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1.
J Hist Neurosci ; 28(4): 361-386, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31268820

RESUMO

Lathyrism is a central motor system disorder recognized since antiquity resulting from prolonged dietary dependence on the grasspea (Lathyrus sativus). The neuropathology underlying the characteristic spastic paraparesis of lathyrism is sketchy. Described here is a landmark but little-known Spanish-language neuropathological study of two patients with lathyrism of recent onset. Due to erroneous interpretations of Filimonov's influential work in 1926, it was assumed that spastic paraparesis of lathyrism was explained by destruction of Betz's pyramidal cells in the motor cortex. Contrary to present understanding, Betz cells and anterior horn cells were preserved, and pathological findings dominated by myelin loss were largely limited to pyramidal tracts in the lumbar cord. Thickening of the adventitia of capillaries and arterioles, together with proliferation of perivascular astrocytes, was found along the length of the spinal cord. Oliveras de la Riva proposed that the segmental spinal pathology arose because distal regions of elongate pyramidal tract axons are distant from their trophic center in the motor cortex, a view not far from the current distal axonopathy concept of lathyrism. In addition, we review the historical circumstances of Filimonov's work in Russia, a summary of the epidemic of lathyrism in Spain following its Civil War (1936-1939), and some historical aspects of the Cajal Institute in Madrid, where Oliveras de la Riva's work was carried out under the supervision of Fernando de Castro, one of Cajal's favorite students.


Assuntos
Latirismo/história , Neuropatologia/história , Paraparesia Espástica/história , História do Século XX , Humanos , Lathyrus/intoxicação , Masculino , Córtex Motor/patologia , Tratos Piramidais/patologia , Espanha , Medula Espinal/patologia
2.
Rev Neurol ; 35(4): 341-5, 2002.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12235565

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Korsakoff s psychosis (KP) is a relatively frequent pathological condition in our community that has been infradiagnosed. The most common cause is chronic alcohol consumption, although it can be brought about by other aetiologies accompanied by vitamin deficiencies. The lack of thiamine entails an alteration in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, which provides the neurochemical foundation for the specific cognitive impairment that defines the syndrome. AIMS: To evaluate the application of pharmacological treatments, in accordance with the neurochemical disorders described in the literature, and report our experience in two cases treated with anticholinesterases. CASE REPORTS: 1) Female aged 47, with a history of addiction to alcohol. Following Wernicke s encephalopathy, which improved with parenteral thiamine, she presented a memory disorder compatible with KP. After two months treatment with donepezil, a cognitive improvement was observed in the neuropsychological tests. 2) Male aged 77, who presented KP a month after being diagnosed and treated for a post encephalitic vasculitis caused be varicella zoster virus. His cognitive and functional condition improved after 3 months treatment with donepezil. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: There are not enough studies in the literature with representative samples that consider the effects of thiamine or of other forms of treatment on cognitive impairment in KP. Noradrenaline, serotonin, glutamate and acetylcholine have been proposed in the pathogeny of the syndrome. Based on experiences gained in cholinergic disorders, two cases responded to treatment with donepezil. Effective treatment must be based on a combination of aetiological and pharmacological treatment, and cognitive rehabilitation.


Assuntos
Inibidores da Colinesterase/uso terapêutico , Síndrome de Korsakoff/tratamento farmacológico , Idoso , Donepezila , Encefalite por Varicela Zoster/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Indanos/uso terapêutico , Síndrome de Korsakoff/etiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Piperidinas/uso terapêutico
3.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 35(4): 341-345, 16 ago., 2002.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-22178

RESUMO

Introducción. La psicosis de Korsakoff (PK) constituye una patología relativamente frecuente en nuestro medio y se ha infradiagnosticado. La causa más habitual es el consumo crónico de alcohol; pueden producirla otras etiologías que cursen con déficit vitamínicos. La carencia de tiamina conlleva una alteración en la síntesis de neurotransmisores, que constituye la base neuroquímica de los específicos déficit cognitivos que definen el síndrome. Objetivo. Evaluar la aplicación de tratamientos farmacológicos, según los trastornos neuroquímicos descritos en la literatura, y exponer nuestra experiencia en dos casos tratados con anticolinesterásicos. Casos clínicos. 1) Mujer de 47 años, con antecedentes de adicción al alcohol. Tras cuadro de encefalopatía de Wernicke, que mejora con tiamina parenteral, presenta trastorno de memoria compatible con PK. A los dos meses de tratamiento con donepecilo se observa mejoría cognitiva en los tests neuropsicológicos. 2) Varón de 77 años, que presenta PK al mes de haberse diagnosticado y tratado de una vasculitis postencefalitis por virus varicela zoster. Mejora su estado cognitivo y funcional a los tres meses de tratamiento con donepecilo. Discusión y conclusiones. No existen estudios suficientes en la literatura con muestras representativas de pacientes que valoren los efectos de la tiamina ni de otros tratamientos sobre los defectos cognitivos de la PK. Noradrenalina, serotonina, glutamato y acetilcolina se han postulado en la patogenia del síndrome. Sobre la base de los trastornos colinérgicos, dos casos han experimentado respuesta al tratamiento con donepecilo. La terapéutica se sustenta en la combinación de tratamiento etiológico, farmacológico y rehabilitación cognitiva (AU)


Assuntos
Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Piperidinas , Encefalite por Varicela Zoster , Síndrome de Korsakoff , Inibidores da Colinesterase , Indanos
5.
Rev Neurol ; 32(3): 247-50, 2001.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11310280

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To review the current treatment and usefulness of lamotrigine in absence seizures. DEVELOPMENT: Absence seizures are classified amongst the generalized epilepsies. They are defined as a transient loss of consciousness of sudden onset and recovery characteristically associated with generalized spike-and-wave discharges on the EEG. In recent years, the epileptic syndromes associated with this type of seizure have been better defined, basically by means of video-EEG studies. The International League Against Epilepsy has recognized four epileptic syndromes with typical absences: absence-epilepsy of childhood, juvenile absence-epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and epilepsy with myoclonic absences. The classical treatment for this type of seizure was based on ethosuximide, or more often, sodium valproate. Sometimes both drugs together were necessary. Other useful drugs are the benzodiazepines such as clobazam. CONCLUSIONS: We review studies of the efficacy and tolerance of lamotrigine in the treatment of absence seizures, one of the groups of seizures in which this drug has been shown to be most effective. Although studies comparing lamotrigine, valproate and ethosuximide are necessary, we emphasize the possibility that lamotrigine may be a drug of choice in absence seizures.


Assuntos
Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Epilepsia Tipo Ausência/tratamento farmacológico , Triazinas/uso terapêutico , Anticonvulsivantes/administração & dosagem , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Método Duplo-Cego , Quimioterapia Combinada , Epilepsia Tipo Ausência/classificação , Etossuximida/administração & dosagem , Etossuximida/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Lamotrigina , Estudos Multicêntricos como Assunto , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Resultado do Tratamento , Triazinas/administração & dosagem , Ácido Valproico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Valproico/uso terapêutico
6.
Rev Neurol ; 32(1): 77-82, 2001.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11293107

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The neuropsychological assessment of the epileptic patient is a very important aspect of diagnosis and treatment. It may be used to contribute to localization of the hemisphere involved in the seizures, differentiate situations of anxiety or depression or when planning treatment for rehabilitation. We review the different aspects of neuropsychological changes in patients with epilepsy. DEVELOPMENT: Firstly we review the different tests used in the neuropsychological assessment of epilepsy. Dodrill's neuropsychological battery of tests, in which the patients score less than the controls, is the most commonly used. We then evaluate and study the so-called 'transient cognitive disorder'. We also study memory problems in epilepsy. There may be episodes of seizures with amnesic features ('amnesic epileptic seizures'). Finally, the possibility of neuropsychological dysfunction secondary to antiepileptic drugs should always be considered. CONCLUSIONS: Epileptic patients have lower scores than persons taken as controls for the results of various neuropsychological tests, although there is less difference between the two groups when the patient group is made up of persons with a normal intelligence quotient. Transient cognitive involvement is common in epileptics and may cause underachievement at school or psychological problems. Memory disorders, particularly subjective, are common in epileptics, although neuropsychological tests other than those generally used may be necessary to evaluate this. It is possible that such memory disorders, if occurring as seizures, may be due to amnesic partial crises, which should always be differentiated from the diagnosis of transient global amnesia. Almost all antiepileptic drugs can cause negative neuropsychological effects, especially the benzodiazepines and barbiturates.


Assuntos
Epilepsia/psicologia , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Doença Aguda , Anticonvulsivantes/efeitos adversos , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Cognitivos/induzido quimicamente , Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Eletroencefalografia , Epilepsia/tratamento farmacológico , Epilepsia/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Transtornos da Memória/etiologia , Síndrome
7.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 32(3): 247-250, 1 feb., 2001.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-20793

RESUMO

Objetivo. Revisar el estado actual del tratamiento y la utilidad de la lamotrigina en las crisis de ausencia. Desarrollo. Las crisis de ausencia se clasifican dentro de las epilepsias generalizadas y se definen como una pérdida transitoria de la conciencia de inicio y final brusco, asociadas característicamente a descargas generalizadas de punta-onda en el EEG. En los últimos años se ha conseguido una mejor delimitación de los síndromes epilépticos asociados a este tipo de crisis, fundamentalmente a través de los estudios de vídeo-EEG. Se han reconocido por la Liga Internacional Contra la Epilepsia cuatro síndromes epilépticos con ausencias típicas: la epilepsia-ausencia de la niñez, la epilepsia-ausencia juvenil, la epilepsia mioclónica juvenil y la epilepsia con ausencias mioclónicas. En el tratamiento clásico de este tipo de crisis se han utilizado tanto la etosuximida como el valproato sódico, este último con mayor frecuencia. En ocasiones puede ser necesario la utilización combinada de ambos fármacos. Otros fármacos de utilidad pueden ser las benzodiacepinas, por ejemplo el clobazam. Conclusiones. Revisamos los diversos trabajos de la eficacia y tolerancia de la lamotrigina en el tratamiento de las crisis de ausencia, uno de los grupos de crisis en los cuales este fármaco se ha mostrado más eficaz. Aunque son necesarios estudios comparativos entre lamotrigina, valproato o etosuximida, destacamos la posibilidad de que lamotrigina pueda constituir un tratamiento de primera línea en las crisis de ausencia (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Triazinas/uso terapêutico , Resultado do Tratamento , Anticonvulsivantes , Quimioterapia Combinada , Epilepsia Tipo Ausência , Ácido Valproico , Estudos Multicêntricos como Assunto , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Método Duplo-Cego , Etossuximida/uso terapêutico
8.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 32(1): 77-82, 1 ene., 2001.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-20717

RESUMO

Objetivos. La valoración neuropsicológica del paciente epiléptico constituye un aspecto muy importante para el diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se puede utilizar para contribuir a la localización hemisférica crítica, diferenciar situaciones de ansiedad o depresión o planificar tratamientos de rehabilitación. Se revisan los diversos aspectos relacionados con alteraciones neuropsicológicas en pacientes con epilepsia. Desarrollo. Se revisan en primer lugar los diferentes test utilizados para la evaluación neuropsicológica de la epilepsia, entre ellos la más utilizada es la batería Neuropsicológica de Dodrill, en los cuales los pacientes epilépticos puntúan por debajo de los controles. Se valora y estudia a continuación la denominada afectación cognitiva transitoria. Se estudian los problemas de memoria en epilepsia. Podemos encontrar episodios críticos con manifestaciones amnésicas (`crisis epilépticas amnésicas'). Por último, siempre debe considerase la posibilidad de disfunción neuropsicológica secundaria al tratamiento con fármacos antiepilépticos. Conclusiones. Los pacientes epilépticos obtienen puntuaciones más bajas que los sujetos control en los resultados de los diversos tests neuropsicológicos, aunque las diferencias entre ambos grupos se reducen cuando el grupo de pacientes lo componen sujetos con un cociente intelectual normal. La afectación cognitiva transitoria es frecuente en epilépticos y puede ser causa de fracaso escolar o de problemas psicosociales. Los trastornos de memoria, en especial subjetivos, resultan ser frecuentes en epilépticos, aunque pueden ser necesarios otros tests diferentes a los neuropsicológicos habituales. Es posible que estos trastornos de memoria, si se presentan en forma crítica, puedan deberse a crisis parciales amnésicas que nos plantearan siempre el diagnóstico diferencial con amnesia global transitoria. Prácticamente todos los fármacos antiepilépticos pueden tener efectos neuropsicológicos negativos, en especial las benzodiacepinas y los barbitúricos (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Síndrome , Transtornos da Memória , Anticonvulsivantes , Transtornos Cognitivos , Doença Aguda , Eletroencefalografia , Epilepsia
9.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 31(12): 1104-1108, 16 dic., 2000.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-20641

RESUMO

Introducción. La vigabatrina es un fármaco antiepiléptico eficaz en el tratamiento de las crisis parciales con o sin generalización, que actúa incrementando los niveles del GABA mediante una inhibición irreversible de la enzima GABA-transaminasa. En los últimos años aparecen diversas publicaciones referentes a la aparición de alteraciones de los campos visuales en pacientes en tratamiento con este fármaco. Objetivo. Estudiar la prevalencia y las características de las alteraciones de los campos visuales asociadas al tratamiento con vigabatrina en una consulta de epilepsia de adultos. Pacientes y métodos. Se realizó un estudio oftalmológico consistente en un interrogatorio acerca de síntomas oftalmológicos, estudio de fondo de ojo, campimetría tipo Humphrey, protocolo 30-2, potencial evocado visual y electrorretinograma a un grupo de 10 pacientes en tratamiento crónico con vigabatrina. Resultados. Seis pacientes de 10 (60 por ciento) presentaban alteraciones campimétricas; en dos de los casos (20 por ciento) eran graves. Únicamente los dos pacientes con alteraciones campimétricas graves referían alteraciones visuales en el interrogatorio y consistían esencialmente en golpearse de forma repetida con diversos objetos. En dos pacientes (20 por ciento) encontramos palidez del disco óptico. En dos casos, los que presentaban alteraciones campimétricas graves, encontramos alteraciones del electrorretinograma. Los potenciales evocados visuales eran en todos los casos normales. Conclusiones. La prevalencia de alteraciones de los campos visuales en los pacientes en tratamiento crónico con vigabatrina es muy elevada. Hasta fases avanzadas, no suele producir manifestaciones clínicas oftalmológicas. En un grupo de pacientes, se asocia palidez del nervio óptico. Es muy importante realizar estudios campimétricos seriados para detectar precozmente estas alteraciones (AU)


Assuntos
Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Transtornos da Visão , Campos Visuais , Prevalência , Testes de Campo Visual , Vigabatrina , Anticonvulsivantes , 4-Aminobutirato Transaminase , Eletrorretinografia , Epilepsia , Inibidores Enzimáticos , Disco Óptico
10.
Rev Neurol ; 31(8): 770-4, 2000.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11082888

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To review the differentiating characteristics of symptomatic acute epilepsies, epidemiology, aetiology and controversies over treatment, and describe our experience with symptomatic acute epilepsy in cerebrovascular disorders. DEVELOPMENT AND CONCLUSIONS: The so-called symptomatic acute epilepsies show clearly differentiated characteristics with regard to true epileptic disorders: 1. A clearly identified causal association; 2. Generally tend not to recur; 3. Usually long-term anti-epileptic treatment is not necessary. Therefore the most suitable term for them is symptomatic acute seizures. They make up a large proportion of all newly-diagnosed epilepsies around 40%. The highest incidence occurs during the first year of life (probably because of the high incidence of seizures due to encephalopathies, metabolic disorders and infections) and in elderly patients (especially in relations to cerebrovascular disorders). The commonest causes are: cerebrovascular disorders, head injury, infections of the central nervous system, alcohol and drugs. The risk of subsequent epilepsy is increased in a subgroup of these patients, especially in cases with associated cerebrovascular disorders, head injuries and central nervous system infection. Long-term preventive treatment is rarely indicated in these patients.


Assuntos
Convulsões/etiologia , Doença Aguda , Epilepsia/etiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Convulsões/diagnóstico , Convulsões/epidemiologia
11.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 31(8): 770-774, 16 oct., 2000.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-20570

RESUMO

Objetivos. Revisar las características diferenciales de las epilepsias agudas sintomáticas, epidemiología, etiología y controversias terapéuticas, y exponer nuestra experiencia con las epilepsias agudas sintomáticas en la patología cerebrovascular. Desarrollo y conclusiones. Las denominadas epilepsias agudas sintomáticas presentan unas características claramente diferenciadoras en lo que respecta a la auténtica enfermedad epiléptica: 1. Una asociación causal claramente identificable; 2. No tienden en general a la recurrencia, y 3. No es necesario, generalmente, un tratamiento antiepiléptico a largo plazo. Por lo tanto, el término más adecuado para denominarlas sería el de crisis agudas sintomáticas. Representan un porcentaje importante de todas las epilepsias de nuevo diagnóstico, alrededor de un 40 por ciento. Su incidencia mayor es en el primer año de vida (probablemente por la alta incidencia de crisis debidas a encefalopatías, alteraciones metabólicas e infecciones) y en pacientes ancianos (en relación sobre todo con la patología cerebrovascular). Las causas más frecuentes son: patología cerebrovascular, traumatismo craneoencefálico, infecciones del sistema nervioso central, alcohol y fármacos. El riesgo de epilepsia posterior se encuentra incrementado en un subgrupo de estos pacientes, sobre todo en los casos asociados a patología cerebrovascular, traumatismos craneoencefálicos e infecciones del sistema nervioso central. El tratamiento preventivo a largo plazo muy raramente está indicado en estos pacientes (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Incidência , Doença Aguda , Epilepsia , Convulsões
12.
Rev Neurol ; 30(11): 1048-53, 2000.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10904952

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Peripheral facial paralysis is one of the commonest mononeuropathies. The frequency of idiopathic peripheral paralysis or Bell's palsy varies between 62% and 93% of all cases, with an incidence of between 14 and 25 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year. However, in spite of its relative frequency in the population, there is still no definite unanimously agreed strategy currently used by neurologists. Although its course is relatively benign, up to 16% of the patients show moderate or severe sequelae according to follow-up data in 1,011 untreated patients. In this article we review the aetiology, diagnostic methods and therapeutical strategies at the present time. DEVELOPMENT: The topographic diagnosis of the lesion is based on the symptoms associated with the paralysis. The neurophysiological studies (trigeminofacial reflection and electroneurogram), usually done after the first week are prognoses that permit differentiation of the degree of the lesion (neuropraxis, axonotmesis or neurotmesis). In spite of recent trials with combined therapy (acyclovir and steroids) the most generally accepted treatment at present is still prednisose at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral facial paralysis is a common condition, usually with no apparent cause and an eminently clinical diagnosis. The electrophysiological studies determine the prognosis. Currently the standard treatment is still oral prednisone.


Assuntos
Aciclovir/uso terapêutico , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Paralisia Facial , Nervos Periféricos/fisiopatologia , Prednisona/uso terapêutico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Esquema de Medicação , Quimioterapia Combinada , Eletromiografia/métodos , Paralisia Facial/diagnóstico , Paralisia Facial/tratamento farmacológico , Paralisia Facial/etiologia , Seguimentos , Humanos
13.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 30(11): 1048-1053, 1 jun., 2000.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-20416

RESUMO

Objetivo. La parálisis facial periférica es una de las mononeuropatías más frecuentes. La frecuencia de las parálisis periféricas idiopáticas o parálisis de Bell varía entre el 62 y 93 por ciento de los casos, con una incidencia que se sitúa entre 14 y 25 casos por cada 100.000 habitantes y año. Sin embargo, y a pesar de su relativa frecuencia en la población, no existe hoy en día una estrategia definitiva y consensuada entre los neurólogos. Aun cuando su evolución es relativamente benigna, hasta el 16 por ciento de los pacientes presentan secuelas moderadas o graves según datos de seguimiento de 1.011 pacientes no tratados. En este artículo revisaremos la etiología, métodos diagnósticos y estrategias terapéuticas vigentes en la actualidad. Desarrollo. El diagnóstico topográfico de la lesión se basa en los síntomas asociados a la parálisis. Los estudios neurofisiológicos (reflejo trigeminofacial y electroneurograma), realizados a partir generalmente de la primera semana, son pronósticos ya que permiten diferenciar el grado de lesión (neuroapraxia, axonotmesis o neurotmesis). A pesar de los últimos ensayos con terapia combinada (aciclovir y esteroide) el tratamiento más aceptado actualmente sigue siendo la prednisona en dosis de 1 mg/kg/día. Conclusiones. La parálisis facial periférica es un entidad frecuente, generalmente sin causa aparente y con un diagnóstico eminentemente clínico. Los estudios electrofisiológicos determinan el pronóstico. Actualmente el tratamiento vigente sigue siendo la prednisona oral (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Paralisia Facial , Prednisona , Nervos Periféricos , Antivirais , Anti-Inflamatórios , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Quimioterapia Combinada , Esquema de Medicação , Aciclovir , Eletromiografia , Seguimentos
15.
Headache ; 40(1): 45-7, 2000 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10759903

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to investigate the possible effect of acenocoumarol, which is indicated for nonneurological disease, on headache. BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that anticoagulation can have beneficial effects in the control of migraine attacks. METHODS: Four hundred randomized patients on oral anticoagulant therapy were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding their headaches. RESULTS: Headache was present before or during oral anticoagulation in 166 (66 migraineurs and 100 nonmigraineurs) of 326 respondents. The major finding was that oral anticoagulation produced improvement in 63% of patients with migraine versus 38% of patients with nonmigranous headache. Improvement was related to the severity of migraine but not to age. CONCLUSIONS: Oral anticoagulant therapy can improve migraine. The way in which anticoagulant therapy acts on migraine is unknown, but potential mechanisms include its effect on platelet aggregability and pharmacological effects such as suppression of enhanced nitric oxide.


Assuntos
Acenocumarol/uso terapêutico , Anticoagulantes/uso terapêutico , Transtornos de Enxaqueca/tratamento farmacológico , Acenocumarol/farmacologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anticoagulantes/farmacologia , Feminino , Cefaleia/tratamento farmacológico , Cefaleia/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtornos de Enxaqueca/prevenção & controle , Distribuição Aleatória , Estudos Retrospectivos , Inquéritos e Questionários
17.
Rev Neurol ; 31(12): 1104-8, 2000.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11205539

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Vigabatrin is an effective antiepileptic drug for treatment of partial crises with or without generalization. It acts by increasing GABA levels by irreversible inhibition of the enzyme GABA-transaminase. In recent years there have been several reports published on the appearance of alterations of the visual fields of patients treated with this drug. OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence and characteristics of the visual field changes associated with vigabatrin treatment in an adult epilepsy clinic. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ophthalmological examination, consisting of questions about eye symptoms, study of the fundus oculi, Humphrey-type campimetry, protocol 30-2, visual evoked potentials and electroretinogram were done on a group of 10 patients on long-term vigabatrin treatment. RESULTS: Six of the ten patients (60%) had campimetric alterations, which were serious in two cases (20%). Only the two patients with severe field defects complained of sight changes when questioned and their complaints were mainly of repeatedly bumping into things. In two patients (20%) there was pallor of the optic nerve. In both cases, the patients with severe field defects showed alterations on the electroretinogram. Visual evoked potentials were normal in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: There is a very high prevalence of visual field defects in patients on long-term treatment with vigabatrin. Clinical ophthalmological signs are not usually seen until advanced stages. Pallor of the optic nerve was seen in a group of patients. It is very important that serial campimetric studies are done for early detection of such alterations.


Assuntos
Anticonvulsivantes/efeitos adversos , Vigabatrina/efeitos adversos , Transtornos da Visão/induzido quimicamente , Campos Visuais/efeitos dos fármacos , 4-Aminobutirato Transaminase/antagonistas & inibidores , Adulto , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacologia , Eletrorretinografia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/efeitos adversos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Epilepsia/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Disco Óptico/patologia , Prevalência , Vigabatrina/farmacologia , Transtornos da Visão/diagnóstico , Transtornos da Visão/epidemiologia , Transtornos da Visão/patologia , Testes de Campo Visual
19.
Med Clin (Barc) ; 112(20): 767-74, 1999 Jun 05.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10422057

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The revalidation of the Mini Examen Cognoscitivo (MEC), first Spanish version (1978) of the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and documentation of "population-based norms" should clarify the potential confusion induced by later versions of MMSE. CONTEXT: The Zaragoza Study on the prevalence of dementia and depression in a representative sample of the elderly community (N = 1,080). INSTRUMENTS: MEC-35 and MEC-30 points, and validated, Spanish versions of Geriatric Mental State (GMS), History and Aetiology Schedule (HAS) and Social Status Schedule (SSS). PROCEDURE: a) validation of MEC (standardized lay interviewers) against the gold standard of psychiatric diagnosis (DSM-III-R), two months later; b) "population-based norms" in the "healthy" population, and c) comparison with other MMSE versions. RESULTS: The instrument fulfills criteria of "feasibility", "content", "procedural" and "construct validity". Test-retest reliability: weighted kappa = 0.637. MEC-30 (cut-off point 23/24), sensitivity = 89.8%, specificity = 75.1% (80.8% with the cut-off at 22/23), and ROC curve, AUC = 0.920. The coefficients of individual items were satisfactory and the specificity increases in MEC-35 (83.9%). Other MMSE Spanish versions have not improved these coefficients. "Population-based norms" confirm the hypothesized influence of age and education level. MEC-30 is the version with most comparable results with the MMSE in USA. CONCLUSIONS: The validity of MEC is confirmed in the elderly population, with the same cut-off points recommended in the original standardization. MEC-30 is the best version for international comparisons.


Assuntos
Testes Psicológicos/normas , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Humanos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Inquéritos e Questionários
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