Interpersonal behaviors in sports context: Spanish adaptation and measurement invariance.

Introduction: The interpersonal behavior questionnaire (IBQ) is an instrument that measures support and thwarting interpersonal behaviors based on the self-determination theory (SDT). The aim of this work was to adapt the IBQ to the Spanish spoken in Mexico and to examine its psychometric properties (structural validity, discriminant validity, composite reliability, factorial invariance, and nomological validity) in a sample of athletes. Methods: For this purpose, 472 athletes (average age 17.15 years; SD = 1.47) completed a question booklet. Results and discussion: Confirmatory factor analysis supported the structure of six related factors, three factors of behaviors that support autonomy, competence, and relatedness, and three factors of behaviors that thwarting them. The internal consistency of each factor was also supported, as well as the average variance extracted. However, the discriminant validity between the factors of competence and relatedness in their dimensions of support, on the one hand, and thwarting, on the other, is questioned. Factorial invariance was confirmed across gender (men and women) and sport type (individual and team). Nomological validity is in accordance with theory and empirical literature. More studies of the IBQ in sport are necessary to see if these results are a fortuitous product or if they manifest themselves consistently.

Adaptive Social Factors and Precompetitive Anxiety in Elite Sport.

Grounded in achievement goal theory and self-determination theory, the aim of this study was to analyze the motivational determinants of precompetitive anxiety in the sports context, considering the horizontal motivational sequence: adaptive social factors (task-involving climate, autonomy support style), competence need, types of motivation (autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, amotivation), and consequences (precompetitive anxiety and self-confidence). This study was also conducted in order to analyze the mediating role of the need for competition and motivational regulations on social factors and consequences. The sample consisted of 217 athletes of both sexes engaged in elite sport, who answered a series of questionnaires to measure study variables to develop an analysis of the structural equation model. The results showed that both the task-involving climate and autonomy support were associated with competence need, and competence need was associated with autonomous motivation in a positive way and with controlled motivation and amotivation in a negative way. On the other hand, autonomous motivation was positively associated with self-confidence, while amotivation was positively related to somatic and cognitive anxiety before a competition. Furthermore, there was a total mediation of competence need and autonomous motivation between task climate and self-confidence. In conclusion, these social factors favor self-confidence, and besides, these climates disfavor anxiety before a sport competition.

Design, validation, and testing of an observational tool for technical and tactical analysis in the taekwondo competition at the 2016 Olympic games.

Observational methodology uses validated observational tools to collect information in sports with multiple variables that interact in the sporting context. Given the importance of data quality for observational tools, the purpose of this study was to design, validate, and test the reliability of a mixed observational instrument combining field formats and category systems for analyzing technical and tactical actions in an Olympic taekwondo (TKD) tournament. The instrument collects information of six criteria and 25 categories of the tactical and technical actions, kicking zone, laterality, kicking leg, guard, and score. A total of 2 374 actions were analyzed from 10 bouts involving 12 competitors in the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games. The coefficients derived from the generalizability analysis (G coefficients) were used to check the accuracy, validity, and reliability of the tool created, while lag-sequential and polar-coordinate analysis were used to determine technical and tactical patterns of TKD athletes. The results showed optimal G coefficients and provide us with objective, valid, and reliable information on the bout situation analyzed, allowing us to extrapolate the data from our results to the sample population. The lag-sequential and polar-coordinate analyses showed that the competitors scored one point through direct attacks with linear techniques to the chest and performed circular actions with the back leg before and after scoring one point. Three points are scored by indirect attacks and subsequent counterattacks with spinning kicks to the trunk and head (using linear and circular techniques). These results reveal technical and tactical implications derived from the latest modifications of the regulations of this sport, as well as the need to adapt athletes' training for the next Olympic Games.

Psychometric Properties of a Spanish Version of the Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sports Scale.

The Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale (BNSSS) is an instrument designed to measure the level of satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs (BPN) in sports, according to The Self-Determination Theory (SDT). The purpose of this research was to adapt BNSSS to Mexican Spanish and analyze its psychometric properties (factorial validity, factorial invariance, internal consistency, convergent validity, and nomological validity). Thus, 542 athletes (average age: 12.06 years; SD = 1.83) were asked to answer a set of questionnaires. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) supported both the structure of five related factors and the trifactorial structure after eliminating an item. Nevertheless, the reliability analysis indicated strong internal consistency, and the average variance extracted (AVE) from the subscales was acceptable except for the volition factor, thus supporting the trifactorial model. Scores derived from the instrument's three-factors offered evidence of the criterion validity, through a positive and meaningful relation with enjoyment and subjective vitality. Moreover, results of multi-sample analysis supported that factorial structure is invariant between men and women. In conclusion, this BNSSS Spanish version displayed adequate psychometric properties, showing that it can be used to measure the three basic psychological needs.

Generalizabilidad y optimización en la evaluación de la calidad de los Centros de Atención Infantil Temprana (CAIT) / Generalizability and Optimization for Quality Assesment in Early Intervention Centers

El propósito de este trabajo fue optimizar una nueva herramienta de evaluación de la calidad de servicio percibida en los Centros de Atención Temprana, desarrollada ad hoc, que permitiera analizar distintas dimensiones desde la perspectiva de la Teoría de la Generalizabilidad. El objetivo fue desglosar la variabilidad real de la variabilidad del error. Se estimaron los componentes de varianza de las facetas centros, usuarios, ítems y escalas. Se utilizó una estructura de diseño multifaceta parcialmente anidado, analizando distintas categorías independientemente y en interacción, obteniendo excelentes resultados tanto de los índices de fiabilidad como de generalizabilidad. Se realizó una optimización del diseño de medida para optimizar los tamaños muestrales, pudiendo ser considerado un análisis coste-beneficio.

The purpose of this work was to optimize a new tool for evaluation of quality perceived in the Early Intervention Centers, developed ad hoc, allowing to analyze different dimensions of quality service in these kind of centres from the perspective of the Generalizability Theory. The aim was to break down the actual variability of the variability of the error. The variance of the facets centers, users, items and scales components were estimated. We used a structure of multifaceted partially nested design, analyzing different categories independently and in interaction, obtaining excellent results both indexes of reliability and generalizability. Measure design optimization to optimize sample sizes, and can be considered a cost-benefit analysis was conducted.