Expression of apoptosis and myogenesis related genes during prenatal life in two divergent breeds of pigs.

We aimed to evaluate apoptosis and myogenesis related genes expression in embryos and fetuses from two divergent genetic groups of pigs: Piau breed and a commercial line. Thirty females (15 Piau and 15 commercial line) were selected at 120 days of age. Estrous cycle was observed and on the third estrus females were considered sexually mature. Gilts were inseminated with semen from males of the respective breed. Three females from each breed were slaughtered at five different gestational ages: 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days. Whole embryos (15 and 30 d) and samples of longissimus dorsi muscle from fetuses (45, 60 and 90 d) were collected for RNA extraction. Expression of apoptosis and myogenesis related genes (BAX, BCL2, FGF4, IHH, HHIP, SHH, SOX2, WNT1 and WNT4) were evaluated by quantitative real time PCR. There was significant effect of interaction between breeds and gestational ages for all genes evaluated (P < 0.05). The BCL2 gene expression differed throughout pregnancy in Piau group with lower expression on day 15. The IHH gene expression throughout pregnancy was lower on days 15 and 60 in Piau group and lower on day 90 in commercial line group; and the SHH gene expression throughout pregnancy was higher on day 30 and lower on day 60 in Piau group and lower on day 45 in commercial group. The WNT1 gene expression along pregnancy was lower on day 15 and higher on days 30 and 45 in Piau group, and it was higher on day 30 than days 15 and 60 in commercial group. WNT4 gene expression throughout pregnancy was lower on day 15 in Piau group, and it was lower on day 30 in commercial pigs. Piau group presented higher expression of the FGF4 gene on days 45, 60 and 90, and commercial group showed higher expression on day 15 and 90. SOX2 gene expression was lower on day 15 in Piau pigs and it was constant throughout pregnancy in commercial group. Overall, the expression of IHH, SHH, WNT1, WNT4 and FGF4 genes were higher in commercial than Piau pigs on day 15, besides expression of BCL2 gene in Piau embryos was lower on day 15; these results might indicate that the muscle precursor cells are allowed to proliferate for a longer time in commercial than in Piau embryos by the balance of proliferative and apoptotic genes. Therefore, the expression differential between breeds can stimulate proliferation and differentiation of cells in different ways, explaining the postnatal differences in the muscularity between pigs from Piau breed and a commercial line.

Aspects of sexual precocity and morphometry of uterus, placenta and embryos/fetuses in Piau breed and Commercial line gilts.

In view of the importance of the genetic material of local breeds in the swine industry and the lack of information about reproductive performance of Piau females, two experiments were conducted to evaluate puberty and sexual maturity as well as the morphometry of embryos/fetuses, placenta and uterus during the first 90 days of gestation in Piau breed and Commercial line gilts. In experiment I, 37 Piau and 25 commercial line gilts were used. From the 120 days of age, detection of estrus was performed using mature boars from the first to third estrus of each gilt. Data regarding to age, body weight and estrus duration were recorded. After third estrus, females were slaughtered and ovaries were collected to determine ovulation rate. In experiment II, 36 Piau and 18 commercial line gilts were distributed into three groups according to the mating: Commercial, commercial line females x commercial line male; cross-mated, Piau females x commercial line male; and Piau, Piau females x Piau male. Gilts were slaughtered at 7, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days of pregnancy. Piau females reached puberty and sexual maturity at the same age as commercial line females, but with lower weight; moreover, Piau group showed negative correlations of birth weight with puberty (-0.27) and sexual maturity (-0.29). Commercial gilts presented higher ovulation rate, weight and length of uterus, and length and thoracic circumference of fetuses. Nevertheless, number of fetuses was similar in all groups at 90 days of gestation suggesting that Piau females present higher survival rates of the conceptuses. The results showed differences between the genetic groups related to fetal and placental development, gestational losses, number of ovulations and uterine development. In addition, an intermediate status of fetal weight was observed in Piau/Commercial line crossbred conceptuses; thus, the selection of Piau females on reproductive traits to be mated with commercial line males would be an alternative to contribute to improvement of intramuscular fat content.

Evaluación de conocimientos sobre oxigenoterapia y lectura del flujómetro en el personal de salud de pediatría del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia / Knowledge Evaluation of Oxygen Therapy and Flowmeter's Reading among Health Workers in the Pediatric Unit at Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia

Introducción: el oxígeno (O2) es un medicamento que puede generar efectos adversos. Discrepancias en la lectura del flujómetro y metas de saturación de oxígeno (SpC>2) pueden repercutir en la toma de decisiones clínicas, paraclínicas y estancia hospitalaria de pacientes pediátricos. Objetivo: evaluar conocimientos sobre SpO2, efectos adversos del O2 y lectura del flujómetro en el personal de salud del Departamento de Pediatría del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos: estudio transversal, mediante encuesta autodiligenciada en una muestra por conveniencia durante diciembre de 2016 y enero de 2017. Evaluación de conocimientos sobre oxigenoterapia, SpC>2, efectos adversos y lectura del flujómetro mediante fotografías de flujómetros del hospital con diferente fracción inspirada de oxígeno (FiC>2). Resultados: de 259 personas, el 77% respondió la encuesta. El 22% de los participantes respondió que la SpC>2 aumenta o se mantiene igual cuando el niño duerme; el 78% sabía de complicaciones del uso prolongado de O2, y el 67%, las relacionadas con la administración de una FiC>2 mayor a la necesaria. Con relación a la población neonatal, el 10% consideró que se deben buscar metas de SpO2 iguales o superiores al 96%; entre el 9% y el 19% de las lecturas en las diferentes fotografías de flujómetros fueron respuestas incorrectas. Discusión: es necesario reforzar conceptos actualizados sobre oxigenoterapia, con énfasis en metas de saturación, efectos adversos y lectura de flujómetro mediante campañas educativas periódicas.

Introduction: Supplemental oxygen is considerad a pharmaceutical drug; therafora, it can produce adverse effects. Lack of consensus regarding the reading of oxygen flowmeters and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpC>2) goals can influence clinical and paraclinical decisions and hospital stay length. Objective: To assess knowledge on oxygen therapy, adverse effects, SpC>2 goals and oxygen flowmeter's reading among personnel in the Pediatric Unit at Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia. Methodology: Cross-sectional study derived from convenience sampling through a self-applied poli between December 2016 and January 2017. The poli evaluated topics on supplemental oxygen therapy fundamentáis and adverse effects, SpC>2 goals and flowmeter readings through flowmeters photographs indicating a specific ffaction of inspirad oxygen (FÍO2). Results: Response rate was 77% from 259 subjects. 22% considered that the oxygen saturation either increases or remains the same during sleep periods in children. 78% participants knew at least one complication associated to prolonged oxygen therapy and 67% due to supplementary oxygen concentration greater than required amounts. In neonatal population, 10% considered oxygen saturation efectos adversos y lectura de flujómetro mediante campañas educativas periódicas.

Factores determinantes de las conductas de riesgo para ITS - HIV en los estudiantes de las escuelas de salud de la Universidad Alas Peruanas, Arequipa / Decisive factors of the behaviors of risk for ITS - HIV in the students of the schools of health, of the Universidad Alas Perunas, Arequipa

Los estudiantes de la Escuela de Salud están continuamente expuestos al riesgo de accidentes ocupacionales en los centros asistenciales, donde realizan sus prácticas, así como una vida sexual activa, en donde el contagio por agentes infecciosos como Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C y HIV, transmisibles por mecanismos relacionados con accidentes de trabajo sanitario y relaciones sexuales entre otros, resulta como consecuencia de las conductas de riesgo, en donde el nivel de conocimientos, las actitudes y el medio ambiente social y cultural son factores que las determinan. El estudio de tipo analítico, prospectivo, transversal, se realizó sobre una muestra de 280 estudiantes de las Escuelas de Tecnología Médica, Enfermería, Odontología y Farmacia de la Universidad Alas Peruanas, Arequipa, que cursaban del cuarto al décimo semestre. A ellos se aplicó el instrumento "Cuestionario de Conductas de Riesgo" por medio de una encuesta anónima. La investigación demostró que sobre las conductas de riesgo sexual, el 40 por ciento de los estudiantes no conocían las vías de transmisión y las conductas preventivas, colocando a los factores cognitivos como los principales responsables, seguidos de factores socioculturales, como el grupo de amigos que promueven la promiscuidad 10 por ciento; la bisexualidad 8 por ciento; el sexo inseguro 15 por ciento, y los centros de diversión que ofertan licor, drogas y ambientes privados. Asismismo, la conductas de riesgo ocupacional son principalmente debidas a factores actitudinales, en donde el 60 por ciento de los estudiantes conoce las medidas de protección personal pero desestiman su uso argumentando incomodidad el 40 por ciento, seguido de los factores socioculturales que en general se constituye por el personal de salud profesional, técnico y auxiliar que no usa guantes, mandiles, lentes y otros elementos de protección en su práctica asistencial promoviendo esta mala conducta. La variación de los resultados por escuela profesional no es ...

The students of the Schools of Health are continually exposed to the risk of occupational accidents in the assistance centers, where they carry out their practices, as well as to a sexual active life where the infection for infectious agents as Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV, transferable for mechanism related with industrial accidents sanitarium and sexual relationships among other, they are as consequence of the behavior of risk where the level of knowledge, the attitudes and the social and cultural medioambiente are factors that determine them. The study of analytic, prospective, traverse type, was carried out on a sample of 280 students of the School of Medical Technology, Infirmary, Dentistry and Pharmacy of the University Peruvian Wing, Arequipa that you/they studied from the room to the tenth semester. To them the instrument "Questionnaire of Behaviors of Risk" was applied by means of an anonymous survey. The investigation demonstrated that it has more than enough the behaviors of sexual risk, 40 per cent of the students didn't know the transmission roads and the preventive behaviors, placing to the factors cognitivos like the main ones responsible, followed by sociocultural factors, as the group of friends that promote the promiscuity 10 per cent, the bisexuality 8 per cent, the sex insecure 15 per cent, and the centers of amusement that offer liquor, drugs and private atmospheres. Also, the behaviors of occupational risk are mainly due to factors actitudinales where 60 per cent of the students know the measures of personal protection but they underrate its use arguing annoyance 40 per cent, followed by the sociocultural factors that it is constituted by the personnel of professional health in general, technician and auxiliary that doesn't use gloves, aprons, eyeglasses and other protection elements in its assistance practice promoting this bad behavior. The variation of the results for professional school is not significant, being the School of ...