Relevant Factors in Adolescent Well-Being: Family and Parental Relationships.

Health-related quality of life, teachers' opinion of academic performance and self-perceived health are indicators of well-being in the adolescent stage. Some variables, such as those related to the quality of family and parental relationships, may influence these indicators and thus condition well-being during this stage of life and beyond. In this research, the aforementioned variables are analyzed jointly. It is a cross-sectional study in which 1375 adolescent schoolchildren between 11 and 18 years of age participated. Different instruments such as KIDSCREEN-10 and the questionnaire used in the international study Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children were used. The results obtained allow us to conclude that HRQoL, the teacher's opinion of performance and the perception of health status improve as adolescents perceive a more favorable family climate, also helped by good relations between parents. Finally, it is proposed to continue with the efforts made in the school, family environment and other areas because of the enormous potential for generating quality of life in the adolescent stage and the consequent positive repercussions this has on adulthood.

Psychopathological Risk Factors Associated with Body Image, Body Dissatisfaction and Weight-Loss Dieting in School-Age Adolescents.

Determining the comorbidity patterns leading to suffering behavioural eating disorders (BED) that are identifiable in the early stages of life, can help prevent their becoming chronic, as well as preventing the consequences deriving from the cost and effectiveness of intervention programs. The paper focuses mainly on analysing the association between behavioural/emotional risk factors and body image, body satisfaction and diet in school children, as well as confirming whether there are differences based on sex. Several questionnaires (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and several items of Health Behaviour in School-age Children) including these variables were distributed and completed by the 647 adolescents (16 year olds on average) who took part in the research project. The findings confirmed a differentiated risk profile in adolescent girls in that they had greater prevalence of emotional symptoms as a general psychopathological trait, although this was offset with their prosocial behaviour. Additionally, the findings also allowed us to conclude that the factors that predict vulnerability to BEDs are sex, the presence of emotional symptoms and social and behavioural issues. At the end of this paper, we discuss some implications and consequences that should be taken into account for future work.

The Role of Physical Activity and School Physical Education in Enhancing School Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction.

The aim of this study was to understand the role of school satisfaction on life satisfaction, according to gender, age, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity (PA) level. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study, carried out on 2823 adolescents (1396 boys and 1427 girls), aged between 12 and 16. A specific questionnaire to measure life satisfaction (Brief Multidimensional Student Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS)), a questionnaire to measure satisfaction with school ("Life circumstances of Young people: School"), and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were used to analyze PA practice. Gender, age, and BMI were used as control variables. In general, the main results showed that school satisfaction had a clear role in life satisfaction. Similarly, the findings allowed us to conclude that the role of school satisfaction on life satisfaction was more evident in male school children, those who were older, or those who have a higher BMI. The regular practice of PA enhanced school satisfaction and its role on life satisfaction. Therefore, it is very important to assess the importance of school satisfaction as a determinant of quality of life and the adoption of healthy habits, recognizing the fundamental role of teachers in this regard.

The Quality of Breakfast and Healthy Diet in School-aged Adolescents and Their Association with BMI, Weight Loss Diets and the Practice of Physical Activity.

Dietary habits are an important factor in the protection of adolescent health. The quality and frequency of breakfast and the various food groups can affect the wellbeing of this population group in both the short and long term. Research indicates that there is a range of relevant variables in the study of diet at this stage: following a weight loss diet, body mass index and the practice of physical exercise, amongst others. In this paper, all three variables are analysed, together with others of a demographic nature (sex and age). This is a descriptive cross-sectional survey that was carried out on 1318 adolescents aged 11 to 18. The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) international study questionnaire, sponsored by the World Health Organisation, was used. In general terms, the data revealed that the majority of adolescents do not have adequate eating patterns. The quality and frequency of breakfast and the consumption of food types are associated with almost all the variables under study; additionally, there are significant differences by sex and school year. Finally, proposals are made to prevent eating disorders, which are appearing at an increasingly young age.

Influencia de la actividad física en la autoestima y riesgo de dependencia en personas mayores activas y sedentarias / Influence of physical activity on self-esteem and risk of dependence in active and sedentary elderly people

The objective of the study was to know how the practice of physical activity influences self-esteem and the level of risk dependence in old age, differentiating between the control group (sedentary) and experimental group (active). Participants were 168 people over 65 years of age, 84 of whom were classified as active and the remaining 84 were completely sedentary. To analyze self-esteem, Rosenberg's Personal Self-Esteem Scale was used whereas Barber's helped to assess the risk of dependence. Positive self-esteem is higher in the active (GE: 3.25 ± .45 vs. GC: 3.14 ± .47) but negative in the sedentary group (GC: 2.23 ± .48 vs. GE: 2.20 ± .52). There were significant differences (p ≤ .001) between the subjects of the CG (2.93 ± 1.67) and those of the EG (1.65 ± 1.03), with the latter showing a lower risk of dependence. There was a positive association between physical activity and positive self-esteem (r = .244; p ≤ .01), as well as between physical activity and the Barber index (r = -.425; p ≤ .001). In conclusion, regular physical activity should be encouraged to improve the level of self-esteem and minimize the risk of dependence on older people (AU)

El objetivo del estudio fue conocer cómo influye la práctica de actividad física en la autoestima y en el nivel de riesgo dependencia de las personas mayores, diferenciándose entre el grupo control (sedentarios) y grupo experimental (activos). Participaron 168 personas mayores de 65 años, de las cuales 84 personas fueron catalogadas como activas y las 84 restantes fueron completamente sedentarias. Para analizar la autoestima se ha utilizado la Escala de Autoestima Personal de Rosenberg y para evaluar el riesgo de dependencia se utilizó el test de Barber. La autoestima positiva es más elevada en las personas activas (GE: 3.25±.45 vs. GC: 3.14±.47) y la negativa superior en el grupo de sedentarios (GC: 2.23±.48 vs. GE: 2.20±.52). Existen diferencias significativas (p ≤ .001) entre los sujetos del GC (2.93±1.67) y los del GE (1.65±1.03), evidenciando estos últimos un menor riesgo de dependencia. Se encontró una positiva entre la práctica de actividad física y la autoestima positiva (r =.244; p ≤ .01), así como entre la práctica de actividad física y el índice Barber (r = -.425; p ≤ .001). En conclusión, se debe fomentar la práctica regular de actividad física para mejorar el nivel de autoestima y minimizar el riesgo de dependencia en personas mayores (AU)

Programa con podómetro para incrementar el ejercicio físico de adolescentes con exceso de peso / Pedometer program to increase exercise in overweight adolescents

Introducción: La obesidad, problema incrementado por el sedentarismo, se ha convertido en la epidemia del siglo XXI. Preocupa especialmente entre los más jóvenes. El podómetro ha demostrado ser un instrumento útil para fomentar la actividad física (AF) en diversas poblaciones. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer el efecto de una intervención con podómetro dirigida al alumnado con sobrepeso. Material y métodos: Estudio de medidas repetidas de tres semanas de duración. Participaron 101 adolescentes con sobrepeso, distribuidos en tres grupos: G1 (n=34) que portaron podómetro (Omron HJ-152-E) de su propiedad y tuvieron un programa de pasos con repercusión en la calificación de Educación Física (mínimo de 12.000 y 10.000 pasos/día para chicos y chicas, respectivamente); G2 (n=34) ídem pero con podómetro prestado y G3 (n=33) quienes llevaron podómetro prestado sin ningún programa asociado. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, análisis ANOVA del modelo lineal general y Prueba T. Resultados: El promedio de pasos/día fue de 11.236 y supuso de media 5.955 m para el total de la muestra. Se encontró una menor cantidad de pasos y espacio recorrido durante el fi n de semana respecto a días laborables para el conjunto de la muestra (p < 0,05), así como en la última semana de tratamiento en comparación a la primera (p < 0,05). No se hallaron diferencias entre grupos para estas variables, a excepción del mayor número de pasos/día que reportaron en la primera semana de tratamiento los escolares con programa de pasos y podómetro prestado respecto al grupo que sólo portó podómetro (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Un programa de pasos asociado al uso del podómetro puede incrementar la cantidad diaria de pasos y espacio recorrido en adolescentes con sobrepeso. Estos indicadores de AF disminuyen durante el fin de semana respecto a los días laborables y descienden al final de la intervención

Background: Obesity is a problem increased by sedentary lifestyle that has become the epidemic of the XXI century. It worries especially among younger. Pedometer has proved a useful tool for promoting physical activity in various populations. The aim of this study was to know the effect of an intervention directed at overweight students. Method: Repeated measures study of three-week. It involved 101 overweight adolescents, who were divided into three groups: G1 (n=34) who carried own pedometers (Omron HJ-152-E), and they followed a step program with impact on the Physical Education mark; G2 (n=34) ditto but they carried borrowed pedometers; and G3 (n=33) who carried pedometer without any associated program. Descriptive analyzes, ANOVA of the general linear model and T test were performed. Results: Mean of step/day was 11.236 which accounted a mean of 5.955 m for the total sample. We found fewer steps and distance travelled during the weekend compared to weekdays for the whole sample (p < 0.05), and in the last week of treatment compared to the first (p < 0.05). No differences were found between groups for these variables, except in the highest number of steps/day reported for adolescents who had step program, and own pedometer in the first week of treatment compared to the group that only carried pedometer (p < 0.05). Conclusions: A program of steps associated with pedometer use can increase the daily number of steps and distance travelled for overweight teens. These physical activity indicators decrease during the weekend compared to weekdays, and descend at the end of the intervention

Estilos educativos familiares e indicadores de actividad física en niños y adolescentes / Parental styles and indicators of physical activity in children and adolescents

Se analizaron las relaciones entre el estilo de socialización familiar y diferentes variables relacionadas con la actividad física. Asimismo, se examinó si tales indicadores difieren en función del sexo y nivel educativo. Participaron 749 estudiantes de educación primaria y secundaria (10-16 años). Los resultados revelan que las percepciones asociadas a distintos indicadores de actividad física difieren en función del estilo educativo atribuido. Los escolares de hogares permisivos y democráticos están más motivados, conceden más utilidad a la disciplina de la educación física y afirman recibir más apoyo de sus familiares para la práctica de actividad física que sus iguales de hogares negligentes y autoritarios. Adicionalmente, las valoraciones relativas a orientación motivacional hacia la tarea, condición física percibida, expectativas de ejecución, motivación intrínseca hacia y utilidad de la educación física, autoeficacia percibida y apoyo familiar son más elevadas en el alumnado de primaria. No se observan diferencias según el sexo. Se concluye que el clima más relajado de hogares permisivos y democráticos puede propiciar una predisposición más favorable y valor social a la actividad física

This study analyzed the relationship between parenting style and different variables associated to physical activity. In addition, it was explored whether these variables differed according to gender and educational level. 749 elementary and middle school children (10-16 years old) participated in the study. Children's perceptions related to physical activity were found to differ depending on the type of perceived parenting style. Those children raised in permissive and authoritative homes were found to be more intrinsically motivated towards physical education than children raised in authoritarian and negligent homes. They also found the contents of the course more useful and reported to feel more supported by their parents with regards to physical activity. Moreover, scores in task motivation approach, perceived physical competence, performance expectations, intrinsic motivation and utility of physical education, self-efficacy and parental support were higher in elementary school students than in middle school students. No differences based on gender were found. It can be concluded that a more relaxed atmosphere in permissive and authoritative households may encourage a greater tendency to and deeper social values about physical activity

Intervention for spanish overweight teenagers in physical education lessons.

Physical education is a favourable educational framework for the development of programmes aimed at increasing physical activity in children and thus reducing sedentarism. The progressive increase of overweight students demands global control and follow-up measurement of these behaviours in both in and out of school. The pedometer can be a useful tool in this field. It is easy to use and allow Physical Education (PE) departments to quantify their students' number of steps/day. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a pedometer intervention on body fat and BMI levels in overweight teenagers. Besides, the effects of the programme are analysed according to two other variables: pedometer ownership and gender, distinguishing between out-of-school and school hours, weekdays and weekends. The sample comprises 112 overweight students (49 boys and 63 girls) from 5 secondary schools. Participants were asked to follow a physical activity programme consisting on a minimum of 12000 and 10000 steps/day for boys and girls, respectively. It also allowed them to get up to 2 extra points in their PE marks. Results were measured after 6 weeks of programme application as well as after 6 weeks of retention. Results revealed significantly reduced BMI in the teenagers with their own pedometer (p < 0.05). The difference observed in the number of steps/day between boys (12050) and girls (9566) was significant in all measured time periods (p < 0.05). Besides, both overweight boys and girls were observed to take 1000 steps/day less at weekends than in weekdays. Therefore, it is concluded that the proposal of 12000 and 10000 steps for overweight boys and girls, respectively, accompanied by a reinforcement programme in their final PE marks, seems sufficient to obtain significant BMI reductions. Besides, PE is shown a favourable framework for the proposal of pedometer-impelled weight loss programmes in overweight youth. Key pointsA programme of 12000 and 10000 steps for overweight boys and girls, respectively with reinforcement in physical education marks, the body mass index improves.Body mass index more reduced was in Spanish adolescent overweight that used their own pedometer.The steps/day between boys (12050) and girls (9566) with overweight was different (p < 0.05).Overweight boys and girls were observed to take 1000 steps/day less at weekends than in weekdays.In physical education is possible to apply a programme of steps in obese youth of secondary education schools.