RESUMO
We herein present a Brazilian guideline for the management of feline sporotrichosis, a mycosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis. This guideline is an effort of a national technical group organized by the Working Group on Sporothrix and Sporotrichosis of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM). This publication intends to provide information on clinical-epidemiological aspects of this zoonosis, as well as a literature revision. Moreover, it gives some practical information on diagnosis and treatment of feline sporotrichosis. It also contains information that can be helpful for the prevention and control of S. brasiliensis transmission.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Gato/tratamento farmacológico , Sporothrix/efeitos dos fármacos , Esporotricose/veterinária , Animais , Brasil , Doenças do Gato/microbiologia , Gatos , Guias como Assunto , Sporothrix/genética , Sporothrix/fisiologia , Esporotricose/tratamento farmacológico , Esporotricose/microbiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sporotrichosis is an emerging zoonotic mycosis that presents as a cutaneous lymphatic or disseminated disease, caused by fungi from the Sporothrix schenkii (S schenkii) clinical clade. Its importance is growing, primarily due to an outbreak that occurred in Brazil, affecting mainly cats and people. OBJECTIVES: In Brazil, an S schenkii diagnosis is often made using cultures, which allows genus identification and sufficient growth to perform molecular biology testing. Despite its advantages, fungal cultures are slow to develop and can delay public health measures, highlighting the importance of developing additional diagnostics techniques. METHODS: Cell block cytology (CBLC) is an older method that regained importance after liquid-based cytology (LBC) was introduced, and it has been previously and successfully applied to veterinary diagnostics. We aimed to standardize and compare CBLC from cervical brush exfoliation of open wounds and fine-needle aspirates with culture and immunohistochemistry of skin biopsies for sporotrichosis in cats, as a novel method. RESULTS: For this purpose, we selected 40 cats with skin lesions suspected of having sporotrichosis in Guarulhos city, São Paulo state, Brazil. We achieved 97.5% and 95% positivity using CBLC and culture, respectively, and 100% of feline skin biopsies were positive for Sporothrix spp on histopathology/immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS: Cell block cytology is an efficient and rapid tool to diagnose sporotrichosis in cats, particularly during epidemics.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/microbiologia , Dermatomicoses/veterinária , Técnicas de Preparação Histocitológica/veterinária , Sporothrix , Esporotricose/veterinária , Animais , Biópsia por Agulha Fina/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Doenças do Gato/patologia , Gatos , Técnicas Citológicas/instrumentação , Técnicas Citológicas/métodos , Técnicas Citológicas/veterinária , Dermatomicoses/diagnóstico , Dermatomicoses/microbiologia , Dermatomicoses/patologia , Feminino , Técnicas de Preparação Histocitológica/instrumentação , Técnicas de Preparação Histocitológica/métodos , Masculino , Técnicas Microbiológicas/métodos , Técnicas Microbiológicas/veterinária , Pele/citologia , Pele/microbiologia , Pele/patologia , Esporotricose/diagnóstico , Esporotricose/microbiologia , Esporotricose/patologiaRESUMO
Em 2011, a partir de rumor da presença de gatos com a zoonose esporotricose, iniciou-se uma investigação epidemiológica no Distrito Administrativo de Itaquera, município de São Paulo, para detecção de possível surto e definição de medidas de controle. Delimitou-se a área geográfica de trabalho para busca ativa de casos em animais e pessoas, coletando-se material para diagnóstico. Animais diagnosticados receberam tratamento e acompanhamento domiciliar periódico. Casos humanos suspeitos foram encaminhados para atendimento médico. Os proprietários foram orientados sobre a doença, a importância da domiciliação, cuidados para a medicação e manejo dos animais. Mutirões de esterilização foram realizados para diminuir a circulação de animais, a dispersão da doença e identificação de suspeitos. Informações para detecção de novos casos foram divulgadas entre médicos e veterinários da rede de saúde. Entre abril de 2011 a dezembro de 2013 foram detectados 114 gatos e um cão positivos e 13 pessoas com lesões sugestivas. Observou-se um decréscimo da incidência de casos humanos e felinos no período. A adesão e o comprometimento dos proprietários com o tratamento, propiciados pelo vínculo de confiança estabelecido com a equipe de Vigilância em Saúde, a esterilização de animais e o manejo adequado dos gatos evitaram o abandono e diminuíram a transmissão. Os resultados indicam que a estratégia adotada foi efetiva para a detecção e controle do surto e recuperação dos animais. A continuidade do monitoramento será fundamental para diagnóstico precoce e redução de casos em humanos e animais...
Assuntos
Gatos , Esporotricose , Gatos , Surtos de DoençasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sporotrichosis is a mycotic infectious disease that is generally acquired by traumatic inoculation of contaminated materials especially from plant debris or through bites and scratches from diseased animals, such as domestic cats. It affects the skin, lymphatic system, and other organs in the warm-blooded host. Etiological agents are embedded in the plant-associated order Ophiostomatales. With essential differences between possible outbreak sources and ecological niche, host-environment interactions are classic determinants of risk factors for disease acquisition. Sporotrichosis outbreaks with zoonotic transmission, such as those that are ongoing in southern and southeastern Brazil, have highlighted the threat of cross-species pathogen transmission. Sporothrix brasiliensis has emerged as a human threat owing to the intimate contact pattern between diseased cats and humans in endemic areas. RESULTS: We describe the recent emergence of feline sporotrichosis in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil, with an overwhelming occurrence of S. brasiliensis as the etiological agent. A phylogenetic and a haplotype approach were used to investigate the origin of this epidemic and the impact of feline transmission on genetic diversity. During the last 3-year period, 163 cases of feline sporotrichosis were reported in São Paulo with proven S. brasiliensis culture. The haplotype diversity of feline S. brasiliensis isolates revealed the expansion of a clonal population with low genetic diversity. Haplotype analysis confirmed that isolates from São Paulo shared the haplotype originated in the long-lasting outbreak of cat-transmitted sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, which differed from the haplotype circulating in the Rio Grande do Sul epidemic. CONCLUSIONS: The fast spread of sporotrichosis in a short period of time highlights the potential for outbreaks and suggests that the mycosis may affect an urban population with a high concentration of susceptible felines. The feline sporotrichosis epidemic shows no signs of slowing, and this epidemiological pattern may require specific public health strategies to control future outbreaks.
