Effectiveness of Oroantral Communication Closure Using Solid Platelet-Rich Fibrin Compared to a Conventional Treatment Approach: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of platelet-rich fibrin clot (PRF) and conventional oroantral communication (OAC) repair techniques following tooth extractions from the maxilla. The study involved 22 patients, divided into 2 groups: a study group treated with PRF and a control group undergoing conventional OAC repair. The primary outcome measured was the effectiveness of OAC closure, with pain intensity and postoperative complications as secondary outcomes. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was used to evaluate post-extraction bone regeneration. Pain was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) on days 0, 1, 7, and 14 postoperatively. The results showed that the PRF group experienced a significant decrease in pain within the first 24 hours and after 7 days (P < .0001; P < .05). In contrast, complications were reported in 45.45% of patients in the conventional repair group and 18.18% in the A-PRF group. Three months postsurgery, CBCT revealed appreciable bone healing in both groups, with no significant difference (P > .05). In conclusion, the study suggests that A-PRF treatment for OACs resulted in fewer complications and quicker pain reduction than traditional repair methods, making it a promising alternative for managing OACs. However, future studies are needed to confirm these findings and establish the full therapeutic potential of PRF.

Kinesio Taping as an Adjunct Therapy in Postoperative Care after Extraction of Impacted Third Lower Molars-A Randomized Pilot Study.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly administered according to protocol for the management of complications such as pain, swelling, and trismus following the removal of the third impacted lower molar; however, treatment with NSAIDs may result in multiple adverse effects. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of kinesio taping (KT) and the use of NSAIDs in the treatment of postoperative complications after extraction of an impacted third lower molar. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study comprised a group of 30 patients, randomly divided into the test group (with KT, n = 15) or the control group (without KT, n = 15). The surgery was performed according to standard procedures. In the test group, KT was applied immediately after surgery. Pain, swelling, and trismus were assessed. The VAS scale was used to assess pain. Swelling was measured based on six reference points on the face using a tailor's meter, and a caliper was used to measure the distance between the upper and lower medial incisors of the upper and lower teeth to determine the extent of trismus. Measurements were performed three times: on the day of the surgery, on the second day following the surgery, and on the 7th day after the surgery. RESULTS: Pain intensity (day of procedures), maximum mouth opening (on the seventh day after the surgery), and the use of NSAIDs (day of surgery) were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the test group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Kinesio taping in addition to NSAIDs was found to be more effective than NSAIDs alone in increasing the degree of jaw opening, decreasing pain intensity, and reducing the non-steroid anti-inflammatory dosage in patients after impacted mandibular wisdom teeth surgery.

Perioperative Management of Dental Surgery Patients Chronically Taking Antithrombotic Medications.

The development of medicine is based not only on the introduction of new methods of treatment, but also on the use of increasingly effective drugs, including antithrombotic drugs. Drugs that inhibit the activity of platelets (antiplatelet and anti-aggregating drugs) and pharmaceuticals that inhibit the activity of plasma coagulation factors (anticoagulants) are used in antithrombotic therapy. In our daily practice we encounter patients who take chronic antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs. However, more and more often we are dealing with patients who are treated with two antiplatelet drugs, an antiplatelet and an anticoagulant or even undergoing triple antithrombotic therapy. When preparing the patient for invasive craniofacial procedures, it should be assessed whether the temporary discontinuation of antithrombotic treatment due to the fear of excessive perioperative bleeding is justified and will not result in life-threatening thromboembolic complications. The authors discuss in detail the medications used in modern antithrombotic treatment and present a perioperative management procedure with a patient who takes l4 z of these medications chronically.

Status of Microbiota in Odontogenic Inflammatory Lesions and Dental Surgery Procedures Performed on an Outpatient Basis.

Inflammations of the facial part of the skull are most commonly caused by a bacterial infection. They are a frequently occurring pathological process, which results from a rich bacterial flora of the oral cavity, as well as diseased teeth and periodontal tissues. These inflammations have a primarily mixed character with the prevalence of anaerobic bacteria. Gangrene of the dental pulp is the most common odontogenic cause. In the case of inflammations of oral tissues an early and corrective treatment results in quick recovery. The purpose of this work was to assess the efficiency of empirical antibiotic therapy applied in patients with inflammations of oral tissues on the basis of a drug susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from material extracted from inflammatory lesions. The research material consisted of smears collected from patients with existing acute inflammations in the oral cavity. The smear was collected from the bottom of the lesion after its prior surgical treatment and pus evacuation, and again, 7 days after surgery. In patients with acute odontogenic inflammations the recommended first-line therapy are extended-spectrum penicillins, characterized by a low risk of side effects and strong antimicrobial activity. In the study group, both clindamycin and amoxicillin exhibited high efficiency in treating acute odontogenic inflammatory lesions in the oral cavity.

Thermovision as a Tool for Athletes to Verify the Symmetry of Work of Individual Muscle Segments.

In the presented research, we characterised the temperature profiles and the degree of preparation for exercise of individual muscle groups of athletes We hypothesise that by means of thermal imaging studies, the effectiveness of the warm-up can be monitored to determine whether the effort of individual muscles is equal and symmetrical, which can help to avoid a potential injury. In the study, thermographic imaging was performed on a group of athletes exercising on a rowing ergometer involving almost 80% of the muscle parts of the human body for intense and symmetrical exercise. Thermovision studies have confirmed, based on the increased temperature of the muscle areas, that the rowing ergometer involves many muscle groups in training. Moreover, based on the shape of the temperature function obtained from individual body regions of interest, it was shown that conventional exercise on a rowing ergometer causes almost symmetrical work of the right and left sides of the body. Obtained temperature changes in most of the studied muscle areas showed minimum temperature reached the beginning of training-mostly phases 1 and 2. During the subsequent phases, the temperature increase was monitored, stopping at resting temperature. Significantly, temperature variations did not exceed 0.5 °C in all post-training phases. Statistical analyses did not show any significant differences in the symmetry of right and left muscle areas corresponding to the muscle location temperature. Thermal imaging may be an innovative wholly non-invasive and safe method, because checking induces adaptation processes, which may become indicators of an athlete's efficiency. The imaging can be continuously repeated, and automatic comparison of average temperature or temperature difference may provide some clues that protect athletes from overtraining or serious injuries.

The Effectiveness of a Bioactive Healing Abutment as a Local Drug Delivery System to Impact Peri-Implant Mucositis: A Prospective Case Series Study.

Modern dental therapy makes use of prosthetic implant reconstructions, which are supported or retained on dental implants. The most frequent, long-term complications associated with these prosthetic implants include mucositis and peri-implantitis. Since mucositis is the initial inflammation of tissues supporting the dental implant, the management of this condition is thus crucial. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of the placement of bioactive healing abutment for 48 h, in patients diagnosed with peri-implant mucositis. Moreover, the quantitative and qualitative shift in the bacterial profile of the biofilm present in the peri-implant pockets, was assessed by means of RT-PCR genotyping. Each patient was examined using a commercially available PET test protocol: the first sample was taken upon diagnosis (after which the bioactive healing abutment, with clindamycin at a dose of 30 mg, was used for 48 h and replaced with the prosthetic superstructure used so far by a patient); the second sample was taken two weeks after removal of the bioactive healing abutment. The effects of the intervention were clinically assessed using the PET test after the two weeks. A significant reduction in mucositis was observed following treatment, as measured by periodontal indices: modified Sulcus Bleeding Index­mBI (p < 0.001), modified Plaque Index­PLI (r = 0.69, Z= −4.43; p < 0.001) and probing depth­PD (Z = −4.61; p < 0.001). Significant differences in the occurrence of periopathogenic bacteria were also observed: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (p < 0.014; Z = −2.45; r = 0.38), Treponema denticola (p < 0.005; Z = −2.83; r = 0.44), Tannerella forsythia (p < 0.001; Z = −4.47; r = 0.69) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (p < 0.132; Z = −1.51).

Advantages of using toothpaste containing propolis and plant oils for gingivitis prevention and oral cavity hygiene in cleft lip/palate patients.

BACKGROUND: The anti-inflammatory and antibacterial action of preparations used during oral hygiene procedures is particularly important in patients with oral cleft. Few reports have been published assessing the influence of natural products on the state of the oral cavity in patients with oral cleft. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of toothpaste containing Polish propolis and plant oils on oral cavity health in patients with oral cleft treated orthodontically. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 50 patients aged 9-16 years old (20 females, 23 males) were selected and randomly assigned into two groups. Group (A) received toothpaste with Polish propolis, tea tree oil, menthol, and rosemary oil. Group (B) received toothpaste without active ingredients (placebo). A baseline assessment was followed by an oral hygiene index (OHI, debris OHI-D, and calculus OHI-C component) and gingival bleeding index (GBI) after 35 days. The methodology of the oral condition assessment included the presence of cleft malformation as a dysmorphic of the anterior maxilla segment. RESULTS: In group A, improvement in oral cavity hygiene assessed for incisors and molars was found (OHI-T p = 0.011). For the gingival condition, a decrease in the gingival bleeding index - total (GBI-T p = 0.002), as well as for the incisors (GBI-I p = 0.007) and molars (GBI-M p = 0.017) was found. CONCLUSIONS: This research confirms the biological effectiveness of toothpaste with Polish propolis and plant oils. These results may be clinically useful for improving preventative oral care and for control of oral infectious diseases during orthodontic treatment in patients with oral cleft.

Evaluation of Effectiveness of a Toothpaste Containing Tea Tree Oil and Ethanolic Extract of Propolis on the Improvement of Oral Health in Patients Using Removable Partial Dentures.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of toothpaste containing natural tea tree essential oil (TTO) and ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP), on microflora and selected indicators of oral health in patients using removable acrylic partial dentures. Fifty patients with varying conditions of hygiene were divided into two groups. The study group received the toothpaste with TTO and EEP, while the control group received the same toothpaste but without TTO and EEP. At the first visit, oral hygiene and hygiene of the prostheses were carried out. Control visits took place 7 and 28 days later and compared to baseline. Indexes like API (Approximal Plaque Index), mSBI (modified Sulcus Bleeding Index), OHI-s (simplified Oral Hygiene Index), and DPI (Denture Plaque Index) were assessed in three subsequent stages, and swabs were collected from floor of the mouth area to assess the microbiota. After 7 and 28 days of using the toothpaste with TTO and EEP, a statistically significant decrease of the examined indicator values were observed in the study group as compared to the values upon the initial visit. The number of isolated strains of microorganisms in the study group was decreased or maintained at the same level, whereas in the control group an increase in the number of isolated strains was observed. The observed stabilization of oral microbiota in patients from the study group confirms the beneficial activity of toothpaste containing EEP and TTO compared to the control group.

The Anatomical Conditions of the Alveolar Process of the Anterior Maxilla in Terms of Immediate Implantation-Radiological Retrospective Case Series Study.

The feasibility and the level of difficulty of immediate flapless implantation depend largely on the residual alveolar bone. The purpose of the study was to determine how often immediate flapless implantation in the anterior maxilla is feasible and assess the difficulty level using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. A radiological retrospective case series study was conducted. In total, 1200 CBCT scans from 300 consecutive patients were analyzed with dedicated planning software. Immediate flapless implants were possible in 78.33% of cases. Drilling direction was either through the apex or the palatal slope. Bimodal was conducted in 9% of the cases; only through the apex in 13.08% of the cases and in 56.25% only in the slope. In 21.67%, immediate flapless implants were excluded. The feasibility and degree of difficulty differed statistically to the disadvantage of the lateral incisors compared to the central incisors. Drilling direction caused that BASE classification reflects the difficulty level of immediate implantation. CBCT is a helpful diagnostic tool for assessing the feasibility of immediate flapless implants due to the residual bone shape and volume. BASE classification helps to determine a challenge level that may also facilitate communication and result in comparison. The alveolar bone condition allows for immediate flapless implants in most cases in the aesthetic region of the maxilla, but they should be performed by an experienced specialist with regard to the bone and soft tissue quality.

Usefulness in Developing an Optimal Training Program and Distinguishing between Performance Levels of the Athlete's Body by Using of Thermal Imaging.

The goal of the training is to enable the body to perform prolonged physical effort without reducing its effectiveness while maintaining the body's homeostasis. Homeostasis is the ability of the system to maintain, in dynamic balance, the stability of the internal environment. Equally as important as monitoring the body's thermoregulation phenomena during exercise seems to be the evaluation of these mechanisms after physical effort, when the athlete's body returns to physiological homeostasis. Restoring homeostasis is an important factor in body regeneration and has a significant impact on preventing overtraining. In this work we present a training protocol using a rowing ergometer, which was planned to be carried out in a short time and which involves working the majority of the athlete's muscles, allowing a full assessment of the body's thermal parameters after stopping exercise and during the body's return to thermal equilibrium and homeostasis. The significant differences between normalized mean body surface temperature obtained for the cyclist before the training period and strength group as well as before and 10 min after training were obtained. Such observation seems to bring indirectly some information about the sportsperson's efficiency due to differences in body temperature in the first 10 min of training when sweat does not play a main role in surface temperature. Nearly 1 °C drop of mean body temperature has been measured due to the period of training. It is concluded that thermovision not only allows you to monitor changes in body temperature due to sports activity, but also allows you to determine which of the athletes has a high level of body efficiency. The average maximum body temperature of such an athlete is higher (32.5 °C) than that of an athlete who has not trained regularly (30.9 °C) and whose body probably requires further training.

Preliminary Clinical Data and the Comparison of the Safety and Efficacy of Autogenous Bone Grafts Versus Xenograft Implantations in Vertical Bone Deficiencies Before Dental Implant Installation.

Two different techniques of vertical bone augmentation were compared to apply them to immunocompromised patients. One of them used autogenous bone graft; the other used xenograft. Thirty patients were involved in the study. Fifteen received autogenous ring shape grafts harvested from the mental region, and 15 received xenograft vertical tunnel augmentation. They have a total of 60 implants placed in the posterior region of the mandible (2 for each patient). Fixed full ceramic crowns were delivered. Two-year follow-up appointments after implant placement were made. Both autogenous bone grafts and xenografts showed similar long-term clinical regeneration outcome of vertical bone defects. Using autogenous bone rings simultaneously fixed by dental implants, the total treatment time and cost were shortened, but the traumatic reactions and complication rates were higher when compared to xenograft vertical tunnel augmentation. Due to the less traumatic character of the procedure, smaller complication rates and higher safety for the patients receiving chronic immunosuppression should avoid bone block augmentation and reap the benefits from vertical tunnel bone augmentation using xenograft materials.

Odontogenic keratocyst of the mandible: A case report and literature review.

Based on a literature review, we analyzed the World Health Organization (WHO) classification and the treatment algorithm for the odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), formerly referred to as keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT). The KCOT reclassification from benign odontogenic tumors to odontogenic developmental cysts resulted from the emergence of new evidence regarding their morphogenesis and biological behavior. The authors of the most recent 2017 classification do not provide specific guidelines for OKC. Nevertheless, it has been observed that conservative surgical management is not necessarily associated with recurrences characteristic of neoplastic disease. The aim of this paper was to present the effective management strategy for a local recurrence that developed following conservative OKC enucleation in a 53-year-old patient. The treatment for recurrence consisted of enucleation, marginal osteotomy and augmentation with a cancellous bone graft harvested from a tibial tuberosity. A 6-year observation period (clinical and radiological monitoring) revealed normal bone regeneration and no evidence of recurrence. The algorithm applied in our center for the treatment of OKC/KCOT was compared with the management strategies proposed by other authors.

Evaluation of Drug Susceptibility of Microorganisms in Odontogenic Inflammations and Dental Surgery Procedures Performed on an Outpatient Basis.

Bacterial infections are the most common cause of purulent soft tissue inflammations in the head and neck area. These bacteria are also responsible for the majority of inflammatory complications after third molar removal. The key to success of antibacterial treatment in both cases is the use of an appropriate antibacterial agent. The aim of the study was to evaluate the susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from material collected from patients with intraoral odontogenic abscesses. The test material consisted of swabs taken from the odontogenic abscesses, after their incision and drainage. Another swab was collected from the lesion area, 10 days after the initial visit. Results were compared with an identical study conducted on a control group of healthy patients, who had undergone third molar removal. Bacteria identified in this study consisted of aerobic and anaerobic strains, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative. According to the EUCAST guidelines, none of the tested antibiotics was recommended for all identified bacteria. The percentage of bacterial strains sensitive to amoxicillin and clavulanic acid was 78.13% and 81.48% in the study and control groups, respectively, whereas, the percentage of those sensitive to clindamycin was 96.43% and 80.00%, respectively. For Gram-negative aerobic bacteria, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin were among medications affecting all cultured species. 100.00% of strains were found to be susceptible to these antibiotics. Statistically significant relationship between the presence of Gram-negative aerobic strains and the occurrence of complications was found. In the case of the most frequently occurring bacteria in the study, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid and clindamycin were shown to be very effective. In cases of severe purulent odontogenic inflammations, it is recommended to use a combination of antibiotics. Amoxicillin with ciprofloxacin and clindamycin with cefuroxime seem to be the proper choices based on the results of this study.

Effects of magnetostimulation on muscle activity and pain in edentulous adults with temporomandibular disorders.

INTRODUCTION: Multifactorial aetiologies of painful temporomandibular disorders (TMD) have an impact on correct diagnosis and consequently prevent proper treatment. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of magnetic stimulation on electromyographic activity in temporal muscles and masseters in patients using occlusal splints. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The examined group consisted of 40 edentulous patients with TMD. The patients were examined based on Helkimo Index. Next, electromyographic activity of the temporal muscle and masseter were investigated using 8-channel surface electromyography. All patients received acrylic occlusal splints for 12 weeks. The group qualified for the study included 20 randomized patients, whose therapy was additionally carried out by extremely low-frequency magnetic fields for a period of 21 days. Following examinations were conducted after 3, 6 and 12 weeks with surface electromyography recording of the examined muscles. Patients received occlusal splint corrections using the T-Scan III system. The clinical evaluation of TMD was analysed using Helkimo index and VAS scale before and after the treatment. All the data were analysed using Statistica 12.5 PL. RESULTS: Patients with combination therapy had lower asymmetry of temporal muscle activity. CONCLUSIONS: Combination therapy using magnetic stimulation reduced intensity of pain in patients with TMD and decreased values of the Helkimo indices.

The Influence of Toothpaste Containing Australian Melaleuca alternifolia Oil and Ethanolic Extract of Polish Propolis on Oral Hygiene and Microbiome in Patients Requiring Conservative Procedures.

The study was based on the use of a toothpaste with antiphlogistic activity, containing Australian Melaleuca alternifolia oil (tea tree oil-TTO) and ethanolic extract of Polish propolis (EEP). Fifty-one patients with varying conditions of the gingiva were divided into two groups. The study group received the toothpaste with TTO and EEP, while the control group received the same toothpaste but without TTO and EEP. Approximal plaque index (API), simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-s) and modified sulcus bleeding index (mSBI) were assessed in three subsequent stages. During each examination, swabs were employed for microbiological inoculation. During the period of use of toothpastes with TTO and EEP, a significant reduction of the API was observed, as assessed upon the control visit after 7 days and after 28 days, compared to baseline. A statistically significant reduction of mSBI was observed after 7 and 28 days of using the toothpaste with TTO and EEP, as compared to the value upon the initial visit. Statistically significant differences in the OHI-s value were observed in the study group, which was using the active toothpaste. The use of a toothpaste containing TTO and EEP helps to maintain microbiome balance. The observed stabilisation of bacterial microflora confirms the beneficial activity of toothpaste containing EEP and TTO compared to the control group, where the lack of these substances contributed to the emergence of qualitative and quantitative changes in oral microbiome.

A Comparative Study of Oral Microbiota in Infants with Complete Cleft Lip and Palate or Cleft Soft Palate.

Few reports have been published on the early microbiota in infants with various types of cleft palate. We assessed the formation of the oral microbiota in infants with complete cleft lip and palate (CLP n = 30) or cleft soft palate (CSP n = 25) in the neonatal period (T1 time) and again in the gum pad stage (T2 time). Culture swabs from the tongue, palate, and/or cleft margin at T1 and T2 were taken. We analysed the prevalence of the given bacterial species (the percentage) and the proportions in which the palate and tongue were colonised by each microorganism. At T1, Streptococcus mitis (S. mitis) were the most frequently detected in subjects with CLP or CSP (63% and 60%, resp.). A significantly higher frequency of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus MSSA) was observed in CLP compared to the CSP group. At T2, significantly higher percentages of S. mitis, S. aureus MSSA, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and members of the Enterobacteriaceae family were noted in CLP infants compared to the CSP. S. mitis and Streptococcus sanguinis appeared with the greatest frequency on the tongue, whereas Streptococcus salivarius was predominant on the palate. The development of the microbiota in CLP subjects was characterised by a significant increase in the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria.

Oral Health of Patients Treated with Acrylic Partial Dentures Using a Toothpaste Containing Bee Product.

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of a propolis and tee tree oil-containing hygienic agent on selected oral health parameters, oral microflora, and the condition of periodontal health. Thirty-seven patients who underwent oral rehabilitation with a removable acrylic denture were selected and randomly assigned into two groups: study group (A) which received a newly formulated propolis and tee tree oil-containing toothpaste or a control group (C) without an active ingredient. API, S-OHI, and mSBI were assessed in three subsequent stages. During each examination swabs were employed for microbiological inoculation: in the study group after 4 weeks use of the active toothpaste showed a decrease in the number of isolated microorganisms. In the control group, after 4 weeks use of the toothpaste without active ingredients resulted in increase in the number of the isolated microorganisms. Improvements in hygiene and the condition of periodontium were observed in patients using active toothpastes. In the study group the oral flora diversity was reduced by the decrease in the number of cultured microorganism species, while in the control group an increase in the number of cultured microorganisms and their species was observed.

The Influence of Ethanolic Extract of Brazilian Green Propolis Gel on Hygiene and Oral Microbiota in Patients after Mandible Fractures.

Maintenance of proper oral hygiene by dental plaque elimination is one of the most important factors affecting the healing process in postoperative oral wounds. Propolis is a substance produced by bees. Ethanolic extract of propolis has bactericidal, fungicidal, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative properties. Moreover, it can scavenge free radicals. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the efficacy of a gel containing 3% of ethanolic extract of Brazilian green propolis (EEP-B) when used for maintaining oral hygiene in patients with postoperative oral mucosal wounds. The hygiene was assessed using API, OHI, and SBI followed by microbiological examinations. The patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of those who used a gel containing EEP-B for oral hygiene, and group 2 consisted of those who used a gel without EEP-B. Although improved oral hygiene was noted in both groups, the improvement was markedly greater in the group using gel containing EEP-B. Summing up the results of microbiological examinations, EEP-B has beneficial effect on mouth microflora in postoperative period. Propolis preparations used for oral hygiene allow eliminating microorganisms of pathogenic character and physiological flora microorganisms considered as being opportunistic, with no harmful influence on physiological microflora in oral ecosystem.

Effects of Brazilian Propolis on Dental Plaque and Gingiva in Patients with Oral Cleft Malformation Treated with Multibracket and Removable Appliances: A Comparative Study.

Orthodontic appliances modify the local environment of the oral cavity, increase the accumulation of dental plaque, and affect the condition of the gingiva. The aim of this study is assessment of Brazilian propolis toothpaste's effect on plaque index (PLI) and gingival index (GI) in patients with CL/CLP treated using orthodontic appliances in the 35-day study period. The study population included 96 patients of an Orthodontic Outpatient Clinic, ACSiMS in Bytom. All the patients participated in the active phase of orthodontic treatment using buccal multibracket appliances or removable appliances. During the first examination, each patient was randomly qualified to the propolis group or control group. A statistically significant decrease in GI and PLI in the entire propolis group (P < 0.01) was shown during repeated examination. Insignificant change in GI was in the entire control group during the repeated examination compared to the baseline. Similar result was obtained in patients treated with multibracket and removable appliances. The orthodontic appliance type did not affect the final dental plaque amount and gingival condition in patients using the propolis toothpaste. These results may be clinically useful to improve prevention and control oral infectious diseases during orthodontic treatment patients with oral cleft.

The Assessment of Oral Microflora Exposed to 3% Ethanolic Extract of Brazilian Green Propolis Preparation Used for Hygiene Maintenance following Minor Oral Surgeries.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a topically administered hygienic preparation containing a 3% ethanolic extract of Brazilian green propolis (EEP-B) on oral microflora spectrum changes in a group of patients who underwent common oral surgery procedures. Two gel samples were compared: the tested gel containing an active ingredient, that is, a 3% EEP-B (gel GA), and a placebo as the negative control (gel GC). The collection of microbiological material included 14 patients requiring surgical extraction of wisdom molars and short endosseous implant installation. Clinical examinations were carried out as follow-up, that is, baseline and after 5-6 weeks' time. During the first and subsequent assessment, swabs were taken from the mucosal surface. The number of microorganism species was found to have increased following the application of GC gel over the period of 5-6 weeks. This mainly affected Gram-positive rods and bacilli as well as Gram-negative rods. Application of the GA gel enriched with 3% EEP-B caused a profound reduction in the amount of Neisseria spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. strains. Elimination of seven species of microorganisms was observed: Streptococcus acidominimus, Streptococcus oralis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Veillonella parvula, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum, and Lactobacillus acidophilus.