Menhaden Oil Rich Diet and Experimental Renal Damage Due to Ischemia Reperfusion.

Renal necrosis can be induced in weanling rats due to choline deficient diet. Menhaden oil has a protective effect against the development of renal necrosis in choline deficient weanling rats. The aim of this work was to determine the effects of menhaden oil in a model of acute kidney injury due to ischemia reperfusion. Wistar rats were divided into two groups and fed vegetable oils or menhaden oil as lipids. Unilateral renal ischemia was performed for 30 minutes and animals were sacrificed 48 hours later. Histopathological examination showed no significant differences between groups. Menhaden oil did not prevent histopathological lesions.

Short-term menhaden oil rich diet changes renal lipid profile in acute kidney injury.

Weanling male Wistar rats fed a choline-deficient diet develop acute kidney injury. Menhaden oil, which is a very important source of omega-3 fatty acids, has a notorious protective effect. The mechanism of this protection is unknown; one possibility could be that menhaden oil changes renal lipid profile, with an impact on the functions of biological membranes. The aim of this work was to study the renal lipid profile in rats fed a choline-deficient diet with menhaden oil or vegetable oil as lipids. Rats were divided into 4 groups and fed four different diets for 7 days: choline-deficient or choline-supplemented diets with corn and hydrogenated oils or menhaden oil. Serum homocysteine, vitamin B12, and folic acid were analyzed. Renal lipid profile, as well as the fatty acid composition of the three oils, was measured. Choline-deficient rats fed vegetable oils showed renal cortical necrosis. Renal omega-6 fatty acids were higher in rats fed a cholinedeficient diet and a choline-supplemented diet with vegetable oils, while renal omega-3 fatty acids were higher in rats fed a choline-deficient diet and a choline-supplemented diet with menhaden oil. Rats fed menhaden oil diets had higher levels of renal eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Renal myristic acid was increased in rats fed menhaden oil. The lipid renal profile varied quickly according to the type of oil present in the diet.

Molecular pathology of acute kidney injury in a choline-deficient model and fish oil protective effect.

PURPOSE: The aim of this work was to investigate the potential protective effects of fish oil on the basis of kidney transcriptomic data on a nutritional experimental model. METHODS: Male weanling Wistar rats were divided into four groups and fed choline-deficient (CD) and choline-supplemented (CS) diets with vegetable oil (VO) and menhaden oil (MO): CSVO, CDVO, CSMO and CDMO. Animals were killed after receiving the diets for 6 days. Total RNA was purified from the right kidney and hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChip Rat Gene 1.0 ST Array. Differentially expressed genes were analyzed. RESULTS: All CSVO, CSMO and CDMO rats showed no renal alterations, while all CDVO rats showed renal cortical necrosis. A thorough analysis of the differential expression between groups CSMO and CDMO was carried out. There were no differential genes for p < 0.01. The analysis of the differential expression between groups CSVO and CSMO revealed 32 genes, 11 were over-expressed and 21 were under-expressed in CSMO rats. CONCLUSIONS: This work was part of a large set of experiments and was used in a hypothesis-generating manner. The comprehensive analysis of genetic expression allowed confirming that menhaden oil has a protective effect on this nutritional experimental model and identifying 32 genes that could be responsible for that protection, including Gstp1. These results reveal that gene changes could play a role in renal injury.

The protective effect of menhaden oil in the oxidative damage and renal necrosis due to dietary choline deficiency.

Weanling rats fed a choline-deficient diet develop kidney oxidative damage, tubular and cortical kidney necrosis, renal failure and animal death. The effect of dietary menhaden oil was assayed on the mentioned sequence correlating oxidative stress with renal structure and function. Rats were fed ad libitum 4 different diets: (a) a choline-deficient diet with corn oil and sunflower hydrogenated oil as a source of fatty acids; (b) the same diet supplemented with choline; (c) a choline-deficient diet with menhaden oil as a source of fatty acids; and (d) the previous diet supplemented with choline. Animals were sacrificed at days 0, 2, 4 and 7. The histopathological study of the kidneys showed that renal necrosis was only observed at day 7 in choline-deficient rats receiving the vegetable oil diet, simultaneously with increased creatinine plasma levels. Homogenate chemiluminescence (BOOH-initiated chemiluminescence) and phospholipid oxidation indicate the development of oxidative stress and damage in choline-deficient rats fed vegetable oils as well as the protective effect of menhaden oil. Rats fed with the fish oil diet showed that oxidative stress and damage develop later, as compared with vegetable oil, with no morphological damage during the experimental period.

Variable number tandem repeats in the promoter region of prostacyclin synthase gene in choline deficient rats.

Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on a choline-deficient diet with hydrogenated vegetable oil and corn oil as lipids develop acute renal failure. Pathogenesis of the latter is controversial and an ischemic mechanism has been proposed. Arachidonic acid derivatives are involved in the regulation of vascular tonus. Vasospasm could be due to an increase in tromboxane A2-mediated vasoconstriction or to a decrease in prostacyclin-induced vasodilatation. Enzymes involved in the synthesis of both compounds are tromboxane A2- and prostacyclin-synthase respectively. The aim of this study was to identify the variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) in the promoter region of prostacyclin synthase gene and verify if there exists a relationship between the occurrence of VNTR in those choline-deficient rats which die because of acute renal failure and those which do not. We verified the presence of the VNTR in the prostacyclin synthase rat gene, but we did not find any difference in the molecular weight of the alleles between experimental and control rats. Renal reparation of the acute kidney injury due to choline deficiency in some rats is not related with differences in VNTR in the promoter region of the prostacyclin synthase gene.

Variable number tandem repeats in the promoter region of prostacyclin synthase gene in choline deficient rats

Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on a choline-deficient diet with hydrogenated vegetable oil and corn oil as lipids develop acute renal failure. Pathogenesis of the latter is controversial and an ischemic mechanism has been proposed. Arachidonic acid derivatives are involved in the regulation of vascular tonus. Vasospasm could be due to an increase in tromboxane A2-mediated vasoconstriction or to a decrease in prostacyclin-induced vasodilatation. Enzymes involved in the synthesis of both compounds are tromboxane A2- and prostacyclin-synthase respectively. The aim of this study was to identify the variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) in the promoter region of prostacyclin synthase gene and verify if there exists a relationship between the occurrence of VNTR in those choline-deficient rats which die because of acute renal failure and those which do not. We verified the presence of the VNTR in the prostacyclin synthase rat gene, but we did not find any difference in the molecular weight of the alleles between experimental and control rats. Renal reparation of the acute kidney injury due to choline deficiency in some rats is not related with differences in VNTR in the promoter region of the prostacyclin synthase gene.(AU)

Variable number tandem repeats in the promoter region of prostacyclin synthase gene in choline deficient rats

Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on a choline-deficient diet with hydrogenated vegetable oil and corn oil as lipids develop acute renal failure. Pathogenesis of the latter is controversial and an ischemic mechanism has been proposed. Arachidonic acid derivatives are involved in the regulation of vascular tonus. Vasospasm could be due to an increase in tromboxane A2-mediated vasoconstriction or to a decrease in prostacyclin-induced vasodilatation. Enzymes involved in the synthesis of both compounds are tromboxane A2- and prostacyclin-synthase respectively. The aim of this study was to identify the variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) in the promoter region of prostacyclin synthase gene and verify if there exists a relationship between the occurrence of VNTR in those choline-deficient rats which die because of acute renal failure and those which do not. We verified the presence of the VNTR in the prostacyclin synthase rat gene, but we did not find any difference in the molecular weight of the alleles between experimental and control rats. Renal reparation of the acute kidney injury due to choline deficiency in some rats is not related with differences in VNTR in the promoter region of the prostacyclin synthase gene.

Chronic progressive nephropathy: functional, morphological, and morphometrical studies.

Some aspects of the functional, morphological, and morphometrical characteristics of chronic progressive nephropathy occurring in 18- to 26-month-old male rats and in 3-month-old control rats were studied. Rats with chronic progressive nephropathy were proteinuric and showed a slight increase in serum creatinine and no changes in blood pressure. The morphological changes were studied by light microscopy, high-resolution light microscopy, and electron microscopy. They showed focal and segmental or global glomerulosclerosis, the three types of atrophic tubules ("classic," "thyroid-like," and "endocrine") described by Nadasdy et al, as well as interstitial fibrosis with mononuclear cell infiltrates. On certain occasions, small vessels showed hyalinosis. Glomerular morphometrical studies showed a biphasic pattern in the glomeruli progressing toward obsolescence. Vascular morphometrical studies showed significant increase in media wall thickness and media cross-sectional area in the 18- to 26-month-old rats. These results support the hypothesis that changes in the vascular system are not of utmost importance in the pathogenesis of chronic progressive nephropathy, and that glomerular sequential changes seem to be of paramount significance in the progression of the disease.

Oxidative damage: the biochemical mechanism of cellular injury and necrosis in choline deficiency.

Oxidative stress and damage are characterized by decreased tissue antioxidant levels, consumption of tissue alpha-tocopherol, and increased lipid peroxidation. These processes occur earlier than necrosis in the liver, heart, kidney, and brain of weanling rats fed a choline deficient (CD) diet. In tissues, water-soluble antioxidants were analyzed as total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP), alpha-tocopherol content was estimated from homogenate chemiluminescence (homogenate-CL), and lipid peroxidation was evaluated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Histopathology showed hepatic steatosis at days 1-7, tubular and glomerular necrosis in kidney at days 6 and 7, and inflammation and necrosis in heart at days 6 and 7. TRAP levels decreased by 18%, 48%, 56%, and 66% at day 7, with t(1/2) (times for half maximal change) of 2.0, 1.8, 2.5, and 3.0 days in liver, kidney, heart, and brain, respectively. Homogenate-CL increased by 97%, 113%, 18%, and 297% at day 7, with t(1/2) of 2.5, 2.6, 2.8, and 3.2 days in the four organs, respectively. TBARS contents increased by 98%, 157%, 104%, and 347% at day 7, with t(1/2) of 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, and 5.0 days in the four organs, respectively. Plasma showed a 33% decrease in TRAP and a 5-fold increase in TBARS at day 5. Oxidative stress and damage are processes occurring earlier than necrosis in the kidney and heart. In case of steatosis prior to antioxidant consumption and increased lipid peroxidation, no necrosis is observed in the liver.

Freon: accidental ingestion and gastric perforation.

INTRODUCTION: Freons generally have a low order of toxicity, but exposure to relatively high concentrations (>100 ppm) may produce adverse effects on health. Currently, intoxication reports are unintentional inhalation of CFCs. We report an unintentional ingestion of a mixture of CFCs and the results of a rat study. CASE REPORT: A 43-year-old man was admitted to the Emergency Department with a chief complaint of acute abdominal pain that developed minutes after he ingested a clear liquid in a water glass, which contained a mixture of Freon and water. Subsequent surgical evaluation revealed perforation of the stomach and necrosis of the stomach wall. He developed a transient rise in his hepatic transaminases, which resolved spontaneously, and fully recovered from his surgery. METHODS: A murine model of the injury was created to evaluate threshold concentration and effect of time on injury grade. RESULTS: Injury grade increased with delay to histologic analysis from 8 to 24 hours after exposure to Freon. Increasing amounts of Freon also increased the lesion grade score. CONCLUSIONS: Patients ingesting Freon need to be closely evaluated for risk of gastric damage and perforation.

Effects of intraosseous implantation of silica-based bioactive glass particles on rat kidney under experimental renal failure.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of intraosseous implantation of silica-based bioactive glass (BG) particles on rat kidney under experimental renal failure. The animals are assigned to one of the two groups: renal failure (RF) and renal failure + bioactive glass (RF + BG). Particles of melt-derived 45S5 BG are implanted in the marrow of one tibia of each animal in the RF + BG group. The animals are killed 24 h and 14 days postimplantation. The RF + BG group exhibits a statistically significant increase in serum urea 24 h postimplantation. The tibiae of the RF + BG group are resected and embedded in methyl-methacrylate resin. Ground sections are analyzed by light microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The presence of silicon, calcium, and phosphorus is evaluated in the BG particles. A 55% reduction in silicon content is observed at 14 days postimplantation as compared with that at 24 h.Light microscopy analysis reveals lesions in kidney parenchyma. Hyperplasia associated with nuclear vacuolization in the tubules and a marked thickening of the basal membrane are observed in the renal cortex of the RF + BG animals killed at 24 h postimplantation, but not in those at 14 days. The present results demonstrate reversible renal cell injury in rats exposed to intraosseous implantation of silica-based BG particles under experimental RF.

Ocular lesions and experimental choline deficiency.

Previous studies have shown ocular haemorrhages in choline-deficient rats. The aim of this paper is to study further the relationship between ocular and renal lesions and biochemical alterations in rats fed a choline-deficient diet. Fifty one weanling male Wistar rats, were divided into two groups. Thirty one of them were fed a choline-deficient diet and the rest was fed a choline-supplemented diet ad libitum. Animals from both groups were killed between the fifth and the eighth day. Urea, creatinine and homocysteine concentrations in blood were determined. Eyes were used for light microscopy study; high resolution light microscopy and the study of the retina as "rétine a plat". Kidneys were studied by light microscopy. Choline-supplemented rats did not show ocular or renal lesion. Choline-deficient rats that showed renal lesions, tubular or cortical necrosis, did not always have ocular changes. There were no ocular changes in the only choline-deficient rat without renal lesion. The ocular changes consisted mainly in haemorrhage in both cameras and ciliary and vitreous bodies. Correlations between ocular and renal lesion (r = 0.72, p < 0.0001, CI 95%: 0.48-0.86); ocular lesion and creatinine (r = 0.86, p < 0.0001, Cl 95%: 0.72-0.93) and ocular lesion and urea (r = 0.70, p < 0.0001, Cl 95%: 0.44-0.85) were positive. Choline-deficiency induces ocular haemorrhagic lesions after the development of renal necrosis. The ocular pathology could be due to the immaturity of the ocular vasculature at this age. The hyaloid, choroid and retinal system are involved.

Relative contribution of V-H+ATPase and NA+/H+ exchanger to bicarbonate reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubules of old rats.

With aging, the kidney develops a progressive deterioration of several structures and functions. Proximal tubular acidification is impaired in old rats with a decrease in the activity of brush border Na+/H+ exchange and a fall of H-ion flux measured with micropuncture experiments. In the present work we evaluate the contribution of 5-N-ethyl-n-isopropyl amiloride- (EIPA) and bafilomycin-sensitive bicarbonate flux (JHCO3-) in proximal convoluted tubules of young and aged rats. We performed micropuncture experiments inhibiting the Na+/H+ exchanger with EIPA (10(-4) M) and the V-H+ATPase with bafilomycin (10(-6) M). We used antibodies against the NHE3 isoform of the Na+/H+ exchanger and the subunit E of the V-H+ATPase for detecting by Western blot the abundance of these proteins in brush border membrane vesicles from proximal convoluted tubules of young and old rats. The abundance of NHE3 and the V-H+ATPase was similar in 18-month-old and 3-month-old rats. The bicarbonate flux in old rats was 30% lower than in young rats. EIPA reduced by 60% and bafilomycin by 30% in young rats; in contrast, EIPA reduced by approximately 40% and bafilomycin by approximately 50% in old rats. The inhibited by bafilomycin was the same in young and old rats: 0.62 nmol.cm-2.s-1 and 0.71 nmol.cm-2.s-1, respectively. However, the EIPA-sensitive fraction was larger in young than in old rats: 1.26 nmol.cm-2.s-1 vs. 0.85 nmol.cm-2.s-1, respectively. These results suggest that the component more affected in bicarbonate reabsorption of proximal convoluted tubules from aged rats is the Na+-H+ exchanger, probably a NHE isoform different from NHE3.

Ocular lesions and experimental choline deficiency

Previous studies have shown ocular haemorrhages in choline-deficient rats. The aim of this paper is to study further the relationship between ocular and renal lesions and biochemical alterations in rats fed a choline-deficient diet. Fifty one weanling male Wistar rats, were divided into two groups. Thirty one ofthem were fed a choline-deficient diet and the rest was fed a choline- supplemented diet ad libitum. Animalsfrom both groups were killed between the fifth and the eighth day. Urea, creatinine and homocysteine concentrations in blood were determined. Eyes were used for light microscopy study; high resolution lightmicroscopy and the study of the retina as ¶rétine a plat÷. Kidneys were studied by light microscopy. Cholinesupplementedrats did not show ocular or renal lesion. Choline-deficient rats that showed renal lesions, tubular or cortical necrosis, did not always have ocular changes. There were no ocular changes in the only cholinedeficient rat without renal lesion. The ocular changes consisted mainly in haemorrhage in both cameras andciliary and vitreous bodies. Correlations between ocular and renal lesion (r=0.72, p<0.0001, CI 95%: 0.48-0.86); ocular lesion and creatinine (r=0.86, p<0.0001, CI 95%: 0.72-0.93) and ocular lesion and urea (r=0.70, p<0.0001, CI 95%: 0.44-0.85) were positive. Choline-deficiency induces ocular haemorrhagic lesions after the development of renal necrosis. The ocular pathology could be due to the immaturity of the ocular vasculature at this age. The hyaloid, choroid and retinal system are involved (AU)

Estudios previos han demostradohemorragia ocular en ratas deficientes en colina. El objetivo de este trabajo es profundizar en la relación entre las alteraciones oculares, renales y bioquímicas en ratas deficientes en colina. Cincuenta y una ratas Wistar macho recién destetadas fueron divididas en dos grupos: treinta y una fueron alimentadas con una dieta colino deficiente y el resto con colina suplementada ad-libitum. Los animales de ambos grupos fueron sacrificados entre el quinto y el octavo día. Se midió la concentración de urea, creatinina y homocisteína en sangre. Los ojos fueron estudiados por microscopía de luz, microscopía óptica de alta resolución y para el estudio de la retina como retina plana. Los riñones fueron estudiados por microscopía de luz. Las ratas suplementadas con colina no mostraron lesiones oculares o renales. Las colino deficientes que mostraron lesiones renales, necrosis tubular o cortical, no siempre tuvieron cambios oculares. No se encontraron cambios oculares en la única rata deficiente en colina sin lesión renal. Los cambios oculares consistieron principalmente en hemorragia enambas cámaras, cuerpo ciliar y vítreo. La correlación entre la lesión ocular y renal (r=0.72, p<0.0001, CI 95%:0.48-0.86), lesión ocular y creatinina (r=0.86, p<0.0001, CI 95%: 0.72-0.93) y lesión ocular y urea (r=0.70,p<0.0001, CI 95%: 0.44-0.85) fue positiva. La deficiencia de colina induce lesiones oculares luego del desarrollode la necrosis renal. La patología ocular podría ser debida a la inmadurez de los vasos oculares. El sistemahialoide, coroideo y retinal están involucrados (AU)

Ocular lesions and experimental choline deficiency

Previous studies have shown ocular haemorrhages in choline-deficient rats. The aim of this paper is to study further the relationship between ocular and renal lesions and biochemical alterations in rats fed a choline-deficient diet. Fifty one weanling male Wistar rats, were divided into two groups. Thirty one ofthem were fed a choline-deficient diet and the rest was fed a choline- supplemented diet ad libitum. Animalsfrom both groups were killed between the fifth and the eighth day. Urea, creatinine and homocysteine concentrations in blood were determined. Eyes were used for light microscopy study; high resolution lightmicroscopy and the study of the retina as ¶rétine a plat÷. Kidneys were studied by light microscopy. Cholinesupplementedrats did not show ocular or renal lesion. Choline-deficient rats that showed renal lesions, tubular or cortical necrosis, did not always have ocular changes. There were no ocular changes in the only cholinedeficient rat without renal lesion. The ocular changes consisted mainly in haemorrhage in both cameras andciliary and vitreous bodies. Correlations between ocular and renal lesion (r=0.72, p<0.0001, CI 95%: 0.48-0.86); ocular lesion and creatinine (r=0.86, p<0.0001, CI 95%: 0.72-0.93) and ocular lesion and urea (r=0.70, p<0.0001, CI 95%: 0.44-0.85) were positive. Choline-deficiency induces ocular haemorrhagic lesions after the development of renal necrosis. The ocular pathology could be due to the immaturity of the ocular vasculature at this age. The hyaloid, choroid and retinal system are involved (AU)

Estudios previos han demostradohemorragia ocular en ratas deficientes en colina. El objetivo de este trabajo es profundizar en la relación entre las alteraciones oculares, renales y bioquímicas en ratas deficientes en colina. Cincuenta y una ratas Wistar macho recién destetadas fueron divididas en dos grupos: treinta y una fueron alimentadas con una dieta colino deficiente y el resto con colina suplementada ad-libitum. Los animales de ambos grupos fueron sacrificados entre el quinto y el octavo día. Se midió la concentración de urea, creatinina y homocisteína en sangre. Los ojos fueron estudiados por microscopía de luz, microscopía óptica de alta resolución y para el estudio de la retina como retina plana. Los riñones fueron estudiados por microscopía de luz. Las ratas suplementadas con colina no mostraron lesiones oculares o renales. Las colino deficientes que mostraron lesiones renales, necrosis tubular o cortical, no siempre tuvieron cambios oculares. No se encontraron cambios oculares en la única rata deficiente en colina sin lesión renal. Los cambios oculares consistieron principalmente en hemorragia enambas cámaras, cuerpo ciliar y vítreo. La correlación entre la lesión ocular y renal (r=0.72, p<0.0001, CI 95%:0.48-0.86), lesión ocular y creatinina (r=0.86, p<0.0001, CI 95%: 0.72-0.93) y lesión ocular y urea (r=0.70,p<0.0001, CI 95%: 0.44-0.85) fue positiva. La deficiencia de colina induce lesiones oculares luego del desarrollode la necrosis renal. La patología ocular podría ser debida a la inmadurez de los vasos oculares. El sistemahialoide, coroideo y retinal están involucrados (AU)

Ocular lesions and experimental choline deficiency

Previous studies have shown ocular haemorrhages in choline-deficient rats. The aim of this paper is to study further the relationship between ocular and renal lesions and biochemical alterations in rats fed a choline-deficient diet. Fifty one weanling male Wistar rats, were divided into two groups. Thirty one ofthem were fed a choline-deficient diet and the rest was fed a choline- supplemented diet ad libitum. Animalsfrom both groups were killed between the fifth and the eighth day. Urea, creatinine and homocysteine concentrations in blood were determined. Eyes were used for light microscopy study; high resolution lightmicroscopy and the study of the retina as “rétine a plat”. Kidneys were studied by light microscopy. Cholinesupplementedrats did not show ocular or renal lesion. Choline-deficient rats that showed renal lesions, tubular or cortical necrosis, did not always have ocular changes. There were no ocular changes in the only cholinedeficient rat without renal lesion. The ocular changes consisted mainly in haemorrhage in both cameras andciliary and vitreous bodies. Correlations between ocular and renal lesion (r=0.72, p<0.0001, CI 95%: 0.48-0.86); ocular lesion and creatinine (r=0.86, p<0.0001, CI 95%: 0.72-0.93) and ocular lesion and urea (r=0.70, p<0.0001, CI 95%: 0.44-0.85) were positive. Choline-deficiency induces ocular haemorrhagic lesions after the development of renal necrosis. The ocular pathology could be due to the immaturity of the ocular vasculature at this age. The hyaloid, choroid and retinal system are involved

Estudios previos han demostradohemorragia ocular en ratas deficientes en colina. El objetivo de este trabajo es profundizar en la relación entre las alteraciones oculares, renales y bioquímicas en ratas deficientes en colina. Cincuenta y una ratas Wistar macho recién destetadas fueron divididas en dos grupos: treinta y una fueron alimentadas con una dieta colino deficiente y el resto con colina suplementada ad-libitum. Los animales de ambos grupos fueron sacrificados entre el quinto y el octavo día. Se midió la concentración de urea, creatinina y homocisteína en sangre. Los ojos fueron estudiados por microscopía de luz, microscopía óptica de alta resolución y para el estudio de la retina como retina plana. Los riñones fueron estudiados por microscopía de luz. Las ratas suplementadas con colina no mostraron lesiones oculares o renales. Las colino deficientes que mostraron lesiones renales, necrosis tubular o cortical, no siempre tuvieron cambios oculares. No se encontraron cambios oculares en la única rata deficiente en colina sin lesión renal. Los cambios oculares consistieron principalmente en hemorragia enambas cámaras, cuerpo ciliar y vítreo. La correlación entre la lesión ocular y renal (r=0.72, p<0.0001, CI 95%:0.48-0.86), lesión ocular y creatinina (r=0.86, p<0.0001, CI 95%: 0.72-0.93) y lesión ocular y urea (r=0.70,p<0.0001, CI 95%: 0.44-0.85) fue positiva. La deficiencia de colina induce lesiones oculares luego del desarrollode la necrosis renal. La patología ocular podría ser debida a la inmadurez de los vasos oculares. El sistemahialoide, coroideo y retinal están involucrados

Mild hyperhomocysteinemia promotes renal hemodynamic dysfunction without histopathologic changes in adult rats.

BACKGROUND: Hyperhomocysteinemia is able to promote glomerular damage and generate tubulointerstitial lesions. These findings were reported in rats with unilateral nephrectomy or in weanling rats with normal function, two experimental models that are exposed to other concomitant vascular risk factors. The aim of this work is to study whether mild hyperhomocisteinemia per se can induce renal histopathologic changes in adults rats with normal renal function at either 10 or 44 weeks of hyperhomocysteinemia. METHODS: Two months old male Wistar rats (N= 52) were randomly allocated to either a normal control (N= 26) or hyperhomocysteinemic (N= 26) group. Control and hyperhomocysteinemic groups had free access to either tap water or homocysteine thiolactone 50 mg/kg/day, during 10 or 44 weeks. Plasma homocysteine levels were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) were calculated from inulin and sodium para-aminohippurate (PAH) clearance determinations. Structural renal changes were investigated in kidneys fixed by perfusion. Histopathologic and morphometric analysis were carried out by standard methods. RESULTS: Plasma total homocysteine levels were 53% (10 weeks) and 56% (44 weeks) higher in hyperhomocysteinemic group compared to the control group. GFR and RPF were significantly lower in hyperhomocysteinemic than in control group. The histopathologic and morphometric studies did not show any differences between the control and hyperhomocysteinemic rats at 10 or 44 weeks. CONCLUSION: The present results show that mild hyperhomocysteinemia is able to induce renal functional and biochemical alterations in male adult rats that are not associated with renal histopathologic changes.

Differential lectin histochemical studies on lipofuscin (age-pigment) and on selected ceroid pigments.

The persistent indiscriminate use of the term lipofuscin for the pigments encountered in pathological conditions, and which should be most properly termed ceroid pigments, is still creating unnecessary conceptual and nomenclature problems, and a great deal of confusion. While both the age-dependent lipofuscin and the pathologically formed ceroid pigments have somewhat similar physical and histochemical properties, sufficient differences to properly identify these two types of pigments are presented in this communication. In addition, because little is known on the saccharide components of lipofuscin and ceroid pigments in situ, we have in recent years explored the lectin binding characteristics of lipofuscin in human and rats, as well as in diverse ceroid pigments experimentally induced in rats. Our lectin histochemical results showed qualitative and quantitative differences in the saccharide composition between human cerebral neurolipofuscin and the intra and extracellular ceroid pigment of human atheromas, as well as, between rat lipofuscin and the ceroid pigments induced in these animals.

Sequential histochemical studies of neuronal lipofuscin in human cerebral cortex from the first to the ninth decade of life.

The typical and most consistent physico-histochemical properties of lipofuscin granules, such as autofluorescence, sudanophilia, acid-fastness, PAS-reactivity, and lectin reactivities for diverse saccharide moieties have been generally detected in tissue specimens of old humans and animals. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to explore possible sequential variations of each of these properties in cortical neurons of the left cerebral temporo-parietal areas from individuals dying from the first to the ninth decade. Autofluorescence was studied with an ad hoc equipped microscope, sudanophilia was evaluated by Oil-red-O (ORO) staining, acid-fastness by long Ziehl-Nielsen reagent, PAS reactivity by the periodic-acid-Schiff reagent before and after diastase treatment, and the saccharide moieties by the use of a commercial kit of seven different biotinylated lectins. In the specimen from a 5-year-old child, lipofuscin granules were detected in less than 5% of the cortical neurons, but these granules already showed golden-yellow autofluorescence, sudanophilia, acid-fastness and PAS-reactivity. From the second to the ninth decade of life, perikaryal lipofuscin granules were found in practically all cortical neurons with apparent agewise increases in the intensity of sudanophilia and PAS-reactivity, but with variable acid-fastness expression. Surprisingly, however, no saccharide residues were detected by lectin histochemistry before the fifth decade of life. First detected saccharide was mannose in specimens from the fifth decade of life, and at later decades acetyl galactosamine, sialic acid and lactose were also found. Although, the reasons for the absence of lipofuscin affinity for the seven lectins used in this study in the cortical neurons of young and middle-aged individuals are presently unknown, these unexpected findings suggested important evolutionary changes of biogenesis and composition of the age-pigment.