed with the patient, including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Unfortunately, the advanced nature of the primary lesion meant his care was mainly palliative in nature. Clinicians must have a high index of suspicion regarding non-healing cutaneous lesions. Timely investigations in the will help to diagnose the primary cause of the lesion.