Influence of inlet water on the biotic and abiotic variables in a fish pond / Influência da água de entrada sobre as variáveis bióticas e abióticas em um viveiro de piscicultura

Abstract The effects of treated and untreated water inlets with macrophytes on the improvement of water quality and zooplankton community were evaluated in a fish pond with continuous water flow. Water and zooplankton samples were retrieved at four sites during nine months. There were differences (p<0.01) between inlet water from fish pond and inlet water from canal with macrophytes, featuring higher concentrations of nutrient load, mainly TAN and TP in the former. The inlet water from fish pond contained a higher number of abundant species (9 species), whilst the water supply from the canal with macrophytes had a greater richness (31 species) of zooplankton species. Results showed that inlet water without macrophytes directly affected the characteristics of the water column and the dominance of zooplankton species such as Thermocyclops decipiens, and greater abundance of Rotifera species. Since aquatic plants in the inlet water of fish pond analyzed showed lower allochthonous material loads from the previous fish pond, the management adopted with macrophytes may be applied to avoid eutrophication risks, common in farm ponds.

Resumo Os efeitos do abastecimento tratado e não tratado com macrófitas sobre a qualidade da água e comunidade zooplanctônica foram avaliados em um viveiro de piscicultura com fluxo contínuo de água. Houve maior concentração de fósforo total e nitrogênio amoniacal na água não tratada (p<0,01). Na água de entrada sem tratamento de macrófitas foi observado maior número de espécies abundantes (9 espécies), contudo, a entrada de água tratada com macrófitas apresentou maior riqueza de espécies (31 espécies) zooplanctônicas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a água de entrada sem macrófitas influenciou as características da coluna de água com predominância de espécies zooplanctônicas, como Thermocyclops decipiens e maior abundância de espécies de Rotifera. A água tratada com macrófita apresentou menor carga de materiais alóctones provenientes do viveiro anterior, indicando que o manejo adotado com macrófitas pode ser aplicado para evitar riscos de eutrofização, comuns em piscicultura.

Influence of inlet water on the biotic and abiotic variables in a fish pond.

The effects of treated and untreated water inlets with macrophytes on the improvement of water quality and zooplankton community were evaluated in a fish pond with continuous water flow. Water and zooplankton samples were retrieved at four sites during nine months. There were differences (p<0.01) between inlet water from fish pond and inlet water from canal with macrophytes, featuring higher concentrations of nutrient load, mainly TAN and TP in the former. The inlet water from fish pond contained a higher number of abundant species (9 species), whilst the water supply from the canal with macrophytes had a greater richness (31 species) of zooplankton species. Results showed that inlet water without macrophytes directly affected the characteristics of the water column and the dominance of zooplankton species such as Thermocyclops decipiens, and greater abundance of Rotifera species. Since aquatic plants in the inlet water of fish pond analyzed showed lower allochthonous material loads from the previous fish pond, the management adopted with macrophytes may be applied to avoid eutrophication risks, common in farm ponds.

Growth of Haematococcus pluvialis Flotow in alternative media.

Current study investigates the effect of two alternative media NPK (20-5-20) fertilizer and NPK plus macrophyte (M+NPK) compared to the commercial medium (WC) under growth rate and physiological parameters in batch culture mode (2-L), and verifies whether the use of fertilizer (NPK) and macrophyte (Eichhornia crassipes) would be a good tool for Haematococcus pluvialis culture in the laboratory. The highest number of cells of H. pluvialis has been reported in NPK medium (5.4 × 105 cells.mL-1) on the 28th day, and in the M+NPK and WC media (4.1 × 105 cells.mL-1 and 2.1 × 105 cells.mL-1) on the 26th day, respectively. Chlorophyll-a contents were significantly higher (p<0.05) in NPK medium (41-102 µg.L-1) and lower in WC and M+NPK media (14-61 µg.L-1). The astaxanthin content was less than 0.04 mg.L-1. Production cost of 10-L of H. pluvialis was low in all media, and NPK and M+NPK media had a cost reduction of 65% and 82%, respectively when compared with commercial medium (WC). The use of a medium based on commercial fertilizer and macrophyte (E. crassipes) produced a new medium formulation that proved to be efficient, at least in batch culture mode, in promoting high density culture of H. pluvialis. NPK and macrophyte (E. crassipes) medium seems to be an adequate alternative to replace the conventional one (WC).

Growth of Haematococcus pluvialis Flotow in alternative media / Crescimento de Haematococcus pluvialis Flotow em meios alternativos

Abstract Current study investigates the effect of two alternative media NPK (20-5-20) fertilizer and NPK plus macrophyte (M+NPK) compared to the commercial medium (WC) under growth rate and physiological parameters in batch culture mode (2-L), and verifies whether the use of fertilizer (NPK) and macrophyte (Eichhornia crassipes) would be a good tool for Haematococcus pluvialis culture in the laboratory. The highest number of cells of H. pluvialis has been reported in NPK medium (5.4 × 105cells.mL–1) on the 28th day, and in the M+NPK and WC media (4.1 × 105 cells.mL–1 and 2.1 × 105 cells.mL–1) on the 26th day, respectively. Chlorophyll-a contents were significantly higher (p<0.05) in NPK medium (41-102 µg.L–1) and lower in WC and M+NPK media (14-61 µg.L–1). The astaxanthin content was less than 0.04 mg.L–1. Production cost of 10-L of H. pluvialis was low in all media, and NPK and M+NPK media had a cost reduction of 65% and 82%, respectively when compared with commercial medium (WC). The use of a medium based on commercial fertilizer and macrophyte (E. crassipes) produced a new medium formulation that proved to be efficient, at least in batch culture mode, in promoting high density culture of H. pluvialis. NPK and macrophyte (E. crassipes) medium seems to be an adequate alternative to replace the conventional one (WC).

Resumo O presente estudo investigou o efeito de dois meios alternativos, NPK (20-5-20) e NPK mais macrófita (M+NPK), em relação ao meio comercial (WC) para avaliar a taxa de crescimento e parâmetros fisiológicos em cultivo estático (2-L), a fim de verificar se o fertilizante (NPK) e a macrófita (Eichhornia crassipes) podem ser utilizados no cultivo de Haematococcus pluvialis em laboratório. O maior número de células de H. pluvialis foi observado no meio NPK (5,4 × 105 células.mL–1) no vigésimo oitavo dia, e nos meios M+NPK e WC foi de 4,1 × 105 células.mL–1 e 2,1 × 105.celulas.mL–1 no vigésimo sexto dia, respectivamente. Os teores de clorofila-a foram significativamente maiores (p<0,05) em meio NPK (41-102 g.L–1) quando comparado aos meios WC e M+NPK (14-61 g.L–1). O teor de astaxantina foi menor que 0,04 mg.L–1. O custo de produção de 10-L de H. pluvialis foi baixo em todos os meios sendo que os meios NPK e M+NPK apresentaram uma redução de custos de 65% e 82%, respectivamente, quando comparados ao meio comercial. O meio contendo fertilizante e o de macrófita (E. crassipes) obtiveram resultados eficientes em cultivo estático, com alta densidade celular de H. pluvialis. O meio NPK e o de macrófita (E. crassipes) demonstraram ser uma alternativa adequada para substituir o meio comercial (WC).

Growth and development time of subtropical Cladocera Diaphanosoma birgei Korinek, 1981 fed with different microalgal diets.

The aim of this work was to investigate the growth performance of Diaphanosoma birgei fed with two Chlorophyceae algae, Ankistrodesmus gracilis and Haematococcus pluvialis using monoalgal diets and simpler mixed diets. D. birgei was daily fed on four treatments: 1) 100% Ankistrodesmus gracilis (Ag); 2) 100% Haematoccocus pluvialis (Hp); 3) 25% A. gracilis + 75% H. pluvialis (Ag-25+Hp-75) and 4) 75% A. gracilis + 25% H. pluvialis (Ag-75+Hp-25). The fecundity curve of D. birgei showed that the mixed feed Ag-25+Hp-75 and temperature 24±2°C triggered fast fecundity at approximately two days. The fecundity was low when based only on H. pluvialis (Hp), albeit with greater longevity (19 days) and a higher number of broods (8). D. birgei fed on Ag and Ag-75+Hp-25 diets in this experiment sustained higher growth rate and higher lipid content in these treatments. The present study showed that A. gracilis diet and mixed microalgae diets tested were able to support the egg production and development of D. birgei.

Effects of some parameters in upscale culture of Haematococcus pluvialis Flotow.

Growth rate and medium parameters between two bench scale volumes (13-L and 250-L) were compared. Experiments were maintained batch mode and culture parameters were periodically measured during a 13-day period. Culture growth during the cultivation of algae Haematococcus pluvialis was determined qualitatively by cell counting, optical density, dry weight, ash content, amount of chlorophyll-a, total organic carbon content and by direct measuring of medium nutrients and some abiotic aspects. Vegetative cell growth was higher when cultured in 13-L with 1.33 x 10(5) cells.mL(-1) on the 12th day than when cultured in 250-L. Significant difference (p < 0.05) in the biology and water culture of H. pluvialis, with the exception of dry weight, ash, nitrite and ammonia, was reported between the volumes. Data obtained in current study for the upscale culture maintenance of H. pluvialis in laboratory conditions shows that it should be undertaken in a 13-L volume due to a greater time span of cells in a vegetative state, greater cell density, lipids and chlorophyll-a contents. Light was of paramount importance on the direct performance of H. pluvialis on the algal biological conditions.

Detection of hantaviruses in Brazilian rodents by SYBR-Green-based real-time RT-PCR.

Current knowledge of the pathogenic hantavirus indicates that wild rodents are its primary natural reservoir. Specific primers to detect the presence of viral genomes were developed using an SYBR-Green-based real-time RT-PCR protocol. One hundred sixty-four rodents native to the Atlantic Forest biome were captured in São Paulo State, Brazil, and their tissues were tested. The presence of hantavirus RNA was detected in sixteen rodents: three specimens of Akodon montensis, three of Akodon cursor, two of Necromys lasiurus, one of Juliomys sp., one of Thaptomys nigrita, five of Oligoryzomys nigripes, and one of Oryzomys sp. This SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR method for detection of hantavirus may be useful for surveying hantaviruses in Brazil.

A serosurvey for hantavirus infection in wild rodents from the states of Rio de Janeiro and Pernambuco, Brazil.

Sera from 269 rodents obtained during the routine surveillance operations in plague areas of Rio de Janeiro and Pernambuco states, Brazil were tested by ELISA for specific IgG antibodies against a recombinant nucleocapsid (N) protein of Araraquara hantavirus. ELISA-positive sera were submitted to reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for amplification of the virus genome and later sequencing for identification of the viral variant. The samples from the state of Pernambuco were antibody negative, and although four from Rio de Janeiro were ELISA-positive, they failed to yield viral cDNA by RT-PCR. This is the first report of the presence of antibodies to a hantavirus among rodents from Rio de Janeiro and suggests the possibility of human cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in that state, although no case has yet been reported.