Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 20 de 29
Filtrar
1.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 75(9/10): e159-e163, sept.-oct. 2017. graf, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-168566

RESUMO

El síndrome de realimentación es un proceso fisiopatológico asociado a trastornos de la glucosa y desequilibrio hidroelectrolítico que involucran principalmente a los iones intracelulares (fosfato, potasio y magnesio). Este síndrome se asocia con el soporte nutricional (oral, enteral o parenteral) en pacientes con riesgo de desnutrición o con desnutrición severa. Es muy importante valorar la presencia de factores de riesgo, estudiar los iones séricos e iniciar la alimentación de manera progresiva. El apoyo nutricional correcto es fundamental, con la supervisión diaria de los electrólitos séricos, los signos vitales y el equilibrio de líquidos, así como un correcto diseño del soporte nutricional (AU)


Refeeding syndrome (RFS) is a term that describes the metabolic and clinical changes that occur on aggressive nutritional rehabilitation of a malnourished patient. A shift from carbohydrate metabolism to fat and protein catabolism occurs. Hypophosphatemia is the hallmark of RFS. Other electrolyte abnormalities are associated with RFS, however, such as hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia. RFS is associated to any nutritional support (more frequently to parenteral nutrition) in malnourished patients'. A proper nutritional support is required to avoid RFS, checking daily liquid balance, electrolytes and vital signs (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Síndrome da Realimentação/etiologia , Terapia Nutricional/normas , Desnutrição/dietoterapia , Síndrome da Realimentação/prevenção & controle , Eletrólitos/sangue , Fatores de Risco , Desequilíbrio Hidroeletrolítico/dietoterapia , Jejum/fisiologia
2.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 75(7/8): e117-e123, jul.-ago. 2017. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-165547

RESUMO

El paciente pediátrico críticamente enfermo (CE) presenta una situación de alto riesgo nutricional, secundaria a la respuesta adaptativa al estrés que desencadena una situación proinflamatoria y de catabolismo en fases iniciales de la enfermedad. La prevalencia de desnutrición en estos pacientes es elevada y se asocia a una mayor mortalidad. Además, tanto la desnutrición como la obesidad conllevan un aumento de la morbilidad. En estos pacientes el soporte nutricional (SN) debe tener como objetivo no sólo mantener un adecuado estado nutricional, sino también modular dicha respuesta metabólica, neuroendocrina e inflamatoria, optimizar los beneficios de la respuesta adaptativa al estrés y, a medio-largo plazo, reducir las consecuencias negativas que pudieran derivarse de esta respuesta. A pesar de la importancia del SN en el paciente CE, la evidencia de la que disponemos es aún escasa, por lo que muchas de las recomendaciones de las guías clínicas se basan en opiniones de expertos y en estudios realizados en pacientes adultos o en niños no CE. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se han publicado distintos estudios cuyos resultados permiten mejorar el SN de estos pacientes: ajustar el aporte energético-proteico en función de la fase de la enfermedad, evitar la sobrenutrición y la hiperglucemia, la importancia de la nutrición enteral como vía de elección del SN, la superación de distintas barreras que dificultan su instauración o el momento de inicio de la nutrición parenteral. Estos aspectos se abordarán en esta revisión (AU)


Paediatric critically ill (CI) patients are characterised by a high nutritional risk, due to the hyper-catabolism and the inflammatory state secondary to the stress response to critical illness in the acute phase. Malnutrition prevalence in these patients remains high and it is associated to a higher mortality rate. In addition, both malnutrition and obesity are associated with a worse clinical evolution. Nutritional support (NS) should focus not only in the achievement of an adequate nutritional status, moreover it can also modulate the metabolic, neuro-endocrine and inflammatory response, optimizing the benefits of this response in the short term and reducing the adverse outcomes in the medium and long term. Despite the importance of NS in the paediatric CI patient, the evidence available is scare, so international consensus-based guidelines mostly rely on expert opinion, studies in adults or non-critically ill children. Nevertheless, during recent years several studies have provided more data regarding NS in these patients; to adjust the energy provided depending of the illness phase, to avoid overfeeding and hyperglycaemia, the choice of appropriate route of feeding, the necessity of overcoming several barriers to start enteral nutrition and its importance in the CI patient or the timing to initiate parental nutrition, are topics that will be covered in this review (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Apoio Nutricional/métodos , Estado Terminal/terapia , Cuidados Críticos/métodos , Fatores de Risco , Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Nutrição Parenteral/métodos , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/prevenção & controle , Necessidades Nutricionais , Padrões de Prática Médica
3.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 74(2): 57-63, feb. 2016. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-150594

RESUMO

La nutrición parenteral es una técnica ampliamente extendida en pediatría. Su prescripción debe realizarse teniendo en cuenta las particularidades del niño enfermo en diversos aspectos: requerimientos energéticos, hidroelectrolíticos y de macro/micronutrientes, utilización metabólica de los nutrientes, capacidad de las vías de infusión, etc. El cálculo sistematizado ayudará a prevenir errores y evitar complicaciones. En el presente artículo se revisan las recomendaciones internacionales de macro/micronutrientes para la nutrición parenteral pediátrica y se repasan diversas cuestiones prácticas que resultan de ayuda para el clínico, como el cálculo del aporte energético, las proporciones entre macronutrientes para procurar el mejor rendimiento, los aspectos sobre seguridad y el aporte proporcionado de micronutrientes, entre otras (AU)


Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a widely-used therapeutic option in pediatrics. When prescribing PN, clinicians must pay particular attention to specific characteristics of the pediatric patient regarding energy requirements, metabolic use of nutrients, venous access, etc. Systematized prescription will help to avoid miscalculations and prevent adverse events. This paper reviews international recommendations for PN prescribing and gathers advice on useful practical issues, e.g. calculation of energy intake, precise proportions between macronutrients, security issues, and other (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Nutrição Parenteral/métodos , Pediatria , Micronutrientes/uso terapêutico , Nutrientes , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto
4.
An. pediatr. (2003. Ed. impr.) ; 82(6): 404-411, jun. 2015. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-139815

RESUMO

Introducción: Los avances en el diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento han propiciado una mayor supervivencia, y en mejores condiciones, de los pacientes con enfermedades metabólicas congénitas (EMC). Estos pueden acudir a los Servicios de Urgencias Pediátricas (SUP) por motivos relacionados o no con su enfermedad. El propósito de este trabajo fue revisar las características de las visitas al SUP de estos pacientes, en un hospital de tercer nivel. Material y métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio observacional retrospectivo en el que se analizaron todas las visitas al SUP del Hospital Infantil La Paz durante los años 2011 y 2012 de pacientes con EMC. Se registraron el tipo de EMC, el motivo de consulta, el tiempo de evolución de los síntomas, la necesidad de ingreso hospitalario y la presencia de descompensación metabólica. Resultados: En total, fueron analizadas 107 visitas, siendo el motivo de consulta más frecuente los procesos respiratorios (30,8%). Cuando la consulta fue por vómitos, los pacientes con trastornos relacionados con las proteínas fueron los que menos tardaron en acudir al SUP. Un tercio de las visitas se siguió de ingreso, siendo la mitad de ellas por descompensación metabólica de la patología de base. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con EMC acudieron al SUP por motivos muy diversos, que en algunos casos fueron causa o consecuencia de una descompensación metabólica aguda que motivó el ingreso hospitalario. Al tratarse de enfermedades con baja prevalencia individual, resulta de interés contar con protocolos diagnóstico-terapéuticos que faciliten una atención óptima (AU)


Introduction: Advances in the early diagnosis and treatment have led to improved survival, and a better quality of life for patients with inherited metabolic disorders (IMD). They can go to the Pediatric Emergency Services (PES) for reasons unrelated to their disease. The purpose of this study was to review the characteristics of visitors to the PES of these patients in a tertiary hospital. Material and methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on all visits from patients with IMD to the PES of Hospital Infantil La Paz over the years 2011 and 2012. IMD type, complaint, duration of symptoms, need for hospitalization, and presence of metabolic decompensation was recorded. Results: A total of 107 visits were analyzed, with the most frequent reason being for consultation of respiratory processes (30.8%). When the consultation was for vomiting, patients with protein-related disorders were those who delayed less in going to PES. One third of visitors were admitted, half of them due to metabolic decompensation of the underlying pathology. Conclusions: Patients with IMD came to PES for many different reasons, which in some cases were the cause or consequence of an acute metabolic decompensation that led to hospitalization. Being diseases with low prevalence, it would be useful to have diagnostic and therapeutic protocols in order to provide optimal care (AU)


Assuntos
Criança , Humanos , Pediatria/educação , Pediatria/métodos , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/classificação , Serviços Médicos de Emergência , Metabolismo/genética , Hiperamonemia/sangue , Hiperamonemia/metabolismo , Pediatria , Pediatria/normas , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/métodos , Serviços Médicos de Emergência , Metabolismo/fisiologia , Hiperamonemia/genética , Hiperamonemia/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos
5.
An Pediatr (Barc) ; 82(6): 404-11, 2015 Jun.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25488173

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Advances in the early diagnosis and treatment have led to improved survival, and a better quality of life for patients with inherited metabolic disorders (IMD). They can go to the Pediatric Emergency Services (PES) for reasons unrelated to their disease. The purpose of this study was to review the characteristics of visitors to the PES of these patients in a tertiary hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted on all visits from patients with IMD to the PES of Hospital Infantil La Paz over the years 2011 and 2012. IMD type, complaint, duration of symptoms, need for hospitalization, and presence of metabolic decompensation was recorded. RESULTS: A total of 107 visits were analyzed, with the most frequent reason being for consultation of respiratory processes (30.8%). When the consultation was for vomiting, patients with protein-related disorders were those who delayed less in going to PES. One third of visitors were admitted, half of them due to metabolic decompensation of the underlying pathology. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with IMD came to PES for many different reasons, which in some cases were the cause or consequence of an acute metabolic decompensation that led to hospitalization. Being diseases with low prevalence, it would be useful to have diagnostic and therapeutic protocols in order to provide optimal care.


Assuntos
Serviços Médicos de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Doenças Metabólicas/epidemiologia , Doenças Metabólicas/genética , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Lactente , Estudos Retrospectivos
6.
An. pediatr. (2003, Ed. impr.) ; 81(2): 125.e1-125.e6, ago. 2014. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-126020

RESUMO

El deporte tiene numerosos beneficios para la salud y una adecuada nutrición ayuda a conseguir un óptimo rendimiento. La mayor parte de la actividad deportiva realizada por la población infantil tiene lugar en el ámbito escolar, no incluye actividades de resistencia y con frecuencia no tiene carácter de alta competición. Las características de la dieta del niño deportista son similares a la de la población pediátrica general, debiendo asegurar una óptima cobertura de los requerimientos. Durante la realización de la actividad, debe asegurarse una correcta hidratación y para ello el agua resulta la bebida más adecuada en la mayor parte de las situaciones, quedando el uso de otros productos reservado en pediatría a situaciones especiales muy concretas. La utilización sistemática de suplementos energéticos, así como la de micronutrientes, no está justificada con carácter general. El pediatra debe conocer y monitorizar el estado nutricional y los hábitos dietéticos del niño deportista, vigilar estrechamente aquellas situaciones donde se pretenda una disminución del peso corporal y valorar los aspectos psicológicos relacionados con la práctica deportiva competitiva


Several health benefits have been attributed to sports practice, and an adequate nutrition status helps to maintain an optimal performance. Children most frequently practice non-competitive and non-endurance activities in a school setting. The dietary intake of children who practice sports should be similar to the general population, properly meeting their energy and nutrient requirements. During the activity performance, correct hydration should be aimed for, with water appearing to be an adequate source in most cases. General calorie and micronutrient supplementation should not be commonly recommended in children. Paediatricians must control nutritional status and dietary habits of children who practice sports, especially in those cases when weight-loss is aimed for, as well as take into account the psychological implications of competitive sports practice


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Nutrição da Criança , Necessidades Nutricionais , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/diagnóstico , Esportes/fisiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Comportamento Alimentar , Fatores de Risco , Ingestão de Líquidos
7.
An Pediatr (Barc) ; 81(2): 125.e1-6, 2014 Aug.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24139559

RESUMO

Several health benefits have been attributed to sports practice, and an adequate nutrition status helps to maintain an optimal performance. Children most frequently practice non-competitive and non-endurance activities in a school setting. The dietary intake of children who practice sports should be similar to the general population, properly meeting their energy and nutrient requirements. During the activity performance, correct hydration should be aimed for, with water appearing to be an adequate source in most cases. General calorie and micronutrient supplementation should not be commonly recommended in children. Paediatricians must control nutritional status and dietary habits of children who practice sports, especially in those cases when weight-loss is aimed for, as well as take into account the psychological implications of competitive sports practice.


Assuntos
Política Nutricional , Esportes , Criança , Humanos
9.
Nutr. hosp ; 27(6): 2028-2047, nov.-dic. 2012. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-112190

RESUMO

Introducción: Los padres son los principales responsables de la educación nutricional de sus hijos y es labor del pediatra orientar y resolver problemas al respecto. En este estudio se pretende conocer la relevancia de las cuestiones nutricionales en la consulta del pediatra y los principales problemas nutricionales percibidos en los menores de 3 años. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal en dos fases. La primera consistió en entrevistas y grupos de discusión con 30 pediatras seleccionados aleatoriamente en Madrid y Barcelona. Los resultados se utilizaron para diseñar el cuestionario online (76 preguntas relacionadas con la nutrición en niños de 0-3 años) de la siguiente fase, en la que participaron pediatras seleccionados de forma aleatoria y representativa del territorio nacional. Resultados: De 258 pediatras seleccionados, completaron el cuestionario 151, que atendían a una media de 588 pacientes/mes. Los principales problemas nutricionales percibidos hasta los 12 meses fueron las deficiencias de hierro y vitaminas y la escasa ganancia de peso, y posteriormente la ingesta excesiva de carbohidratos y lípidos y el sobrepeso. Los padres fueron considerados los actores principales en la salud nutricional de sus hijos, pero su preocupación por esta cuestión se reduce significativamente (p < 0,0001) con la edad del niño. Los aspectos considerados más importantes para obtener unos buenos hábitos alimentarios fueron la alimentación adaptada a las necesidades del niño y respetar el tiempo de sueño. El porcentaje de pacientes que recibe recomendaciones de hábitos nutricionales varió del 88% (0-6 meses) al 61% (24-36 meses). Conclusiones: A pesar de considerar la salud nutricional importante, la intervención educativa del pediatra al respecto no es óptima. Los problemas nutricionales percibidos fueron distintos según la edad (AU)


Introduction: Parents are most responsible for nutritional education of children, and pediatritians must advise and help them with their doubts. The purpose of this study was to know the relevance of nutritional topics in daily practice and the main nutritional problems perceived by pediatritians in children under 3 years of age. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study performed in 2 stages. First stage consisted on discussion meetings with 30 random-selected pediatritians from Madrid and Barcelona. Results were used to design the on-line questionnaire of the second stage (76 questions related to nutrition in children under 3 years). A random and representative sample of Spanish pediatritians was selected for this stage. Results: One hundred and fifty one pediatritians, among 258 sampled, completed the questionnaire. They referred to see a mean of 588 patients/month. The main perceived nutritional problems in the first year of life were iron and vitamin deficiencies and poor weight gain. In the next months, excess in carbohydrates and lipid intake and overweight were the main problems perceived. Parents were considered the main actors regarding their children's nutritional health, but their concern in these questions significantly reduced with children's age (p < 0,0001). Factors considered to have the greatest relevance in the acquisition of good nutritional habits were to provide a diet adjusted for children's requirements and to observe the appropriate sleeping hours. The proportion of children who receive nutritional counseling varied from 88% (0-6 months) to 61% (24-36 months). Conclusions: Despite of the relevance given by pediatritians, educational intervention regarding nutritional health is not ideal. Nutritional problems perceived by pediatritians varied with children's age (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/epidemiologia , Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente/epidemiologia , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Avaliação Nutricional , Estado Nutricional
10.
Nutr. hosp ; 27(5): 1429-1436, sept.-oct. 2012. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-110170

RESUMO

Introducción: La malnutrición en los pacientes hospitalizados tiene implicaciones clínicas y evolutivas, por lo que existe interés en desarrollar métodos de cribado que identifiquen los individuos de riesgo. En la actualidad no existe consenso acerca de la herramienta de cribado nutricional más apropiada para aplicar en población pediátrica. Objetivo: Validar en España la herramienta de cribado nutricional pediátrico STAMP (Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Pediatrics). Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal en pacientes ingresados en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel con diferentes especialidades médicas y quirúrgicas. En las primeras 24 horas de ingreso se aplicó el método de cribado nutricional STAMP. Para la validación de sus resultados se llevó a cabo una valoración del estado nutricional que incluyó datos clínicos, antropométricos y de composición corporal realizada por personal especializado en nutrición. Resultados: Fueron estudiados 250 niños. La valoración nutricional detectó 64 pacientes (25,6%) considerados de riesgo, de los cuales 40 (16%) estaban ya malnutridos. STAMP clasificó un 48,4% de la muestra como de riesgo nutricional elevado. Dicho método mostró una sensibilidad del 75% y una especificidad del 60,8% para identificar los pacientes considerados de riesgo en la valoración nutricional, y una sensibilidad del 90% y especificidad del 59,5% para detectar los malnutridos. Comentarios: La frecuencia de malnutrición fue algo inferior a la de otros países de nuestro entorno, aunque el método diagnóstico fue diferente. El método STAMP es una herramienta sencilla y útil para el cribado nutricional, que evitaría la necesidad de valorar a todos los pacientes al ingreso para detectar los sujetos de riesgo (AU)


Background: Malnutrition among hospitalized patients has clinical implications, and interest has arisen to find screening tools able to identify subjects under risk. At present, there is no consensus about the most suitable nutrition screening tool for pediatric patients. Aim: To validate STAMP (Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Pediatrics) pediatric screening tool in Spain. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study of patients admitted to a 3rd level children's hospital with both medical and surgical specialities. During the first 24 hours of admission, STAMP screening tool was applied. For its validation, results were compared with those obtained from a nutritional assessment performed by specialist staff, which included clinical, anthropometric and body composition data. Results: A sample of 250 children was studied. Nutritional assessment identified 64 patients (25.6%) under risk, 40 of whom were malnourished (16%). STAMP classified 48.4% of the patients as being under nutritional risk. This tool showed 75% sensitivity and 60.8% specificity when identifying patients under risk according to nutritional assessment. It showed 90% sensitivity and 59.5% specificity when identifying malnourished patients. Comments: Malnutrition was less frequent than that reported in other European countries, although diagnosis technique was different. STAMP is a simple and useful tool for nutritional screening, avoiding the need to assess all patients on admission in order to identify those under nutritional risk (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/epidemiologia , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Avaliação Nutricional , Criança Hospitalizada/estatística & dados numéricos , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos
11.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 70(5): 205-208, mayo 2012.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-101520

RESUMO

Los dos primeros años de vida representan un periodo de gran vulnerabilidad para el ser humano. Decidir la composición de la dieta o la forma de administrar los alimentos a esta edad obliga a conocer los riesgos generales e individuales que se puedan presentar en cada niño, afrontándolos desde un conocimiento suficiente de la fisiología de la digestión, la absorción y el metabolismo de los nutrientes y la semiología de los trastornos que pueden necesitar una valoración específica. En los últimos años, se ha ido produciendo una delegación de responsabilidades respecto a la alimentación del niño por parte de los pediatras y de alguno de sus órganos de representación. Las razones de esta delegación son múltiples y se analizan en este documento. La publicación de la Orden SAS/1730/2010, que regula el Programa Formativo de la Especialidad de Enfermería Pediátrica, es un punto más en esta pendiente. Basándose en la exigencia de cualificación profesional, de calidad en los procesos y servicios, en el presente texto se defiende la idea de que la alimentación del lactante debe ser decidida y supervisada por el pediatra(AU)


The first two years of life represent a period of great vulnerability for humans. Decide the composition of the diet or the way food can be administered at this age compel to know the general and individual risks that may arise in every child, confronting them from an adequate knowledge of the physiology of digestion, absorption and metabolism of nutrients and other signs of nutritional disorders that may require a specific assessment. In recent years it has been producing a delegation of responsibility for feeding the child by pediatricians and some of their representative institutions. The reasons for this delegation are many, and are discussed in this document. The publication of the Order SAS/1730/2010 regulating Specialist Educational Program Pediatric Nursing is a point on this tendency. Based on the requirement of professional qualifications, quality in processes and services, in this paper it is argued that the idea of infant feeding should be determined and monitored by the pediatrician(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Lactente , Nutrição do Lactente/educação , Dieta/normas , Dieta , Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente/prevenção & controle , Educação em Enfermagem , Educação em Enfermagem/tendências , Comportamento Alimentar , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição/fisiologia
12.
Nutr Hosp ; 27(5): 1429-36, 2012.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23478688

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition among hospitalized patients has clinical implications, and interest has arisen to find screening tools able to identify subjects under risk. At present, there is no consensus about the most suitable nutrition screening tool for pediatric patients. AIM: To validate STAMP (Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Pediatrics) pediatric screening tool in Spain. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study of patients admitted to a 3rd level children's hospital with both medical and surgical specialities. During the first 24 hours of admission, STAMP screening tool was applied. For its validation, results were compared with those obtained from a nutritional assessment performed by specialist staff, which included clinical, anthropometric and body composition data. RESULTS: A sample of 250 children was studied. Nutritional assessment identified 64 patients (25.6%) under risk, 40 of whom were malnourished (16%). STAMP classified 48.4% of the patients as being under nutritional risk. This tool showed 75% sensitivity and 60.8% specificity when identifying patients under risk according to nutritional assessment. It showed 90% sensitivity and 59.5% specificity when identifying malnourished patients. COMMENTS: Malnutrition was less frequent than that reported in other European countries, although diagnosis technique was different. STAMP is a simple and useful tool for nutritional screening, avoiding the need to assess all patients on admission in order to identify those under nutritional risk.


Assuntos
Desnutrição/diagnóstico , Avaliação Nutricional , Adolescente , Antropometria , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Estado Nutricional , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Risco , Espanha/epidemiologia
13.
Nutr Hosp ; 27(6): 2028-47, 2012.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23588455

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Parents are most responsible for nutritional education of children, and pediatricians must advise and help them with their doubts. The purpose of this study was to know the relevance of nutritional topics in daily practice and the main nutritional problems perceived by pediatricians in children under 3 years of age. METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study performed in 2 stages. First stage consisted on discussion meetings with 30 random-selected pediatricians from Madrid and Barcelona. Results were used to design the on-line questionnaire of the second stage (76 questions related to nutrition in children under 3 years). A random and representative sample of Spanish pediatricians was selected for this stage. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty one pediatricians, among 258 sampled, completed the questionnaire. They referred to see a mean of 588 patients/month. The main perceived nutritional problems in the first year of life were iron and vitamin deficiencies and poor weight gain. In the next months, excess in carbohydrates and lipid intake and overweight were the main problems perceived. Parents were considered the main actors regarding their children's nutritional health, but their concern in these questions significantly reduced with children's age (p < 0,0001). Factors considered to have the greatest relevance in the acquisition of good nutritional habits were to provide a diet adjusted for children's requirements and to observe the appropriate sleeping hours. The proportion of children who receive nutritional counseling varied from 88% (0-6 months) to 61% (24-36 months). CONCLUSIONS: Despite of the relevance given by pediatricians, educational intervention regarding nutritional health is not ideal. Nutritional problems perceived by pediatricians varied with children's age.


Assuntos
Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/epidemiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/diagnóstico , Pré-Escolar , Comportamento Alimentar , Educação em Saúde , Promoção da Saúde , Humanos , Lactente , Estado Nutricional , Médicos , Espanha/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários
14.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 69(9): 393-402, oct. 2011. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-99248

RESUMO

La elección de la fórmula es la fase más importante al instaurarla nutrición enteral. Puesto que los requerimientos nutricionales y energéticos del niño no son los mismos que en el adulto, existen diferentes preparados adaptados a la etapa pediátrica y, dentro de ésta, a los distintos grupos de edad. Además, en los últimos años se han comercializado nuevos tipos de fórmulas, como dietas específicas para las enfermedades en la edad pediátrica o dietas poliméricas para lactantes. Esta variedad de preparados nos permite ahora, más que nunca, individualizar la nutrición de nuestros pacientes. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar, clasificar y establecer las indicaciones para las distintas fórmulas existentes actualmente en el mercado español(AU)


The choice of the correct nutritional formula is the most important phase when establishing enteral nutrition. Given that children´s energy and protein requirements are not the same as those in adults, there are different formulations adapted to the pediatric stage and within this, to different age groups. Furthermore, in recent years new types of formulas have been commercialized, as special foods or polymeric formulas for infants. This variety of formulas has allowed us to individualize nutritional support in pediatric patients. The aim of this article is to review, classify and establish the indications for the different formulas available at this time in the Spanish market(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Alimentos Formulados/análise , Fórmulas Infantis/administração & dosagem , Nutrição da Criança , Nutrição do Lactente
15.
An. pediatr. (2003, Ed. impr.) ; 74(6): 415-415[e1-e10], jun. 2011. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-90564

RESUMO

Los lactantes y niños menores de 5 años constituyen un grupo de riesgo para el desarrollo de ferropenia, al conjugarse frecuentemente en ellos unos requerimientos elevados con una ingesta escasa de hierro de alta biodisponibilidad. En esta edad, la ferropenia se ha relacionado con alteraciones del desarrollo psicomotor, entre otros trastornos, y algunos de sus efectos pueden permanecer en el tiempo, a pesar de la restauración de unos adecuados niveles de hierro. Por este motivo, las estrategias encaminadas a la prevención resultan de máxima importancia. El pilar fundamental para la prevención de la ferropenia durante la lactancia y primera infancia es una adecuada orientación dietética. Durante los primeros 4-6 meses de vida, la leche materna es capaz de cubrir adecuadamente los requerimientos, debiendo utilizarse como alternativa, en caso necesario, una fórmula fortificada. Durante la diversificación, se recomienda introducir de forma precoz los cereales fortificados y las carnes. En el niño pequeño, el consumo diario de al menos una ración de alimentos que aporten hierro de alta biodisponibilidad, combinándolos adecuadamente con otros que favorezcan su absorción, es importante para lograrla cobertura de los requerimientos. Únicamente cuando éstos no sean cubiertos por la alimentación habitual, y en determinados grupos de riesgo, se debe realizar de forma seleccionada cribado y suplementación medicamentosa (AU)


Infants and toddlers represent a risk population for iron deficiency (ID), due to their relatively high requirements, which are frequently associated with a poor intake of iron-rich foods. A possible association between ID and impaired cognitive and psychomotor development thas been described, and it has been suggested that some of these effects can be irreversible. For this reason, prevention of ID has become a subject of much concern. To promote an adequate dietetic iron intake is the most important approach for the prevention of ID. Exclusive breast-feeding provides adequate amounts of iron during the first 4-6 months of life, and iron-fortified formula should be used when an alternative is necessary. Fortified cereals and foods containing haem iron, such as meat, should be introduced early in complementary feeding. In toddlers, iron requirements can be satisfied with a daily consumption of atleast one serving of iron-containing foods, along with enhancers of iron absorption. When daily requirements are not properly met by food intake, and in some high-risk populations, screening for ID and iron supplementation should be considered (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , 16595/complicações , Ferro da Dieta/análise , Anemia Ferropriva/prevenção & controle , Ferro/administração & dosagem , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/prevenção & controle
16.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 69(5): 211-216, mayo 2011. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-90405

RESUMO

La estimación precisa de los requerimientos de energía es muy importante cuando se programa un soporte nutricional; un adecuado aporte nutritivo contribuirá a un mejor manejo clínico. Además, los pacientes pediátricos necesitan tener un adecuado aporte de proteínas, que cubra los requerimientos necesarios para el crecimiento. La última meta del soporte nutricional en los lactantes y niños es lograr una retención nitrogenada y un balance de energía neutro. El gasto energético basal (GEB) es el parámetro más representativo del metabolismo y el principal componente del gasto energético total diario. Cuando las técnicas de calorimetría no están disponibles, existen ecuaciones predictivas que pueden aplicarse para determinar su valor. Para estimar el gasto de energía diario, el GEB debe multiplicarse por el factor de nivel de actividad física, que incluye el gasto de energía debido a la actividad física, crecimiento y respuesta metabólica a los alimentos. En caso de enfermedad, existen posibles cambios en el GEB y el nivel de actividad física, así como una inusual pérdida de energía, que deben tenerse en cuenta cuando se tratad e encontrar los requerimientos de energía. Entre las necesidades adicionales en el caso de pacientes malnutridos se incluye la energía necesaria para la recuperación nutricional. En este trabajo se comentan distintos aspectos relacionados con los requerimientos de energía y proteínas estimados en la lactancia y la niñez (AU)


Accurate estimation of energy requirements is important when programming nutritional support, as adequate nutrient intake will contribute to a better clinical course. In addition, pediatric patients need to maintain a proper protein intake, necessary to meet their growth requirements. The ultimate aim of nutritional support in infants and children is to achieve nitrogen retention and neutral energy balance. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the most representative parameter of metabolism and represents the major component of energy expenditure. When calorimetry techniques are not available, predictive equations can be applied to determine its value. To estimate daily total energy expenditure, BMR can be multiplied by the physical activity level factor, which includes the energy expenditure derived from physical activity, growth and metabolic response to food. In case of illness, possible changes in BMR and physical activity level, as well as unusual energy losses, must be taken into account when estimating energy requirements. Additional needs of malnourished patients include the necessary energy for nutritional recovering. Different aspects concerning the estimation of energy and protein requirements in infants and children are discussed in this issue (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Necessidades Nutricionais , Nutrição do Lactente , Apoio Nutricional/métodos , Termogênese/fisiologia
17.
Nutr Hosp ; 26(1): 1-15, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21519725

RESUMO

Standardization of clinical procedures has become a desirable objective in contemporary medical practice. To this effect, the Spanish Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (SENPE) has endeavoured to create clinical practice guidelines and/or documents of consensus as well as quality standards in artificial nutrition. As a result, the SENPE´s Standardization Team has put together the "Document of Consensus in Enteral Access for Paediatric Nutritional Support" supported by the Spanish Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SEGHNP), the National Association of Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Nursery (ANECIPN), and the Spanish Society of Pediatric Surgery (SECP). The present publication is a reduced version of our work; the complete document will be published as a monographic issue. It analyzes enteral access options in the pediatric patient, reviews the levels of evidence and provides the team-members' experience. Similarly, it details general and specific indications for pediatric enteral support, current techniques, care guidelines, methods of administration and complications of each enteral access. The data published by the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) and several European Societies has also been incorporated.


Assuntos
Nutrição Enteral/normas , Criança , Consenso , Nutrição Enteral/instrumentação , Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Gastrostomia/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Higiene , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Intubação Gastrointestinal/efeitos adversos , Jejunostomia/efeitos adversos , Espanha
18.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 69(4): 165-172, abr. 2011. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-90074

RESUMO

La valoración del estado nutricional consiste en la cuantificación de los depósitos energéticos y su contenido proteico, con el objetivo de determinar la presencia o el riesgo de malnutrición por defecto (desnutrición) o por exceso (obesidad) y aportar herramientas preventivas y terapéuticas en los casos en que sea necesario. Para su evaluación existen diversos niveles de complejidad, con aspectos básicos que deben ser incluidos en la historia clínica y en la exploración física, haciendo hincapié en los estigmas de malnutrición. La determinación de la composición corporal puede realizarse mediante pruebas antropométricas muy sencillas, como el peso, la talla, el perímetro braquial o los pliegues grasos, o con herramientas más complejas, entre las que destaca la bioimpedancia eléctrica. Cuando existe posibilidad de malnutrición en un paciente, es fundamental la valoración de su ingesta dietética, sobre todo mediante el registro dietético de 24 horas, así como del gasto energético y de las pérdidas de macro/micronutrientes. Las pruebas bioquímicas pueden aportar información útil tanto de la situación nutricional global como de los déficit concretos. La detección del riesgo nutricional mediante métodos subjetivos de cribado sencillos no ha sido aún suficientemente validada en pediatría. Pese a ello, existen ya métodos propuestos para su realización que podrían permitir el cribado sistemático nutricional en la práctica clínica (AU)


Nutritional assessment involves the measurement of the energy store and protein content of the organism, which goal is to determine the risk or presence of malnutrition by defect or obesity by excess, and to provide the necessary tools to prevent and treat it. For the evaluation there exist different levels of complexity, with basic aspects that shall be included in the medical history and in the physical examination, with special emphasis on malnutrition signs. The study of the body composition can be carried out using simple anthropometric measurements such as weight, height, brachial perimeter or the thick skin fold; more complex devices are also available, like the bioelectrical impedance analysis. When there exists a malnutrition risk, an evaluation of energy intake is very important, e.g. with the 24-hourdiet recall, and of energy expenditure and macro and micronutrients losses should be performed. The biochemical tests can provide useful information concerning both global nutritional status and the essential elements status. Nutritional screening, performed through subjective butstraight forward methods, have not been applied in pediatrics yet. Anyway, several tools have been currently proposed, which could allow the desirable goal of the systematic nutritional screening in the future for clinical practice (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Estado Nutricional , Avaliação Nutricional , Composição Corporal , Desnutrição/diagnóstico , Necessidade Energética , Ingestão de Energia , Exame Físico , Micronutrientes/sangue , Micronutrientes , Antropometria/instrumentação , Antropometria/métodos , Água Corporal , Proteínas Sanguíneas , Peso-Estatura
19.
An Pediatr (Barc) ; 74(6): 415.e1-415.e10, 2011 Jun.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21420917

RESUMO

Infants and toddlers represent a risk population for iron deficiency (ID), due to their relatively high requirements, which are frequently associated with a poor intake of iron-rich foods. A possible association between ID and impaired cognitive and psychomotor development has been described, and it has been suggested that some of these effects can be irreversible. For this reason, prevention of ID has become a subject of much concern. To promote an adequate dietetic iron intake is the most important approach for the prevention of ID. Exclusive breast-feeding provides adequate amounts of iron during the first 4-6 months of life, and iron-fortified formula should be used when an alternative is necessary. Fortified cereals and foods containing haem iron, such as meat, should be introduced early in complementary feeding. In toddlers, iron requirements can be satisfied with a daily consumption of at least one serving of iron-containing foods, along with enhancers of iron absorption. When daily requirements are not properly met by food intake, and in some high-risk populations, screening for ID and iron supplementation should be considered.


Assuntos
Anemia Ferropriva/prevenção & controle , Anemia Ferropriva/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Lactente
SELEÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIAS
DETALHE DA PESQUISA
...