Retreatment and Anti-tuberculosis Therapy Outcomes in Brazil Between 2015 and 2022: A Nationwide Study.

Background: Adherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) in Brazil remains a challenge in achieving the goals set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Patients who are lost to follow-up during treatment pose a significant public health problem. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with unfavorable ATT outcomes among those undergoing retreatment in Brazil. Methods: We conducted an observational study of patients aged ≥18 years with tuberculosis (TB) reported to the Brazilian National Notifiable Disease Information System between 2015 and 2022. Clinical and epidemiologic variables were compared between the study groups (new cases and retreatment). Regression models identified variables associated with unfavorable outcomes. Results: Among 743 823 reported TB cases in the study period, 555 632 cases were eligible, consisting of 462 061 new cases and 93 571 undergoing retreatments (44 642 recurrent and 48 929 retreatments after loss to follow-up [RLTFU]). RLTFU (odds ratio [OR], 3.96 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 3.83-4.1]) was a significant risk factor for any type of unfavorable ATT. Furthermore, RLTFU (OR, 4.93 [95% CI, 4.76-5.11]) was the main risk factor for subsequent LTFU. For death, aside from advanced age, living with HIV (OR, 6.28 [95% CI, 6.03-6.54]) was the top risk factor. Conclusions: Retreatment is a substantial risk factor for unfavorable ATT outcomes, especially after LTFU. The rates of treatment success in RLTFU are distant from the WHO End TB Strategy targets throughout Brazil. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to improve treatment adherence and outcomes in persons who experience RLTFU.

Outcomes after septal myectomy in a cohort of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction that doesn't improve with pharmacological management often requires septal myectomy. However, there are few centers with experience in the practice of this procedure in our country. We describe the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics and postoperative outcomes of patients with HCM indicated for septal myectomy at a reference center in Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study. Patients undergoing septal myectomy between 2010 and 2023 were included. Data were collected before and two years after surgery. RESULTS: 18 patients were included. The mean age was 50 years. The predominant functional class was NYHA II/III (94 %). Asymmetric septal variant (83.3 %) was the most frequent as well as obstructive phenotype (88.8 %). After myectomy, 70.5 % improved to NYHA I and 62.4 % had no significant gradient (<30 mmHg), and the most of patient improved SAM. One patient died post-procedure, anymore complications were presented. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS: Septal myectomy is a safe procedure, with clinical and echocardiographic improvement, with low complication rates.

Impact of Xpert MTB/RIF implementation in tuberculosis case detection and control in Brazil: a nationwide intervention time-series analysis (2011-2022).

Background: Since 2014, Brazil has gradually implemented the Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) test to enhance early tuberculosis (TB) and drug-resistant (DR-TB) detection and control, yet its nationwide impact remains underexplored. Our study conducts an intervention time-series analysis (ITSA) to evaluate how the Xpert's implementation has improved TB and DR-TB detection nationwide. Methods: 1,061,776 cases from Brazil's National TB Registry (2011-2022) were reviewed and ITSA (2011-2019) was used to gauge the impact of the Xpert's adoption on TB and DR-TB notification. Granger Causality and dynamic regression modelling determined if incorporating Xpert testing as an external regressor enhanced forecasting accuracy for Brazil's future TB trends. Findings: Xpert implementation resulted in a 9.7% increase in TB notification and substantial improvements in DR-TB (63.6%) and drug-susceptible TB (92.1%) detection compared to expected notifications if it had not been implemented. Xpert testing counts also presented a time-dependent relationship with DR-TB detection post-implementation, and improved predictions in forecasting models, which depicted a potential increase in TB and DR-TB detection in the next six years. Interpretation: This study underscores the critical role of Xpert's adoption in boosting TB and DR-TB detection in Brazil, reinforcing the case for its widespread use in disease control. Improvements in prediction accuracy resulting from integrating Xpert data are crucial for allocating resources and reducing the incidence of TB. By acknowledging Xpert's role in both disease control and improving predictions, we advocate for its expanded use and further research into advanced molecular diagnostics for effective TB and DR-TB control. Funding: FIOCRUZ.

Machine learning algorithms using national registry data to predict loss to follow-up during tuberculosis treatment.

BACKGROUND: Identifying patients at increased risk of loss to follow-up (LTFU) is key to developing strategies to optimize the clinical management of tuberculosis (TB). The use of national registry data in prediction models may be a useful tool to inform healthcare workers about risk of LTFU. Here we developed a score to predict the risk of LTFU during anti-TB treatment (ATT) in a nationwide cohort of cases using clinical data reported to the Brazilian Notifiable Disease Information System (SINAN). METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of all TB cases reported to SINAN between 2015 and 2022; excluding children (< 18 years-old), vulnerable groups or drug-resistant TB. For the score, data before treatment initiation were used. We trained and internally validated three different prediction scoring systems, based on Logistic Regression, Random Forest, and Light Gradient Boosting. Before applying our models we splitted our data into training (~ 80% data) and test (~ 20%) sets, and then compared the model metrics using the test data set. RESULTS: Of the 243,726 cases included, 41,373 experienced LTFU whereas 202,353 were successfully treated. The groups were different with regards to several clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. The directly observed treatment (DOT) was unbalanced between the groups with lower prevalence in those who were LTFU. Three models were developed to predict LTFU using 8 features (prior TB, drug use, age, sex, HIV infection and schooling level) with different score composition approaches. Those prediction scoring systems exhibited an area under the curve (AUC) ranging between 0.71 and 0.72. The Light Gradient Boosting technique resulted in the best prediction performance, weighting specificity and sensitivity. A user-friendly web calculator app was developed ( https://tbprediction.herokuapp.com/ ) to facilitate implementation. CONCLUSIONS: Our nationwide risk score predicts the risk of LTFU during ATT in Brazilian adults prior to treatment commencement utilizing schooling level, sex, age, prior TB status, and substance use (drug, alcohol, and/or tobacco). This is a potential tool to assist in decision-making strategies to guide resource allocation, DOT indications, and improve TB treatment adherence.

Tratamiento multidisciplinario de un sarcoma recurrente de la fosa isquiorrectal / A successful multidisciplinary approach to a recurrent ischiorectal fossa sarcoma

Los tumores de la fosa isquiorrectal son poco frecuentes, habitualmente descritos en reportes o series de casos. Estas lesiones son un reto terapéutico, requiriendo un estudio preoperatorio apropiado, además de discusión y manejo guiado por un comité multidisciplinario, que permiten lograr resultados óptimos tanto oncológicos como funcionales. Presentamos un caso de un hombre de 73 años con antecedentes de resección de un tumor glúteo izquierdo en otro centro 5 años antes. La biopsia fue compatible con un sarcoma epiteloideo (SE) de alto grado, con margen quirúrgico < 0,5 mm que requirió ampliación de los márgenes posteriormente. Además, se realizó radioterapia adyuvante. Al cuarto año de seguimiento el paciente desarrolla dolor e induración con retracción en relación a cicatriz quirúrgica, siendo objetivada una recidiva tumoral local. Luego de una discusión multidisciplinaria, se realizó una desfuncionalización con ileostomía en asa laparoscópica y resección tumoral con preservación del ano y del piso pélvico. El defecto fue cubierto por el equipo de cirugía plástica utilizando un colgajo perforante de la arteria glútea superior. La biopsia confirmó la recidiva tumoral y los márgenes quirúrgicos fueron negativos. El paciente es dado de alta a los 25 días postoperatorios por cuidados del colgajo, sin complicaciones. Al año de seguimiento el paciente no presenta recidiva tumoral, la ileostomía fue cerrada, y sus resultados funcionales en términos defecatorios y de la herida son buenos.

Ischiorectal fossa tumors are rare lesions, mostly described in case reports or case series. These lesions represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Hence, an appropriate preoperative study and multidisciplinary discussion are essential to achieve good oncologic and functional results. We report a case of a 73-year-old male operated on five years before in another health center due to the diagnosis of a left gluteal tumor. The lesion was excised, and biopsies confirmed a high-grade epithelioid sarcoma with a close margin, requiring a subsequent wider excision of the surgical margins. The patient received adjuvant radiotherapy. After four years of follow-up, the patient developed mild pain with skin retraction around the former incision. A local recurrence was diagnosed by imaging. In a multidisciplinary team meeting, a decision to resect the lesion with preservation of the anus and the pelvic floor was taken. The patient underwent a laparoscopic defunctioning loop ileostomy and a resection of the recurrent tumor in the ischiorectal fossa with preservation of the anal sphincter. The defect was covered utilizing a superior gluteal artery perforator flap and a partial gluteus maximus muscle rotation. The tumor was completely excised with negative margins. The patient was discharged without complications after 25 days due to flap management. After one year of follow-up, the patient is recurrence-free, and the ileostomy was closed.

Apendicitis aguda secundaria a obstrucción de orificio apendicular por migración de prótesis biliar / Acute appendicitis due to migration of a biliary prosthesis

La apendicitis aguda es la patología quirúrgica abdominal más común alrededor del mundo. Presentamos un caso de un paciente de 78 años que se presentó con un cuadro de apendicitis aguda en el servicio de urgencias. La tomografía computada de abdomen y pelvis mostró una apendicitis aguda secundaria a la obstrucción del orificio apendicular por una prótesis biliar migrada. Se realizó un manejo exitoso mediante el retiro de la prótesis por colonoscopía, permitiendo el alta hospitalaria del paciente 72 horas posteriores al ingreso.

Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical abdominal pathology worldwide that requires immediate intervention. We report a 78-year-old patient who presented with acute appendicitis. A computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis showed acute appendicitis due to appendiceal orifice obstruction from a migrated biliary stent. The condition was successfully treated nonoperatively with endoscopic stent removal, allowing his discharge 72 hours after his admission.

Causes of death in children with congenital Zika syndrome in Brazil, 2015 to 2018: A nationwide record linkage study.

BACKGROUND: Children with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) have severe damage to the peripheral and central nervous system (CNS), greatly increasing the risk of death. However, there is no information on the sequence of the underlying, intermediate, immediate, and contributing causes of deaths among these children. The aims of this study are describe the sequence of events leading to death of children with CZS up to 36 months of age and their probability of dying from a given cause, 2015 to 2018. METHODS AND FINDINGS: In a population-based study, we linked administrative data on live births, deaths, and cases of children with CZS from the SINASC (Live Birth Information System), the SIM (Mortality Information System), and the RESP (Public Health Event Records), respectively. Confirmed and probable cases of CZS were those that met the criteria established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The information on causes of death was collected from death certificates (DCs) using the World Health Organization (WHO) DC template. We estimated proportional mortality (PM%) among children with CZS and among children with non-Zika CNS congenital anomalies (CA) by 36 months of age and proportional mortality ratio by cause (PMRc). A total of 403 children with confirmed and probable CZS who died up to 36 months of age were included in the study; 81.9% were younger than 12 months of age. Multiple congenital malformations not classified elsewhere, and septicemia unspecified, with 18 (PM = 4.5%) and 17 (PM = 4.2%) deaths, respectively, were the most attested underlying causes of death. Unspecified septicemia (29 deaths and PM = 11.2%) and newborn respiratory failure (40 deaths and PM = 12.1%) were, respectively, the predominant intermediate and immediate causes of death. Fetuses and newborns affected by the mother's infectious and parasitic diseases, unspecified cerebral palsy, and unspecified severe protein-caloric malnutrition were the underlying causes with the greatest probability of death in children with CZS (PMRc from 10.0 to 17.0) when compared to the group born with non-Zika CNS anomalies. Among the intermediate and immediate causes of death, pneumonitis due to food or vomiting and unspecified seizures (PMRc = 9.5, each) and unspecified bronchopneumonia (PMRc = 5.0) were notable. As contributing causes, fetus and newborn affected by the mother's infectious and parasitic diseases (PMRc = 7.3), unspecified cerebral palsy, and newborn seizures (PMRc = 4.5, each) were more likely to lead to death in children with CZS than in the comparison group. The main limitations of this study were the use of a secondary database without additional clinical information and potential misclassification of cases and controls. CONCLUSION: The sequence of causes and circumstances involved in the deaths of the children with CZS highlights the greater vulnerability of these children to infectious and respiratory conditions compared to children with abnormalities of the CNS not related to Zika.

[Acute appendicitis due to migration of a biliary prosthesis]. / Apendicitis aguda secundaria a obstrucción de orificio apendicular por migración de prótesis biliar.

Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical abdominal pathology worldwide that requires immediate intervention. We report a 78-year-old patient who presented with acute appendicitis. A computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis showed acute appendicitis due to appendiceal orifice obstruction from a migrated biliary stent. The condition was successfully treated nonoperatively with endoscopic stent removal, allowing his discharge 72 hours after his admission.

[A successful multidisciplinary approach to a recurrent ischiorectal fossa sarcoma]. / Tratamiento multidisciplinario de un sarcoma recurrente de la fosa isquiorrectal.

Ischiorectal fossa tumors are rare lesions, mostly described in case reports or case series. These lesions represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Hence, an appropriate preoperative study and multidisciplinary discussion are essential to achieve good oncologic and functional results. We report a case of a 73-year-old male operated on five years before in another health center due to the diagnosis of a left gluteal tumor. The lesion was excised, and biopsies confirmed a high-grade epithelioid sarcoma with a close margin, requiring a subsequent wider excision of the surgical margins. The patient received adjuvant radiotherapy. After four years of follow-up, the patient developed mild pain with skin retraction around the former incision. A local recurrence was diagnosed by imaging. In a multidisciplinary team meeting, a decision to resect the lesion with preservation of the anus and the pelvic floor was taken. The patient underwent a laparoscopic defunctioning loop ileostomy and a resection of the recurrent tumor in the ischiorectal fossa with preservation of the anal sphincter. The defect was covered utilizing a superior gluteal artery perforator flap and a partial gluteus maximus muscle rotation. The tumor was completely excised with negative margins. The patient was discharged without complications after 25 days due to flap management. After one year of follow-up, the patient is recurrence-free, and the ileostomy was closed.

Tuberculosis treatment outcomes of diabetic and non-diabetic TB/HIV co-infected patients: A nationwide observational study in Brazil.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a worldwide public health problem, especially in countries that also report high numbers of people living with HIV (PLWH) and/or diabetes mellitus (DM). However, the unique features of persons with TB-HIV-DM are incompletely understood. This study compared anti-TB treatment (ATT) outcomes of diabetic and non-diabetic TB/HIV co-infected patients. Methods: A nationwide retrospective observational investigation was performed with data from the Brazilian Tuberculosis Database System among patients reported to have TB-HIV co-infection between 2014 and 2019. This database includes all reported TB cases in Brazil. Exploratory and association analyses compared TB treatment outcomes in DM and non-DM patients. Unfavorable outcomes were defined as death, treatment failure, loss to follow-up or recurrence. Multivariable stepwise logistic regressions were used to identify the variables associated with unfavorable ATT outcomes in the TB-HIV population. Results: Of the 31,070 TB-HIV patients analyzed, 999 (3.2%) reported having DM. However, in these TB-HIV patients, DM was not associated with any unfavorable treatment outcome [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR): 0.97, 95% CI: 0.83-1.12, p = 0.781]. Furthermore, DM was also not associated with any specific type of unfavorable outcome in this study. In both the TB-HIV group and the TB-HIV-DM subpopulation, use of alcohol, illicit drugs and tobacco, as well as non-white ethnicity and prior TB were all characteristics more frequently observed in persons who experienced an unfavorable ATT outcome. Conclusion: DM is not associated with unfavorable TB treatment outcomes in persons with TB-HIV, including death, treatment failure, recurrence and loss to follow up. However, consumption habits, non-white ethnicity and prior TB are all more frequently detected in those with unfavorable outcomes in both TB-HIV and TB-HIV-DM patients.

PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA IN THE TRUNK: CASE REPORT AND LITERATURE REVIEW.

Primary cystic adenoid skin carcinoma is a rare and poorly documented neoplasm in literature worldwide, with just over 250 reports. This work describes a 52-year-old male patient, with no comorbidities, who presented this neoplasm in nodular format in the posterior thoracic region, associated with localized pain and erythema - symptoms that led him to seek medical help. The clinical findings, differential diagnosis and treatment particularities were reviewed and correlated with the clinical case. The choice of type of surgical treatment was done considering the characteristics of the primary lesion that are associated with a worse prognosis. Despite its rarity, this neoplasm is easily identified through histological examination, the correct choice of treatment and patient follow-up, essential to increase survival. Thus, this work contributes to diminish the scarcity of literature related to this topic, especially the form of treatment employed.

Radiology volunteers to support a breast cancer screening program in Peru: Description of the project, preliminary results, and impressions.

Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in Peruvian women. Due to limitations in national breast cancer screening programs, especially in rural areas, more than 50% of cases of breast cancer in Peru are diagnosed in advanced stages. In collaboration with a local clinic registered as a nongovernmental organization (CerviCusco), RAD-AID International aims to create a sustainable diagnostic structure to improve breast cancer screening in Cuzco. With the support of local, national, and international partners that have collaborated in analyzing radiological resources, raising awareness in the population, acquiring equipment, training clinical staff, and building referral networks, our teams of radiologists, included in the RAD-AID team, have participated in training CerviCusco staff in breast ultrasound, thus enabling additional training for radiology residents through a regulated international collaboration.

The Effect of Diabetes and Prediabetes on Antituberculosis Treatment Outcomes: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether diabetes or prediabetes affects unfavorable treatment outcomes and death in people with tuberculosis (PWTB). METHODS: Culture-confirmed, drug-susceptible PWTB, enrolled in the Regional Prospective Observational Research in Tuberculosis (RePORT)-Brazil cohort between 2015 and 2019 (N = 643) were stratified based on glycemic status according to baseline glycated hemoglobin. Unfavorable tuberculosis (TB) outcome was defined as treatment failure or modification, recurrence, or death; favorable outcome was cure or treatment completion. We corroborated the findings using data from PWTB reported to the Brazilian National System of Diseases Notification (SINAN) during 2015-2019 (N = 20 989). Logistic regression models evaluated associations between glycemic status and outcomes. RESULTS: In both cohorts, in univariate analysis, unfavorable outcomes were more frequently associated with smoking, illicit drug use, and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Diabetes, but not prediabetes, was associated with unfavorable outcomes in the RePORT-Brazil (adjusted relative risk [aRR], 2.45; P < .001) and SINAN (aRR, 1.76; P < .001) cohorts. Furthermore, diabetes was associated with high risk of death (during TB treatment) in both RePORT-Brazil (aRR, 2.16; P = .040) and SINAN (aRR, 1.93; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes was associated with an increased risk of unfavorable outcomes and mortality in Brazilian PWTB. Interventions to improve TB treatment outcomes in persons with diabetes are needed.

Impact of Arrhythmia in Hospital Mortality in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Northern Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation has been associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates in acute ischemic stroke patients (AIS). However, there is scarce information regarding the clinical outcomes and strokes' characteristics among AIS patients with other type of arrhythmias. OBJECTIVE: Our study aims to analyze the hospital mortality rate, stroke characteristics, and clinical and demographical data of patients with any post-stroke arrhythmia. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of AIS patients with 24h-Holter monitoring during hospital admission recruited between 2015-2020, outcomes were measured using the modified Rankin scale. RESULTS: 597 patients (61.13±13.61 years; 352 men) were included. Arrhythmias were diagnosed in 33 (5.5%), with atrial fibrillation as the most common finding (82%). Age was related to a higher rate of arrhythmia (P = 0.014). A larger prevalence of cardioembolic strokes (69.7% vs 16.6%, P < 0.05) and AIS in the middle cerebral artery's vascular territory (78.8% vs 58.7%, P < 0.05) were found amongst patients with an arrhythmia. No significant association was found between NIHSS at admission with neither incidence of arrhythmia nor mortality. Within the arrhythmia group, three in-hospital deaths were reported: one AF, one ventricular arrhythmia and one second-degree atrioventricular block. In a logistic regression analysis, patients with any kind of arrhythmia had a higher mortality rate (9.1% vs 1.2%, P = 0.011; OR 6.766, 95% CI 1.552 - 29.500). CONCLUSION: Arrhythmia detection after an AIS was associated with increased in-hospital mortality. Risk factors related to arrhythmia detection were a higher mean age, cardioembolic strokes and AIS affecting the middle cerebral artery.

Riesgos psicosociales y calidad de vida en trabajadores de servicios oncológicos públicos / Psychosocial risks and quality of life among workers of public oncology services / Riscos psicossociais e qualidade de vida em trabalhadores de serviços públicos de oncologia

RESUMEN Introducción El trabajo desempeñado por personal de centros oncológicos genera impacto sobre ellos debido a situaciones a las que se ven expuestos, esto puede trascender en su calidad de vida. Objetivo Determinar la relación entre las variables biodemográficas, laborales, riesgos psicosociales, carga mental de trabajo y calidad de vida relacionada con salud en trabajadores de servicios oncológicos. Métodos Estudio correlacional en 113 trabajadores de servicios oncológicos de cuatro hospitales chilenos. Cuestionarios aplicados: Variables biodemográficas y laborales, Calidad de Vida Relacionada con Salud SF-36, Evaluación de riesgos psicosociales SUSESO-ISTAS 21 y Escala subjetiva de carga mental de trabajo. Resultados Variables sexo y turnos laborales presentaron correlación significativa con algún componente de la calidad de vida (p <0.05). Consulta médica (p <0.01), licencia médica (p <0.01) y problema de salud diagnosticado (p <0.05) manifestaron bajos niveles de calidad de vida. Se encontró correlación negativa tanto en los riesgos psicosociales con calidad de vida (p <0.05) como entre la carga mental de trabajo global con el componente de salud mental (p <0.01). Discusión Los trabajadores en centros oncológicos están expuestos a un mayor nivel de riesgo por las condiciones de la organización del trabajo, esto representan un riesgo a su salud. Conclusión Existe asociación entre algunas variables biodemográficas y laborales, riesgos psicosociales y carga mental con la calidad de vida relacionada con salud en trabajadores de servicios de oncología de hospitales públicos chilenos. Las organizaciones deberían implementar estrategias que permitan detectar y prevenir la exposición a riesgos psicosociales y sobrecarga mental de trabajo.

ABSTRACT Introduction The activities which workers carry out in centers of oncology can have importants impacts on their quality of life. Objective To determine the associations among biodemographical and work-related variables, psychosocial risks, work-related mental load, and health-related quality of life among workers of services of oncology. Methods This is a correlational study with 113 workers of oncology services in 4 hospitals in Chile. The questionnaires used were: Biodemographical and work-related variables, Health-Related Quality of Life SF-36, Assessment of psychosocial risks SUSESO-ISTAS 21, and the Subjective scale of mental load from work. Results The variables sex and working shifts showed a significant correlation with some components of quality of life (p <0.05), medical consultation (p <0.01), medial license (p <0.01), and diagnosed health problems (p <0.05) showed low levels in quality of life. A negative correlation was found in psychosocial risks with quality of life (p <0.05), and mental load and mental health (p <0.01). Discussion Workers in centers of oncology have a higher health risk as a result of the conditions of their jobs. Conclusion There are associations among some biodemographical and work-related variables, psychosocial risks, mental load, and health-related quality of life, in terms of health among workers in services of oncology in public hospitals of Chile. Organizations should implement strategies aimed at detecting and preventing exposure to psychosocial risks and mental overload.

RESUMO Introdução O trabalho realizado pelos funcionários do centro oncológico gera impacto neles devido às situações a que estão expostos, isso pode transcender na sua qualidade de vida. Objetivo Determinar a relação entre variáveis biodemográficas, laborais, riscos psicossociais, carga mental de trabalho e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em trabalhadores de serviços de oncologia. Métodos Estudo correlacional em 113 trabalhadores de serviços oncológicos de quatro hospitais chilenos. Questionários aplicados: Variáveis biodemográficas e laborais, Qualidade de Vida Relacionada à Saúde SF-36, Avaliação de riscos psicossociais SUSESO-ISTAS 21 e Escala de carga mental subjetiva. Resultados As variáveis sexo e turnos de trabalho apresentaram correlação significativa com algum componente da qualidade de vida (p <0.05). Consulta médica (p <0.01), licença médica (p <0.01) e problema de saúde diagnosticado (p <0.05) apresentaram baixos níveis de qualidade de vida. Foi encontrada correlação negativa tanto nos riscos psicossociais com a qualidade de vida (p <0.05) quanto entre a carga de trabalho mental geral e o componente de saúde mental (p <0.01). Discussão Os trabalhadores dos centros oncológicos estão expostos a um maior nível de risco devido às condições de organização do trabalho, o que representa um risco para a sua saúde. Conclusão Existe associação entre algumas variáveis biodemográficas e laborais, riscos psicossociais e carga de trabalho mental com a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em trabalhadores de serviços de oncologia de hospitais públicos chilenos. As organizações devem implementar estratégias para detectar e prevenir a exposição a riscos psicossociais e sobrecarga mental de trabalho.

Tuberculosis Burden and Determinants of Treatment Outcomes According to Age in Brazil: A Nationwide Study of 896,314 Cases Reported Between 2010 and 2019.

Approximately 1.4 million people die annually worldwide from tuberculosis. Large epidemiologic studies can identify determinants of unfavorable clinical outcomes according to age, which can guide public health policy implementation and clinical management to improve outcomes. We obtained data from the national tuberculosis case registry; data were reported to the Brazilian National Program (SINAN) between 2010 and 2019. Clinical and epidemiologic variables were compared between age groups (child: <10 years, young: 10-24years, adult: 25-64years, and elderly: ≥65years). Univariate comparisons were performed together with second-generation p-values. We applied a backward stepwise multivariable logistic regression model to identify characteristics in each age group associated with unfavorable TB treatment outcomes. There were 896,314 tuberculosis cases reported during the period. Tuberculosis incidence was highest among adult males, but the young males presented the highest growth rate during the period. Directly observed therapy (DOT) was associated with protection against unfavorable outcomes in all age groups. The use of alcohol, illicit drugs, and smoking, as well as occurrence of comorbidities, were significantly different between age groups. Lack of DOT, previous tuberculosis, race, location of tuberculosis disease, and HIV infection were independent risk factors for unfavorable outcome depending on the age group. The clinical and epidemiological risk factors for unfavorable tuberculosis treatment outcomes varied according to age in Brazil. DOT was associated with improved outcomes in all age groups. Incidence according to age and sex identified adults and young males as the groups that need prevention efforts. This supports implementation of DOT in all populations to improve tuberculosis outcomes.

Thoracoscopic management of congenital esophageal stenosis secondary to tracheobronchial remnant in pediatric patients. / Manejo toracoscópico en estenosis esofágica congénita secundaria a remanente traqueobronquial, en población pediátrica.

INTRODUCTION: Congenital esophageal stenosis (CES) is an extremely rare pathology in children, with an incidence of 1/25,000-50,000 live births. According to its histopathological classification, there are three types of CES: fibromuscular hyperplasia, membranous diaphragm, and tracheobronchial remnants. CLINICAL CASE: We present the clinical case of a 39-month-old male patient diagnosed with CES secondary to tracheobronchial remnants, with multiple vomit and reflux episodes since he was 4 months old. He was admitted at the emergency department with respiratory distress. An upper GI endoscopy and an esophagogram were initially carried out. Stenosis resection and thoracoscopic esophageal anastomosis were performed. CONCLUSIONS: Tracheobronchial remnants are the second most common presentation of congenital esophageal stenosis. They can be managed through dilatations or surgery according to etiology.

INTRODUCCION: La estenosis congénita de esófago es una patología extremadamente rara en niños, con una incidencia de 1/25.000-50.000 nacimientos. Según la clasificación histopatológica se encuentran tres tipos: hiperplasia fibromuscular, diafragma membranoso y remanentes traqueobronquiales. CASO CLINICO: Se presenta un caso clínico de un paciente masculino de 39 meses con diagnóstico de estenosis congénita del esófago secundario a remanentes traqueobronquiales, que presentó múltiples episodios de vómito y reflujo desde los 4 meses del nacimiento. Ingresó en el Servicio de Urgencias por presentar signos de dificultad respiratoria, realizándosele estudios iniciales de endoscopia de vías digestivas altas y esofagograma. Se practicó resección de estenosis y anastomosis esofágica toracoscópica. CONCLUSIONES: Los remanentes traqueobronquiales son la segunda causa de presentación de la estenosis esofágica congénita. El manejo de esta patología puede ser de dos formas, ya sea por medio de dilataciones o quirúrgico, y la elección de una u otra va a depender de su etiología.

Radiology volunteers to support a breast cancer screening program in Peru: description of the project, preliminary results, and impressions. / Voluntariado radiológico para apoyar un programa de detección precoz del cáncer de mama en Perú: descripción del proyecto, presentación de los primeros resultados e impresiones.

Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in Peruvian women. Due to limitations in national breast cancer screening programs, especially in rural areas, more than 50% of cases of breast cancer in Peru are diagnosed in advanced stages. In collaboration with a local clinic registered as a nongovernmental organization (CerviCusco), RAD-AID International aims to create a sustainable diagnostic structure to improve breast cancer screening in Cuzco. With the support of local, national, and international partners that have collaborated in analyzing radiological resources, raising awareness in the population, acquiring equipment, training clinical staff, and building referral networks, our teams of radiologists, included in the RAD-AID team, have participated in training CerviCusco staff in breast ultrasound, thus enabling additional training for radiology residents through a regulated international collaboration.

An uncommon case of vulvar cancer metastatic to breast.

Vulvar carcinoma corresponds to the fourth gynecological malignancy in incidence, with more than forty thousand new cases being estimated worldwide in 2020. It is a disease characterized by locoregional spread presenting high recurrence rates although distant metastases are an uncommon event. The purpose of this work is to describe the diagnosis, treatment, and clinical course of vulvar carcinoma in a patient who presented regional recurrences and late metastasis to the mammary gland. Vulvar cancer is a disease with a well-defined natural history; but with the advancement of therapeutic possibilities in recent years, it has been possible to improve the prognosis, reducing the chance of locoregional recurrence. Thus, the possibility of distance recurrence must be remembered in inpatient follow-up with locally advanced vulvar carcinoma, even if atypically, as in the case reported.

Interaction between three stress-related gene polymorphisms and food addiction increases the risk to develop obesity in a sample of Mexican people attending a nutrition clinic.

Chronic stress exposure impacts negatively in individuals leading to food addiction, overweight or obesity. Stress-genes and their translation products are responsible for the responses of humans to adverse environments. Alterations in stress-genes expression or protein function may induce behaviors as compulsive eating of high-energy containing food, which decreases stress-induced negative feelings. However, chronic stress is not assessed in Mexican population. We analyzed here the association between polymorphisms of CRH, CRHR2 and glucocorticoids (GR, NR3C1) receptor genes with food addiction and obesity and overweight in Mexican patients of a Nutrition Clinic. We recruited 508 individuals of both genders, who accepted to participate in the study at their first visit to the clinic, obtaining their fat mass percentage and a blood sample for the genetic analysis. Participants answered the Yale's food addiction scale and were subjected to a Trier social test, as an acute stressful stimulus. Pre and post-test saliva samples were obtained to evaluate cortisol levels and adrenal axis' response to the acute stress. The 63% of participants classified as stressed (S); 6.5% of normal-weight individuals showed food-addiction, whereas 63% of participants with food-addiction were also stressed. The fat mass percentage was greater in stress-addiction than in stressed non-addiction participants. The best interaction model for obesity development risk comprehended the presence of polymorphisms of the three genes that in combination with food addiction increased the risk for developing obesity 2.8-4-fold. Thus, frequent stress exposure favors food-addiction, which along with genetic susceptibility seems to add up to Mexican obesity/overweight rates.