"The Accessory Ethmoidal Canal Does Not Necessarily Contain an Arterial Structure".

Introduction: The aim of our study is to describe the prevalence of the accessory ethmoidal artery in endonasal endoscopic cadaver dissections and to identify its intraorbital origin. Material and Methods: From 2018 to 2020, thirty-four nasal dissections were performed in seventeen adult cadaveric heads. We performed a complete ethmoidectomy to identify the ethmoidal canals. Then, we removed the bony canal and the lamina papiracea to verify the injected vessel and to confirm the vascular structure inside the canal. Results: We found the anterior ethmoidal canal (AEC) and the posterior ethmoidal canal (PEC) in 100% of nasal cavities (34/34). We identified 4 accessory ethmoidal canals (AcEC) in the 34 nasal fossae dissected (12%). All AEC contained an arterial vessel. The AcEC contained an arterial vascular structure in 2 cases, a neural structure in other specimen, and in the fourth case no structure could be verified. In 32 of 34 nasal cavities, the PEC contained an artery and only in 2 cases the PEC did not contain any vascular structure. In these specimens, we observed that the AcEC with an arterial vessel inside (6%) was closer to the posterior canal than the anterior canal. Conclusion: According to our findings, we can suggest that the presence of a canal does not necessarily imply the presence of an arterial vessel, and that presence of the accessory ethmoidal artery could be associated with the absence of posterior ethmoidal artery.

Management of Patients With Graves Orbitopathy Using Endonasal Endoscopic Techniques.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the authors' study is to show their surgical results in orbital decompression using different endonasal endoscopic techniques. These approaches are according to the degree of proptosis and the presence or not of sight threatening. METHODS: The authors performed 31 orbital decompressions on 20 Graves orbitopathy patients. Average age at surgery was 52 years. There were 5 males and 15 females. Five patients were diagnosed as having severe or for sight-threatening Graves orbitopathy. These included 3 men and 2 women having an average age of 54 years old. Minimum postsurgical follow-up was 12 months in all patients. RESULTS: Orbital decompression was performed in 15 patients for proptosis and in 5 patients for urgent sight threat. Thirteen orbits showed mild proptosis and 18 orbits presented moderate proptosis. In patients without sight threatening reduction of proptosis had a mean value of 2.8 mm as determined by exophtalmometry, being 3.3 mm when measured on magnetic resonance imaging. The mean millimeter in mild proptosis was between 1.5 and 1.7 and between 3.4 and 4.2 in moderate proptosis. In patients having sight threat mean visual acuity after surgery improved from 0.6 to 0.9.Only 1 patient without diplopia preoperative developed diplopia after surgery (17%). In 55% of patients strabismus and/or eyelid surgery were required.In postoperative follow-up, 2 patients developed a mucocele and 1 patient developed corneal erosion. CONCLUSION: The authors recommend the preservation of the periorbital sling and the anterior ethmoido-maxillary angle in patients with mild-moderate exophthalmos and without threatened vision. In case of sight threatening the authors resected the most periorbita as much as possible.Evidence-based medicine Level V.

Nuestra experiencia en el manejo de las complicaciones orbitarias en la rinosinusitis aguda / Our experience in the management of orbital complications in acute rinosinusitis

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO: La propagación de una infección a partir de los senos paranasales es poco frecuente pero grave. Entre un 4 y un 20% de las rinosinusitis se pueden complicar; de ellas, las orbitarias (60-75%) son las más prevalentes. La gran mayoría se presentan en la edad pediátrica, si bien en la edad adulta son más graves. Nuestro objetivo es analizar las características epidemiológicas de estos pacientes así como plantear un protocolo de actuación ante esta situación. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 21 pacientes diagnosticados de una complicación orbitaria en el curso de una rinosinusitis aguda entre 2005 y 2018. El diagnóstico se basó en la historia clínica, la exploración endoscópica y las pruebas de imagen. Todos los pacientes recibieron antibioterapia intravenosa y fueron valorados por oftalmología. Se llevó a cabo un tratamiento quirúrgico urgente en caso de existir un absceso o mala evolución con el tratamiento médico. RESULTADOS: La edad media de los pacientes fue de 24 años. El 52% fueron varones y el 48% mujeres. Según la clasificación de Chandler, el 43% (9/21) fueron celulitis preseptales (7 adultos y 2 niños), el 10% (2/21) celulitis orbitarias (un adulto y un niño), el 43% (9/21) abscesos subperiósticos (2 adultos y 7 niños), hubo un caso de absceso orbitario en un adulto y ningún caso de trombosis de seno cavernoso. Se solicitó una TC a todos los pacientes y se optó por el tratamiento quirúrgico en caso de absceso subperióstico u orbitario, a excepción de 2 abscesos de pequeño tamaño (< 4 mm), subperiósticos mediales y en edad pediátrica (< 4 años) que presentaron una correcta evolución con tratamiento conservador. El abordaje quirúrgico fue por vía endoscópica endonasal: se resecó la lámina papirácea y se mantuvo intacta la periórbita en el caso de abscesos subperiósticos, pero se incidió en ella en el absceso orbitario. Se complementó con un abordaje externo palpebral en los 4 casos que presentaron una colección en el techo de la órbita o en la pared lateral. Dos pacientes adultos jóvenes (10%) presentaron de manera concomitante una complicación intracraneal. CONCLUSIONES: Las complicaciones orbitarias de la rinosinusitis aguda son poco frecuentes pero potencialmente graves. Es importante conocerlas y sospecharlas para actuar con rapidez. El tratamiento multidisciplinar, la localización y la extensión del cuadro son esenciales para el correcto manejo de estas complicaciones. El abordaje quirúrgico se realiza mediante endoscopia endonasal. Su limitación son las colecciones localizadas en el techo de la órbita o en pared lateral, en las que se tendrá que complementar la actuación con un abordaje externo palpebral

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The spread of an infection from the paranasal sinuses is rare but severe. Between 4% and 20% of all rhinosinusitis can become complicated, orbital involvement being the most frequent (60-75%). Orbital complications are more common in children but more severe in adults. We aim to analyse the epidemiological characteristics of these patients and to propose a management algorithm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a retrospective review of 21 patients with orbital complications of acute rhinosinusitis diagnosed in the same institution from 2005 to 2018. The diagnosis was based on clinical history, endoscopic examination and imaging tests. All patients received an intravenous antibiotic and were assessed by ophthalmology. An immediate surgical treatment was performed in the case of an abscess or poor response to medical management. RESULTS: The average age was 24 years. Fifty-two percent were males and 48% females. According to Chandler's classification, 43% (9/21) had preseptal cellulitis (7 adults and 2 children), 10% (2/21) orbital cellulitis (one adult and one child), 43% (9/21) subperiosteal abscess (2 adults and 7 children), there was one case of orbital abscess in an adult and there were no cases of cavernous sinus thrombosis. A CT scan was performed in all patients and the cases of subperiosteal or orbital abscess were treated surgically, except 2 paediatric patients (< 4 years) with a small and medial subperiosteal abscess (< 4 mm) who responded well to medical treatment. The surgical approach is performed by endonasal endoscopy, perforating the lamina papyracea in cases of subperiosteal abscess and also opening the periorbita in orbital abscess. It was combined with an external palpebral approach in the 4 cases that presented a superior or lateral abscess. Two young adults (10%) presented an intracranial complication concomitantly. CONCLUSION: Orbital complications of acute rhinosinusitis are rare but potentially severe. It is important to be aware of and suspect them in order to act quickly. It is essential to define the location and extension of the infection for correct management, as well as multidisciplinary treatment. The surgical approach is performed by endonasal endoscopy. It is limited by abscesses located on the roof of the orbit or on the lateral wall, when a combined external palpebral approach is required

Our experience in the management of orbital complications in acute rhinosinusitis. / Nuestra experiencia en el manejo de las complicaciones orbitarias en la rinosinusitis aguda.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The spread of an infection from the paranasal sinuses is rare but severe. Between 4% and 20% of all rhinosinusitis can become complicated, orbital involvement being the most frequent (60-75%). Orbital complications are more common in children but more severe in adults. We aim to analyse the epidemiological characteristics of these patients and to propose a management algorithm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a retrospective review of 21 patients with orbital complications of acute rhinosinusitis diagnosed in the same institution from 2005 to 2018. The diagnosis was based on clinical history, endoscopic examination and imaging tests. All patients received an intravenous antibiotic and were assessed by ophthalmology. An immediate surgical treatment was performed in the case of an abscess or poor response to medical management. RESULTS: The average age was 24 years. Fifty-two percent were males and 48% females. According to Chandler's classification, 43% (9/21) had preseptal cellulitis (7 adults and 2 children), 10% (2/21) orbital cellulitis (one adult and one child), 43% (9/21) subperiosteal abscess (2 adults and 7 children), there was one case of orbital abscess in an adult and there were no cases of cavernous sinus thrombosis. A CT scan was performed in all patients and the cases of subperiosteal or orbital abscess were treated surgically, except 2 paediatric patients (<4 years) with a small and medial subperiosteal abscess (<4mm) who responded well to medical treatment. The surgical approach is performed by endonasal endoscopy, perforating the lamina papyracea in cases of subperiosteal abscess and also opening the periorbita in orbital abscess. It was combined with an external palpebral approach in the 4 cases that presented a superior or lateral abscess. Two young adults (10%) presented an intracranial complication concomitantly. CONCLUSION: Orbital complications of acute rhinosinusitis are rare but potentially severe. It is important to be aware of and suspect them in order to act quickly. It is essential to define the location and extension of the infection for correct management, as well as multidisciplinary treatment. The surgical approach is performed by endonasal endoscopy. It is limited by abscesses located on the roof of the orbit or on the lateral wall, when a combined external palpebral approach is required.

Rhinocerebral mucormycosis in a 5-month heart transplant recipient.

Mucormycosis is an opportunistic acute fungal infection with a high mortality rate seen in immunocompromised patients. It is extremely rare in heart transplant recipients. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis (RM) is the most frequently observed presentation. We report a case of RM in a heart transplant recipient 5-month after the procedure, with a fatal outcome.

[Mucocele caused by postraumatic orbitary herniation]. / Mucocele por herniación orbitaria postraumática.

Sinusal mucoceles are expansive lesions related to ostium sinus obstruction and treatment is surgical. We present a case of frontal mucocele secondary to ostium drainage obstruction due to herniated orbital content. This entailed difficulties for intranasal surgical resolution so a combined approach was used. The different surgical options for treating such cases are discussed.

Mucocele por herniación orbitaria postraumática / Mucocele by postraumatic orbitary herniation

Los mucoceles de senos paranasales son lesiones expansivas relacionadas con la obstrucción del ostium sinusal, cuyo tratamiento es quirúrgico. Presentamos un caso de un mucocele frontal secundario a una obstrucción del ostium de drenaje por contenido orbitario herniado. Este hecho conllevó dificultad para la resolución quirúrgica endonasal, por lo que se optó por una vía combinada. Para tratar este tipo de casos, se analizan las diferentes opciones quirúrgicas

Sinusal mucoceles are expansive lesions related to ostium sinus obstruction and treatment is surgical. We present a case of frontal mucocele secondary to ostium drainage obstruction due to herniated orbital content. This entailed difficulties for intranasal surgical resolution so a combined approach was used. The different surgical options for treating such cases are discussed