Consensus Report and Recommendations on the Management of Late-stage Internal Derangement of the Temporomandibular Joint.

Introduction: This report investigates late-stage internal derangement (ID) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with the aim of establishing a more effective and personalized treatment protocol to improve patients' quality of life (QoL). Material and methods: A consensus was reached among maxillofacial surgeons specializing in LSID, based on a literature research and collective expert experience following the Delphi method. Consensus was considered to be achieved when a response received at least 80% of votes. Results: Four expert groups were established, respectively, focusing on diagnosis, minimally invasive surgery (MIS), open surgery and joint replacement. A comprehensive approach to late-stage ID of the TMJ requires a consensus report. This underscores the need for a personalized treatment plan, considering the variability in clinical presentations and progression of this pathology. Our recommendations aim to optimize clinical outcomes and enhance patient QoL.

Arthroscopic Disc Suturing and Repositioning Technique for Treating Anteriorly Displaced Disc in Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A Posterior Anchorage Technique.

Several treatment modalities have been reported for patients with arthrogenous temporomandibular disorders. The most common temporomandibular disorder is internal derangement, usually accompanied by displacement of the articular disc. Most often anteriorly and medially displaced, patients may develop clicking, impaired jaw function, and pain. Articular disc repositioning has been described as an effective method to eliminate interference during mandibular translation, improving mandibular range of motion, and eliminating pain. In this article, we present a new, simple, and reproducible technique without requiring specific instruments for repositioning and suturing the articular disc with posterior anchorage fixed to the tragus cartilage. It has the advantages of a better anteroposterior vector of traction force, without adverse effects as lateralization of the articular disc and skin depression, commonly presented in other techniques.

¿Es el desplazamiento discal sinónimo de patología articular temporomandibular? Correlación clínico-radiológica y prevalencia de trastornos internos en sujetos voluntarios asintomáticos / Is disc displacement synonymous with temporomandibular joint pathology? Clinical-radiological correlation and prevalence of internal disorders in asymptomatic volunteers subjects

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los trastornos internos (TI) de la articulación temporomandibular (ATM) constituyen la condición clínica articular más frecuente en pacientes con trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM). Presentes hasta en un 80-90 % de los casos sintomáticos, no se sabe por qué, su presencia en sujetos asintomáticos no causa dolor ni disfunción. En contraposición, una posición normal del disco ha sido descrita en un 16-23 % de pacientes sintomáticos. OBJETIVOS: Analizar la prevalencia de TI de la ATM en sujetos voluntarios asintomáticos y qué características clínico-radiológicas podrían favorecer su presencia o desarrollo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se diseñó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal. Se seleccionaron 43 sujetos de una población de 253 residentes que realizaban su formación médica especializada. El estudio fue desarrollado en varias fases. Fase I: Anamnesis y examen clínico. Empleo del índice craneomandibular de Fricton (ICM); Fase II: Adquisición y evaluación de imágenes de Resonancia Magnética (RMN). Las imágenes fueron procesadas a formato DICOM 4.0 y evaluadas por dos examinadores externos. Fase III: Análisis morfoestructural de las ATM. Las imágenes de RMN fueron analizadas empleando el programa informático Osirix® V 3.5.1. RESULTADOS: Setenta y dos articulaciones (pertenecientes a 36 sujetos) fueron finalmente analizadas. La edad media fue de 28,39 ± 3,70 años con una distribución por sexos de 47,2 % hombres y de 52,8 % mujeres. El análisis inferencial mostró resultados estadísticamente significativos en relación con las variables sexo (p = 0,021), chasquido articular (p = 0,007), valor del ICM (p = 0,000296), morfología discal (p = 1,032 X 10-8), morfología condilar (p = 2,116 X 10-8), posición condilar en el interior de la ATM (longitudes posterior y superior, p = 5,385 X 10-9; p = 0,000245, respectivamente) y morfología de la fosa articular (p = 0,024). CONCLUSIONES: Existe una elevada prevalencia de TI de la ATM en los sujetos asintomáticos analizados. Ciertos criterios clínicos (chasquido articular) y radiológicos (morfología discal alargada/doblada, cóndilo y fosa aplanados y posición más posterior y craneal del cóndilo mandibular) podrían ser considerados como predictores o relacionados con la presencia de desplazamiento discal. El ICM podría constituir una herramienta útil en el diagnóstico de patología articular de la ATM

INTRODUCTION: Internal derangements (IDs) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) constitute the most common clinical joint condition in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). Present in up to 80-90 % of symptomatic cases, it is not known why, its presence in asymptomatic subjects does not cause pain or dysfunction. In contrast, a normal position of the disc has been described in 16-23 % of symptomatic patients. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the prevalence of IDs of the TMJ in asymptomatic voluntary subjects and what clinical-radiological characteristics could favor their presence or development. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study was designed. Fortythree subjects from a population of 253 residents who performed their training program were selected. The study was carried out in several phases. Phase I: Anamnesis and clinical examination. Use of the Fricton Cranio-mandibular Index (CMI); Phase II: Acquisition and evaluation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The images were processed in DICOM 4.0 format and evaluated by two external examiners. Phase III: Morpho-structural analysis of the TMJs. The MRI were analyzed using the Osirix® V 3.5.1 Software. RESULTS: Seventy-two joints (belonging to 36 subjects) were finally analyzed. The mean age was 28.39 ± 3.70 years with a distribution by sex of 47.2% men and 52.8 % women. The inferential analysis showed statistically significant results in relation to the variables sex (p = 0.021), joint click (p = 0.007), CMI value (p = 0.000296), disc morphology (p = 1.032x10-8), condylar morphology (p = 2.116x10-8) and condylar position inside the TMJ ((posterior and superior lengths, p = 5.385x10-9; p = 0.000245, respectively) and morphology of the joint fossa (p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of IDs in asymptomatic subjects is present in our study. Certain clinical (joint clicking) and radiological criteria (an elongated or bent disc morphology, a flattened condyle and fossa and a more posterior and cranial position of the mandibular condyle) could be considered as predictors or be related to the presence of disc displacement. The CMI could be a useful tool in the diagnosis of joint pathology of the TMJ

Y de repente... Apareció COVID-19 / And suddenly... COVID-19 appeared

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Long-Term Dislocation of the Mandible: Is there an Algorithm to Success? Intraoperative Decision and Review of Literature.

PURPOSE: Long-term TMJ dislocation is a rare condition. It occurs when an acute luxation remains untreated in time. METHODS: A 52-year-old man presented with a long-term TMJ luxation in the context of Steinert's disease. A discectomy together with condylectomy and eminectomy was performed, obtaining an adequate reduction of the luxated condyle and disc. RESULTS: Twelve months after the operation, the condition has not recurred at all. A stable and centred occlusion was checked; his MIO was over 30 mm. CONCLUSION: The combination of these three techniques could be a good option in cases of Steinert's myotonia, where the condyle luxation becomes chronic and irreducible due to the altered neuromuscular condition. There is still no consensus regarding the treatment for long-term TMJ dislocations. New and more solid studies may be needed in order to find adequate treatment protocols for this condition.

Preclinical randomized controlled trial of bilateral discectomy versus bilateral discopexy in Black Merino sheep temporomandibular joint: TEMPOJIMS - Phase 1- histologic, imaging and body weight results.

INTRODUCTION: The role of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) surgery is not well defined due to a lack of quality randomized controlled clinical trials, comparing different TMJ surgical treatments with medical and placebo interventions. The temporomandibular joint interposal study (TEMPOJIMS) is a rigorous preclinical trial divided in 2 phases. In phase 1 the authors investigated the role of the TMJ disc and in phase 2 the authors evaluated 3 different interposal materials. The present work of TEMPOJIMS - phase 1, aims to evaluate histopathologic and imaging changes of bilateral discectomy and discopexy in Black Merino sheep TMJ, using a high-quality trial following the ARRIVE guidelines. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This randomized, blinded and controlled preclinical trial was conducted in 9 Black Merino sheep to investigate histopathologic (primary outcome), imaging and body weight (secondary outcomes) changes after bilateral discectomy, discopexy and sham surgery. RESULTS: Significant changes were noticed in discectomy group, both in imaging and histopathologic analyses. Body weight changes were most pronounced in the discectomy group in the first 4 months after surgery with recovery to baseline weight 6 months after surgery. Discopexy induced nonsignificant changes in histopathologic, imaging and body weight analyses. CONCLUSIONS: This study reinforces the importance of developing an effective interposal material to substitute the TMJ disc and the need to explore the molecular mechanisms that underlie TMJ cartilage degeneration. The study design proposed in TEMPOJIMS represents an important progress towards future rigorous TMJ investigations.

Mechanical characteristics of the maxillary sinus Schneiderian membrane ex vivo.

OBJECTIVES: It has been speculated that certain Schneiderian membrane thickness (SMT) might be more prone to perforation. This investigation was aimed at studying the mechanical characteristics of the Schneiderian membrane under one- and two-dimensional tests and their correlation to the histological SMT in human samples. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixteen Schneiderian membranes were collected from 11 cadaver heads treated with Thiel's embalming method. The samples were processed and analyzed clinically and histologically. One-dimensional maximum elongation until perforation and two-dimensional resistance to ball penetration were performed after the biopsy. Data was analyzed by using the Wilcoxon rank test and the Spearman's rank correlation. RESULTS: The histological SMT was 1.36 ± 0.42 mm, whereas the clinical thickness was 0.27 ± 0.21 mm, yielding statistical significance (p = 0.000). The resistance under ball penetration was 0.59 ± 0.43 N and the mean maximum elongation in the one-dimension test 11.19 ± 7.14 mm. Expressed in percentage, the mean stretch was 241.36 ± 227.97% (range 31.5 up to 947%). A weak positive correlation was found between the ball penetration test and the SMT (r = 0.10, p = 0.711), while a weak negative correlation was found between stretching test and the SMT (r = -0.021, p = 0.94). CONCLUSIONS: Mechanical tests seem to indicate that SMT might not significantly predispose to Schneiderian membrane perforation. Hence, other anatomical and operator's factors should be considered of surpassing importance. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Thinner SM might be more prone to perforation when detaching it from the maxillary sinus antrum; however, a thick membrane is not prevented to tear, as their resistance under elastic forces is not higher than thinner ones.

Is fine-needle aspiration a reliable tool in the diagnosis of malignant salivary gland tumors?

PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to establish the reliability of fine needle aspiration (FNA) in the diagnosis of malignant salivary gland tumors in our population and to compare our results with those of other authors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study of clinical data from 172 patients, 153 parotid tumors and 19 submandibular tumors who underwent preoperative FNA between January 2004 and December 2013. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of FNA for the preoperative diagnosis of malignancy were analyzed. RESULTS: For the diagnosis of malignancy an S value of 60% was obtained, which means that 40% of malignant tumors were not diagnosed by FNA. Besides an E value of 97.5% was obtained, thus indicating that FNA was negative for malignancy in up to 97.5% of all benign neoplasms. According to predictive values, we observe that FNA hit in 83.3% cases given as malignant and in 92% of cases giving as benign (PPV=83,3%; NPV=92%). CONCLUSION: With a scarce 60% sensitivity value in our series, fine needle aspiration has evident limitations for diagnosis of malignancy in major salivary gland neoplasms. Being highly conditioned by the staff and the conditions in which it is performed, FNA is a complementary test that helps the preoperative diagnosis of the major salivary glands with radiological tests, medical history and physical examination, but that alone it is not defining of malignancy.

Cellular, Vascular, and Histomorphometric Outcomes of Solvent-Dehydrated vs Freeze-Dried Allogeneic Graft for Maxillary Sinus Augmentation: A Randomized Case Series.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare solvent dehydrated human allograft (SDHA; Puros Allograft) and freeze-dried human allograft (FDHA; MinerOss) in order to determine if the allogeneic bone preservation process influences the amount of remaining particles and newly formed bone in maxillary sinus augmentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects requiring maxillary lateral sinus augmentation with ridge height < 5 mm were included in this study. Maxillary sinuses were randomly assigned to be grafted with a 1:1 ratio of cortical and cancellous bone, either SDHA or FDHA. In both groups, the graft material was mixed with autogenous bone graft at a ratio of 1:1. Morphologic and histomorphometric analyses were completed 6 months after the grafting procedure. RESULTS: Thirty-four subjects were included in this study. All subjects showed similar demographic characteristics at baseline. Half of the sinuses were grafted with SDHA; the remaining half were grafted with FDHA. Histomorphometric analysis of bone core biopsy samples showed no statistically significant difference between the SDHA or FDHA allogeneic bone substitutes (P = .365), with a mean value of 39.54% ± 0.05% and 31.96% ± 0.08% of mineralized tissue for SDHA and FDHA, respectively. However, a slightly higher mean value of remaining particles was obtained for the FDHA compared with SDHA (18.91% ± 0.09% vs 8.65% ± 0.06%, respectively), although the difference was not statistically significant. Additionally, FDHA demonstrated statistically significantly higher osteoblast, fibroblast, and inflammatory cell numbers. CONCLUSION: Regardless of the preservation process subtype, allogeneic bone grafting material, in combination with autogenous bone, was demonstrated to be effective for maxillary sinus augmentation bone by means of cellular, vascular, and histomorphometric behavior. Nonetheless, FDHA demonstrated higher cellularity compared to SDHA, suggesting accelerated turnover activity for the latter grafting material.

Bifosfonatos e implantes dentales, ¿son incompatibles? Revisión de la literatura / Are bisphosphonates and dental implants compatible? A review of the literature

Introducción. La osteonecrosis de los maxilares ha sido descrita en pacientes que toman bifosfonatos y han sido sometidos a cirugía dentoalveolar. Actualmente, la terapia con bifosfonatos e implantes dentales es un tratamiento muy común en adultos. Objetivos. Evaluar, a través de una revisión de la literatura, si la osteointegración del implante dental podría disminuir en pacientes que toman bifosfonatos orales o intravenosos. Además, se analiza el riesgo que tienen estos pacientes de desarrollar osteonecrosis de los maxilares. Material y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda a través de la base de datos Medline (PubMed) de los artículos publicados en inglés en los últimos 15 años que incluyeran las palabras clave «bisphosphonates and dental implants», «bisphosphonates and orthopaedic implants» y «osteonecrosis of the jaws and dental implants». Conclusiones. El tratamiento con bifosfonatos no disminuye la osteointegración del implante dental, aunque estos resultados se han obtenido en base a estudios retrospectivos en humanos. Se han descrito casos de osteonecrosis de los maxilares relacionada con bifosfonatos en estos pacientes, sobre todo tras tratamiento prolongado (AU)

Introduction. At present, treatment with bisphosphonates and dental implant therapy are frequently used in adults. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws has been described in patients with bisphosphonate medication who underwent dentoalveolar surgery. Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate, through a literature review, whether osseointegration of dental implants could decrease in patients on intravenous or oral bisphosphonates. The risk of developing bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in these patients was also analysed. Material and methods. A search was performed to find the most recent scientific literature (the last 15 years) using PubMed database, with the keywords «bisphosphonates and dental implants», «bisphosphonates and orthopaedic implants» and «osteonecrosis of the jaws and dental implants». Conclusions. Based on the current literature, it is concluded that bisphosphonate treatment does not decrease osseointegration of dental implants. Nevertheless, these results have been obtained in a retrospective in humans. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws has been described in patients on prolonged treatment (AU)

Incidence of and Factors Associated with Sinus Membrane Perforation During Maxillary Sinus Augmentation Using the Reamer Drilling Approach: A Double-Center Case Series.

Maxillary sinus membrane perforation has been reported as the most common intraoperative complication during sinus augmentation, potentially leading to postoperative infection and consequent loss of graft or even implant failure. Numerous anatomical factors have been demonstrated to affect membrane tearing. However, careful use of proper instrumentation, such as a reamer, seems to play an important role in minimizing the incidence of these complications. Hence, the aim of the present study was to (1) investigate the reliability of reamer drilling for lateral window preparation; (2) examine the incidence of membrane perforation; and (3) study the factors that might influence membrane perforation. Results from this study showed the safety and effectiveness of using a reamer to perform lateral window approach sinus augmentation. The sinus membrane perforation rate was found to be 12.5%. A slightly higher perforation rate was noted in thinner maxillary lateral walls (< 1.25 mm). The authors concluded that reamer drilling is a safe and effective alternate technique for opening the lateral window wall when the lateral wall thickness is ≥ 1.25mm.

Melanoma mucoso en una localización extremadamente infrecuente: la base de lengua. A propósito de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Mucosal melanoma in an extremely rare location: base of the tongue. A case presentation and literature review

El melanoma primario en la cavidad oral es una neoplasia rara, especialmente en la lengua. Presentamos un caso de melanoma mucoso en la base de la lengua, una localización extremadamente infrecuente (en la literatura médica tan solo se han aportado unos 30 casos). El estudio de extensión no reveló lesiones metastásicas a distancia. El paciente fue tratado mediante glosectomía subtotal y vaciamiento cervical funcional bilateral. La lengua es una de las estructuras más difíciles de reconstruir, debido a su papel central en la fonación, la deglución y la protección de las vías respiratorias El defecto fue reconstruido con colgajo libre microvascularizado anterolateral de muslo. El tratamiento quirúrgico se complementó con radioterapia e inmunoterapia adyuvantes. El postoperatorio se desarrolló sin complicaciones. En la actualidad, 13 meses después de la cirugía, el paciente se encuentra asintomático, no hay evidencia de recidiva de la enfermedad y no tiene ninguna dificultad en la deglución ni fonación (AU)

Primary malignant melanoma of the oral cavity is a rare neoplasm, especially on the tongue. We report a case of mucosal melanoma at the base of the tongue, an extremely rare location (only about 30 cases have been reported in the literature). The extension study did not reveal any distant metastatic lesions. The patient was treated by sub-total glossectomy and bilateral functional neck dissection. The tongue is one of the most difficult structures to reconstruct, because of its central role in phonation, swallowing, and airway protection. The defect was reconstructed with an anterolateral thigh free flap. Surgical treatment was supplemented with adjuvant radiotherapy and immunotherapy. The post-operative period was uneventful. At present, 13 months after surgery, patient is asymptomatic, with no evidence of recurrence of melanoma and has no difficulty in swallowing or phonation (AU)

¿Cuál es su diagnóstico y cual sería su tratamiento / What is your diagnosis and what would your treatment be?

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Tumor fibroso solitario de cavidad oral. Confirmación histológica final ante la sospecha de lipoma facial / Solitary fibrous tumor of the oral cavity. Final histologic confirmation after suspected facial lipoma

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Idoneidad del colgajo anterolateral de muslo para reconstrucción de grandes defectos craneofaciales / Suitability of the anterolateral thigh free flap for reconstruction of large craniofacial defects

La reconstrucción de grandes defectos en la región craneal y del cuero cabelludo constituyen un reto para el cirujano reconstructivo. Diversos factores pueden influir en la selección de un determinado método quirúrgico, tales como: anatomía del defecto, factores dependientes del paciente, preferencias del cirujano, etc. En condiciones desfavorables, tales como grandes defectos, presencia de infección o cirugías previas, los colgajos microvascularizados se presentan superiores al resto de técnicas reconstructivas en la recuperación de la integridad craneofacial. Presentamos un varón de 57 años de edad con defecto estético importante en región frontal e infección crónica activa de más de 20 años de evolución reconstruido con un colgajo libre microvascularizado de la región antero-lateral del muslo de una forma dual, solucionando con ello el cuadro infeccioso al aportar tejido sano vascularizado; y el defecto estético al añadir volumen, consiguiéndose un excelente resultado final (AU)

Reconstruction of large defects in the skull and scalp are a challenge for reconstructive surgeon. Several factors can influence the selection of a particular surgical method: anatomy of the defect, patient-dependent factors, surgeon preferences, etc. In unfavorable conditions such as large defects, presence of infection or previous surgery, microvascularized free flaps are considered superior to other reconstructive techniques in the recovery of craniofacial integrity. We present a male of 57 years with a major cosmetic defect on the forehead and active chronic infection of over 20 years onset reconstructed with a microvascular dual free flaps of the antero-lateral thigh, solving the infectious process with the use of healthy vascularized tissue, and the aesthetic defect by adding volume, achieving an excellent result (AU)

Schwannoma of tongue.

The schwannomas are nervous tissue tumors. We report a case of schwannoma of oral tongue. Because schwannomas are quite rare in the oral cavity, they are often not immediately included in the differential diagnosis of oropharyngeal masses, causing delay in identification and treatment. The definitive diagnosis requires histopathologic examination.

¿Cuál sería su diagnóstico y su manejo terapéutico? / How would you diagnose and manage this case?

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Carcinoma intraóseo primario odontogénico. Un diagnóstico infrecuente tras una exodoncia dental / Odontogenic primary intraosseous carcinoma. An uncommon diagnosis after dental extraction

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