Design of a structure-activity relationship model of vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1) inhibitors combining chemical synthesis of new compounds, enzymatic assays and molecular modelling.

Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) anticoagulants have been used since the 1950s as medicines and rodenticides. These molecules are mainly 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives and act by inhibiting the vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1), an endoplasmic reticulum membrane resident enzyme. However, many VKORC1 mutations have been reported over the last decade, inducing VKAs resistances and thus treatments failures. Although studies have reported experimental and computational investigations of VKAs based on VKORC1 structural homology models, the development of new effective anticoagulants has been quite complex due to the lack of structural data and reliable structure-activity relationships. However, the recent publication of VKORC1 crystal structure provides new information for further studies. Based on these findings, we combined chemical synthesis, enzymatic assays and molecular modelling methods to design a structure-activity relationship (SAR) model. Our results proved that the lipophilicity, the membrane permeability of inhibitors and their affinity towards human VKORC1 enzyme are the main characteristics for potent anticoagulants. Our SAR model managed to rank compounds according to their ability to inhibit the human VKORC1. Such a tool might constitute an alternative to evaluate new molecules potency before their chemical synthesis and biological assessment and might assist the development of new VKAs.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of C-3 aliphatic coumarins as vitamin K antagonists.

Since the discovery of Warfarin in the 1940s, the design of new warfarin-derived anticoagulants for rodent management has been challenging, with mainly structural modifications performed on the C3 position of the coumarin skeleton. In order to better understand the pharmacomodulation of such derivatives, we have synthesized a family of C3 (linear and branched) alkyl-4-hydroxycoumarins, which led to the identification of compounds 5e and 5f as potential short-term active anticoagulants.

New insights into the catalytic mechanism of vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1) - The catalytic properties of the major mutations of rVKORC1 explain the biological cost associated to mutations.

The systematic use of antivitamin K anticoagulants (AVK) as rodenticides caused the selection of rats resistant to AVKs. The resistance is mainly associated to genetic polymorphisms in the Vkorc1 gene encoding the VKORC1 enzyme responsible for the reduction of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide to vitamin K. Five major mutations, which are responsible for AVK resistance, have been described. Possible explanations for the biological cost of these mutations have been suggested. This biological cost might be linked to an increase in the vitamin K requirements. To analyze the possible involvement of VKORC1 in this biological cost, rVKORC1 and its major mutants were expressed in Pichia pastoris as membrane-bound proteins and their catalytic properties were determined for vitamin K and 3-OH-vitamin K production. In this report, we showed that mutations at Leu-120 and Tyr-139 dramatically affect the vitamin K epoxide reductase activity. Moreover, this study allowed the detection of an additional production of 3-hydroxyvitamin K for all the mutants in position 139. This result suggests the involvement of Tyr-139 residue in the second half-step of the catalytic mechanism corresponding to the dehydration of vitamin K epoxide. As a consequence, the biological cost observed in Y139C and Y139S resistant rat strains is at least partially explained by the catalytic properties of the mutated VKORC1 involving a loss of vitamin K from the vitamin K cycle through the formation of 3-hydroxyvitamin K and a very low catalytic efficiency of the VKOR activity.

3-Aryl-4-methyl-2-quinolones targeting multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

The NorA efflux pump lowers intracellular fluoroquinolone concentrations by expelling antibiotics through the membrane of Staphylococcus aureus. We identified 3-aryl-4-methyl-2-quinolin-2-ones as compounds able to restore the activity of the NorA substrate, ciprofloxacin, against resistant S. aureus strains, and acting as efflux pump inhibitors (EPI). In particular, 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-4-methyl-3-phenylquinolin-2-one (6 c) presents both an EPI and an antimicrobial effect. Its efficacy and safety make it a potential candidate for further investigations.