Impact of environmental enrichment on the GABAergic neurons and glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens of Wistar rats: Pro-resilient effects.

The unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) model has been used to induce depressive-like symptoms in animal models. Our work aims to evaluate the impact of environmental enrichment on male Wistar rats in an animal model for depression. For this purpose, we aim to assess changes in GR and GABAergic (PV+) density in cerebral regions related to cognitive-affective processes associated with depressive disorder, such as the dorsal- ventral hippocampus and accumbens nuclei. Three groups of rats were used: UCMs (unpredictable chronic mild stress), EE+ UCMs (enrichment + stress) and CONT (behavioral tests only). Hedonic responses elicited by sucrose solution were examined by licking behavior analysis; the anxiety level was evaluated using the elevated zero maze and the forced swimming (passive coping) tests. The environmental enrichment reduced the effects of chronic stress, promoting greater resilience. Thus, the UCMs group showed an anhedonia response, more anxiety and immobility behavior than either the control or the EE+ UCMs groups. Regarding immunochemistry results, there was a reduction in GABAergic activity coupled with increased activation of GR in UCMs in the dorsal hippocampus, but there were no differences between groups in the ventral hippocampus. These results suggest environmental enrichment could enhance greater resilience, reducing the vulnerability of the subjects to develop disorders such as depression and anxiety.

Basal stem cell progeny establish their apical surface in a junctional niche during turnover of an adult barrier epithelium.

Barrier epithelial organs face the constant challenge of sealing the interior body from the external environment while simultaneously replacing the cells that contact this environment. New replacement cells-the progeny of basal stem cells-are born without barrier-forming structures such as a specialized apical membrane and occluding junctions. Here, we investigate how new progeny acquire barrier structures as they integrate into the intestinal epithelium of adult Drosophila. We find they gestate their future apical membrane in a sublumenal niche created by a transitional occluding junction that envelops the differentiating cell and enables it to form a deep, microvilli-lined apical pit. The transitional junction seals the pit from the intestinal lumen until differentiation-driven, basal-to-apical remodelling of the niche opens the pit and integrates the now-mature cell into the barrier. By coordinating junctional remodelling with terminal differentiation, stem cell progeny integrate into a functional, adult epithelium without jeopardizing barrier integrity.

Effects of restricting energy during the gilt development period on growth and reproduction of lines differing in lean growth rate: responses in reproductive performance and longevity.

Longevity and reproductive performance are economically important traits in the swine industry that are largely influenced by nutrition and other environmental factors. Reproductive performance and longevity through 4 parities was assessed in gilts of 2 genetic lines developed on ad libitum access to feed or restricted to 75% of ad libitum intake. A total of 661 gilts were used in a 2 × 2 factorial with half of the gilts allocated to an ad libitum diet (AL; n = 330), while the other half were energy restricted by 25% (R; n = 331) from 123 to 235 d of age. All gilts were sired by an industry maternal line. Dams of the gilts were from either a Large White (W) by Landrace (L) industry maternal line or Nebraska Selection Line 45X, producing gilts designated as W × L (n = 355) and L45X (n = 306), respectively. Daily estrus detection began at 140 d of age to obtain age at puberty (AP). Gilts (n = 510) were mated on their second or later estrus, beginning at 240 d of age. Sow weight and backfat were recorded at 110 d of gestation and weaning of each parity. Number of live-born, stillborn, and mummified pigs per litter and piglet birth and weaning weights were recorded through 4 parities. More L45X than W × L and more AL than R gilts reached puberty by 230 d of age (P < 0.01). Dietary treatment did not affect probability to produce parities 1 to 4 or any litter trait analyzed. The L45X females tended to be more likely to produce parities 1 (P < 0.08) and 3 (P < 0.06), while W × L had heavier litters at birth (P < 0.01) and weaning (P = 0.01). Treatment by parity interactions (P < 0.01) existed for weight and backfat prior to farrowing and backfat at weaning, and weight at weaning exhibited a line by treatment by parity interaction (P = 0.04) as R sows had lower weights and backfats in earlier parities, but caught up to AL sows in later parities. A treatment by parity interaction (P < 0.01) was also present for backfat loss from farrowing to weaning as R gilts lost less backfat than AL in parities 1 and 2, but more in parities 3 and 4. No significant differences were detected between lines or treatments for lifetime production traits. The populations of pigs and data presented here provide a framework for a diverse array of further studies. Alternative approaches to restrict energy have been assessed in addition to methods of marker-assisted and genomic selection for improvement of litter size and sow longevity.

Evaluation of the catalytic oxidation of soot by CeOX-LaMnO3 at different O2 pressures synthesized by ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal method.

In this work, the synthesis of catalyst with perovskite structure and chemical formula La1-XCeXMnO3 at x = 0 - 0.5 were successfully obtained by an ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal method. Results show that the addition of Ce in La1-XCeXMnO3 have not substantial effect in textural and morphological properties; however, the formation of a new crystalline phase with final composition CeOX-La1-XCeXMnO3 was detected at values x > 0.3. All synthesized catalysts were tested in the soot oxidation under both, loose and tight contact in 20% O2/N2 or 5% O2/N2 atmospheres. CeOX-La1-XCeXMnO3 at x = 0.3 resulted in the best catalytic activity with activation energy values of 57.9 kJ.mol-1. The interaction between Ce3+ and Mn4+ species in this catalyst can transfer electrons generating Mn3+ and Ce4+. This reduction from Mn4+ to Mn3+ is accompanied by migration of vacancies to the surface promoting the adsorbed oxygen from the gas phase, need for balancing the chemical states. By increasing the temperature above 300 °C, the bulk oxygen migration to the surface is enhanced being the responsible for the oxygen availability. The formation of CeOX-La1-XCeXMnO3 promotes a stable redox cycle allowing the reusability of this catalyst even at low oxygen pressures after three different reaction cycles.

Simultaneous removal of Cd2+ and Zn2+ from aqueous solution using an upflow Al-electrocoagulation reactor: optimization by response surface methodology.

The presence of heavy metals in the environment has increased, and cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) are considered to be among the most dangerous. An upflow Al-electrocoagulation reactor was used to remove Cd2+ and Zn2+ ions from aqueous media. The system consisted of perforated aluminum circular electrodes for fluid distribution with elimination of external agitation. The effect of different parameters, i.e. current intensity, electrolysis time, concentration of Cd2+ and Zn2+ ions and electrolytic support dose were optimized by response surface methodology. The results indicated that increasing the current intensity and the electrolysis time had a positive effect on the elimination efficiency of the pollutant ions. Likewise, increasing the dose of electrolytic support and decreasing the concentration of the pollutants improved the efficiency of the system. The optimal results were: current intensity of 0.4 A, electrolysis time of 40 min, ion concentration of 44.6 mg·L-1 and electrolytic support dose of 0.56 mg·L-1, with the maximum elimination percentages of 96 ± 3.8% and 96 ± 2.7% for Cd2+ and Zn2+, respectively. This study showed that the electrocoagulation process in an upflow electrocoagulation reactor could be successfully applied to remove pollutants from water.

Long-term live imaging of the Drosophila adult midgut reveals real-time dynamics of division, differentiation and loss.

Organ renewal is governed by the dynamics of cell division, differentiation and loss. To study these dynamics in real time, we present a platform for extended live imaging of the adult Drosophila midgut, a premier genetic model for stem-cell-based organs. A window cut into a living animal allows the midgut to be imaged while intact and physiologically functioning. This approach prolongs imaging sessions to 12-16 hr and yields movies that document cell and tissue dynamics at vivid spatiotemporal resolution. By applying a pipeline for movie processing and analysis, we uncover new and intriguing cell behaviors: that mitotic stem cells dynamically re-orient, that daughter cells use slow kinetics of Notch activation to reach a fate-specifying threshold, and that enterocytes extrude via ratcheted constriction of a junctional ring. By enabling real-time study of midgut phenomena that were previously inaccessible, our platform opens a new realm for dynamic understanding of adult organ renewal.

Role of metal ions on the activity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pyrazinamidase.

Pyrazinamidase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalyzes the conversion of pyrazinamide to the active molecule pyrazinoic acid. Reduction of pyrazinamidase activity results in a level of pyrazinamide resistance. Previous studies have suggested that pyrazinamidase has a metal-binding site and that a divalent metal cofactor is required for activity. To determine the effect of divalent metals on the pyrazinamidase, the recombinant wild-type pyrazinamidase corresponding to the H37Rv pyrazinamide-susceptible reference strain was expressed in Escherichia coli with and without a carboxy terminal. His-tagged pyrazinamidase was inactivated by metal depletion and reactivated by titration with divalent metals. Although Co(2+), Mn(2+), and Zn(2+) restored pyrazinamidase activity, only Co(2+) enhanced the enzymatic activity to levels higher than the wild-type pyrazinamidase. Cu(2+), Fe(2+), Fe(3+), and Mg(2+) did not restore the activity under the conditions tested. Various recombinant mutated pyrazinamidases with appropriate folding but different enzymatic activities showed a differential pattern of recovered activity. X-ray fluorescence and atomic absorbance spectroscopy showed that recombinant wild-type pyrazinamidase expressed in E. coli most likely contained Zn. In conclusion, this study suggests that M. tuberculosis pyrazinamidase is a metalloenzyme that is able to coordinate several ions, but in vivo, it is more likely to coordinate Zn(2+). However, in vitro, the metal-depleted enzyme could be reactivated by several divalent metals with higher efficiency than Zn.

[Endoscopic treatment of complicated vesicoureteral reflux grades III-V in infants under the age of one year]. / Tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vesico ureteral III-V complicado en lactantes menores de 1 año.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim is to know the results of Endoscopic Treatment (ET) in infants with recurrent pyelonephritis and high grade (G) Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR). INCLUSION CRITERIA: infants 2-12 months old with G III-V VUR and at least 2 pyelonephritis, one of them during antibiotic prophylaxis (AP). N = 27 infants: 19 males (70%) and 8 females. VUR was primary in 17 (63%) and secondary in 10. VUR Grade was III in 12 ureters (U) (32%), IV 16 (42%) and V 10 (26%). Polydimethylsiloxane, Hydroxiapatite and Dextranomer/ Hyaluronic Acid (DAH) were the bulking agents employed. Results Classification: Solved: G 0-I.; Improved: G II (control without AP); Persistence: III-V Open Surgery (OS) or repeated ET (1-2) was done depending on cystoscopic findings. RESULTS: 34 ureters are available for final results; 1 G III, 2 G IV and 1 G V are waiting for a new injection. G III 11 U: 11 first and 4 second injections (1.36 Injections / ureter): Solved 9 (81.8%), Improved 1, OS 1 (9%). G IV 14 U: 14 first 3 second and 1 third injection (1.28 injections / ureter): Solved 10 (71.4%), Improved 4. No OS. G V 9 U: 9 first, 4 second and 1 third injections (1.55 injections / ureter): Solved 5 (55.6%), Improved 1, OS 3 (33.3%). Overall results: Solved: 24 U (70.58%), Improved: 6 (17.6%), OS 4 (11.8%). OS avoided 30 (88.2%): G III 91%, IV 100% and V 66.7%. Results of G III are better than G V. The only complication was 1 ureteral obstruction treated successfully with open surgery. CONCLUSIONS: ET can be considered the first therapeutic option in infants with G III-V VUR and pyelonephritis in spite of PA, because ET has solved VUR in 70.58% and avoided OS in 88.2% with a minimally invasive procedure and low incidence of complications.

[Contralateral vesicoureteral reflux after endoscopic treatment of primary unilateral reflux]. / Obstruccion ureteral postoperatoria después de antirreflujo endoscópico.

OBJECTIVES: The endoscopic treatment (ET) of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is considered by many urologic and pediatric surgeons as the first treatment option in the event of being required, because it is a minimally invasive procedure, of short duration, ambulatory in many cases, with good results and few complications. Ureteral obstruction is the most serious but less frequent complication. The objective is know the incidence, treatment and evolution of patients with ureteral obstruction as complication of the ET of VUR. METHODS: Evaluation of the medical literature using Pubmed and Ovid. Revision of the clinical report of children (CH) under ET of VUR between March of 1998 and July of 2007, to find those cases that presented ureteral obstruction after ET. RESULTS: A total of 377 children (CH) with VUR in 598 ureters (U), were treated with TE, during the mentioned period of 9 years, between March 1998 and July 2007. Only 2 U (0.33%), in 2 CH (0.5%) presented Ureteral Obstruction with dilatation of the upper urinary tract that need open surgical ureteral reimplantation, with good results in both patients. CONCLUSION: The risk of ureteral obstruction after ET of VUR is low, less than 0.5% of U. The treatment of this complication can be endoscópic or by open surgery both of them with good results.

[Postoperative ureteral obstruction after endoscopic antireflux therapy]. / Reflujo vesicoureteral contralateral despues del tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo unilateral primario.

OBJECTIVES: To know the incidence of new contralateral VUR and its evolution in children with primary unilateral vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) managed with endoscopic treatment (ET). METHODS: During 7.5 years a total of 228 children with primary VUR underwent endoscopic implantation of bulking material, 90 of them (39.5%) have been unilateral. The inclusion criterion was: unilateral primary VUR managed with ET, without previously contralateral VUR. Collected data included: patient age, gender, indications for surgery, number of preoperative cystourethrograms, preoperative and new contralateral postoperative VUR grades, nephropathy in the ipsilateral or contralateral sides, type and volume of bulking material used, and VUR outcome. An update bibliographic review with methanalysis is also performed to compare results. RESULTS: Six children (6.7%) developed new contralateral VUR. Mean age was 3.3 years. Four patients were females and 2 males. The bulking material used was polydimethylsiloxane in one and Dextranomer/Non animal stabilished hyaluronic acid in 5. The initial grades of primary VUR were: II in 1 case, III in 3, and IV in 2. Four patients had previous history of bladder dysfunction. The new contralateral VUR was II in 5 and III in one. In 5 patients initial VUR persisted, always of lower grade than previously, and new contralateral VUR appeared. In one patient initial VUR disappeared and appeared in the contralateral side. Five patients were reinjected and VUR was cured, except one who is waiting for a new endoscopic procedure. One patient with grade II contralateral VUR is under observation. In the metanalysis performed nine issues have been found with an incidence of 8.2%. CONCLUSION: Contralateral VUR is a relatively frequent complication in unilateral primary VUR treated by endoscopic procedures (6.7%), but not enough as to perform bilateral endoscopic treatment in all unilateral VUR. Contralateral VUR etiology is not clear but bladder dysfunction can be an important factor.

[Symptomatic vesicoureteral reflux in the adult age. A patient's testimony]. / Reflujo vésico ureteral sintomático en la vida adulta. Testimonio de una paciente.

OBJECTIVES: There is a general opinion about that vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) rarely produces symptoms during adulthood. But it is possible to find active VUR over 20 years of age. A case report of a woman 28 years old with symptomatic VUR is presented with description of the "Reflux Pain" by herself. The objective of this article is to study the clinical aspects of symptomatic VUR in an adult woman with impairment in her quality of life. METHODS/RESULTS: She was a 33 years old female patient, with chronic and febrile breakthrough urinary tract infections (UTI) since she was 28 years of age. Then an unknown bilateral VUR was diagnosed. It was grade III in an incompletely duplicated right side and grade II in the left one. She recived antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) for 4 years, in spite of it she had a temperature over 37 degrees, with frequent peaks over 38 degrees, and she lost 8 KG of weight. She also had lumbar pain and "Reflux Pain", which was described by the patient as: "acute, intense, excruciating, ascending, located in the ureters and kidneys, beginning some minutes before urinating and finishing some minutes later. During these 4 years many others pathologies were ruled out looking for other etiology of the temperature of "unknown origin". Finally she was sent to urology for treatment of VUR. Bilateral Endoscopic Treatment (ET) with non animal stabilized Hyaluronic acid/ Dextranomer (DX/NASHA) gel was performed, with good result after the first injection. "Reflux Pain" disappeared few days after ET and after one month the temperature was under 37 degrees. She remains asymptomatic after 4 years of follow up. CONCLUSIONS: VUR can produce symptoms during adulthood, with a very typical pain easy to identify, chronic pyelonephritis with temperature and progressive deterioration. ET can eliminate VUR, stop the symptoms and improve quality of life.

Tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vesico ureteral III y V complicado en lactantes menores de 1 año / Endoscopic treatment of complicated vesicoureteral reflux grades III-V in infants under the age of one year

Objetivo: Conocer los resultados, complicaciones y la evolución de ocho pacientes diagnosticados de Vejiga neurógena (VN), intervenidos de Reflujo vesicoureteral (RVU) mediante la inyección subureteral de sustancias inertes, intentando precisar su indicación en el esquema terapéutico de la alteración vesical neurógena. Métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de los resultados obtenidos y de las complicaciones evidenciadas durante los controles evolutivos efectuados a ocho pacientes en edad pediátrica con VN secundaria a diferentes patologías, diagnosticados de RVU, tratado mediante inyección subureteral de pasta de teflón (1 caso), polidimetilsiloxano (6) y copolímero de dextranómero y ácido hialurónico (1). Resultados: De los 11 uréteres tratados en 8 (72.7%) el RVU curó después de la primera inyección. De los 3 uréteres con persistencia del RVU, en dos cesó después del segundo tratamiento endoscópico (TE). La eficacia del TE después de la segunda inyección alcanzó el 90.9%. En dos casos unilaterales evidenciamos RVU contralateral que curó mediante TE en uno siguiendo pauta conservadora el segundo. Durante el periodo de seguimiento (tiempo medio: 51.8 +/- 28.5 meses) presentaron complicaciones 4 casos. Reapareció el RVU en dos, observamos RVU contralateral en uno a los 19 meses del primer tratamiento y en otro evidenciamos ureterohidronefrosis bilateral con infecciones urinarias recurrentes que precisó de cistoplastia de aumento. Conclusiones: El TE es una opción eficaz cuando se decide el tratamiento quirúrgico del RVU en un paciente con vejiga neurógena. Es necesario seguir la evolución a largo plazo de los pacientes intervenidos, sobre todo aquellos con capacidad y acomodación vesical alterada y uretra activa o disinérgica, ante la posibilidad de aparición del RVU ya curado (AU)

Objectives: To know the results, complications and outcomes of eight patients with the diagnosis of neurogenic bladder (NB) who underwent vesicoureteral reflux surgery by subureteral injection of inert substances, trying to precise its indication in the therapeutic scheme for neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Methods: Retrospective review of the results and complications recorded during follow-up in eight pediatric patients with NB secondary to various pathologies and the diagnosis of VUR treated by subureteral injection of Teflon paste (1 case), polydimethylsiloxane (6) and dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer (1). Results: In 8 (72.7%) of the 11 ureters treated VUR was cured after first injection. VUR stopped after second endoscopic treatment in 2 of the 3 ureters with persistent VUR. The efficacy of endoscopic treatment after second injection achieved 90.9%. In 2 unilateral cases we observed contralateral VUR, which cured in one case after endoscopic treatment and the other one followed a conservative scheme. Over the follow-up period (Mean FU time 51.8+/- 28.5 months) 4 cases presented complications. VUR recurred in two: in one contralateral VUR was detected 19 months after first treatment, the other one presented bilateral ureterohydronephrosis with recurrent urinary tract infections and required augmentation cystoplasty. Conclusions: Endoscopic treatment is an effective option when choosing surgical treatment for VUR in a patient with neurogenic bladder. It is necessary to follow the long-term outcome of patients after surgery, mainly those with abnormal bladder capacity and compliance and active or dyssynergic urethra due to the possibility of recurrence of the VUR (AU)

Reflujo vesicoureteral contralateral despues del tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo unilateral primario / Contralateral vesicoureteral reflux after endoscopic treatment of primary unilateral reflux

Objetivo: conocer la incidencia de nuevo RVU contralateral y la evolución del mismo en los niños con reflujo vesicoureteral (RVU) primario unilateral sometidos a tratamiento endoscópico (TE). Métodos: En un periodo de 7,5 años se han realizado un total de 228 antirreflujos endoscópicos en niños con RVU esencial, de los cuales 90 (39,5%) han sido unilaterales. Los criterios de inclusión fueron padecer RVU unilateral primario tratado con TE y no haber tenido reflujo contralateral previo. Se valoraron: edad, sexo, número de cistouretrogramas miccionales seriados (CUMS) previos al procedimiento quirúrgico, grado y lado del RVU inicial y del contralateral, nefropatía ipsi y contralateral, indicaciones de la cirugía inicial, material y volumen utilizado para el TE, y evolución del reflujo. También se realiza una revisión actualizada de la literatura con un metaanálisis para comparar los resultados. Resultados: Seis niños (6,7%) presentaron nuevo RVU contralateral. La edad media fue de 3,3 años. El sexo fue masculino en 2 y femenino en 4. Los grados de RVU inicial fueron: II en uno, III en tres y IV en dos. Cuatro pacientes tenían historia de disfunción vesical. El nuevo RVU contralateral fue grado II en 5 niños y grado III en el restante. En cinco niños persistió RVU inicial, siempre de menor grado que el previo, y apareció el nuevo reflujo contralateral; y en uno solo desapareció en el lado inicial y se presentó en el contralateral. Los cinco niños con RVU bilateral se reinyectaron y curaron todos menos uno en que persistió el RVU inicial y está pendiente de reinyección. El niño que presentó solo RVU II contralateral está sometido a observación. En el metanálisis realizado se han encontrado nueve 9 trabajos y tiene una incidencia media de 8,2%. Conclusión: El RVU Contralateral es una complicación relativamente frecuente en los RVU unilaterales primarios tratados endoscópicamente, pero que no justifica realizar el tratamiento bilateral simultáneo. Éste solo está indicado si existe historia de RVU contralateral previo. La Etiología del RVU Contralateral no esta claramente establecida pero la disfunción vesical puede influir en su aparición (AU)

Objectives: To know the incidence of new contralateral VUR and its evolution in children with primary unilateral vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) managed with endoscopic treatment (ET). Methods: During 7.5 years a total of 228 children with primary VUR underwent endoscopic implantation of bulking material, 90 of them (39,5%) have been unilateral. The inclusion criterion was: unilateral primary VUR managed with ET, without previously contralateral VUR. Collected data included: patient age, gender, indications for surgery, number of preoperative cystourethrograms, preoperative and new contralateral postoperative VUR grades, nephropathy in the ipsilateral or contralateral sides, type and volume of bulking material used, and VUR outcome. An update bibliographic review with methanalysis is also performed to compare results. Results: Six children (6,7%) developed new contralateral VUR. Mean age was 3.3 years. Four patients were females and 2 males. The bulking material used was polydimethylsiloxane in one and Dextranomer/Non animal stabilished hyaluronic acid in 5. The initial grades of primary VUR were: II in 1 case, III in 3, and IV in 2. Four patients had previous history of bladder dysfunction. The new contralateral VUR was II in 5 and III in one. In 5 patients initial VUR persisted, always of lower grade than previously, and new contralateral VUR appeared. In one patient initial VUR disappeared and appeared in the contralateral side. Five patients were reinjected and VUR was cured, except one who is waiting for a new endoscopic procedure. One patient with grade II contralateral VUR is under observation. In the metanalysis performed nine issues have been found with an incidence of 8,2%. Conclusion: Contralateral VUR is a relatively frequent complication in unilateral primary VUR treated by endoscopic procedures (6.7%), but not enough as to perform bilateral endoscopic treatment in all unilateral VUR. Contralateral VUR etiology is not clear but bladder dysfunction can be an important factor (AU)

Obstrucción ureteral postoperatoria después de antirreflujo endoscópico / Postoperative ureteral obstruction after endoscopic antireflux therapy

Objetivo: El tratamiento endoscópico (TE) del reflujo vesicoureteral (RVU), está considerado por muchos urólogos y cirujanos pediátricos como la primera opción de tratamiento en caso de requerirse, debido a ser un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo, de corta duración, ambulatorio en muchos casos, con buenos resultados y escasas complicaciones; entre ellas la obstrucción ureteral es la mas grave pero la menos frecuente. Conocer la incidencia, manejo y evolución de los pacientes que presentaron obstrucción ureteral como complicación del TE del RVU. Método: Revisión de la literatura médica utilizando como buscadores Pubmed y Ovid. Revisión de los casos tratados con TE en el período comprendido entre Marzo de 1998 y Julio de 2007, un total de 377 niños (N) y 598 uréteres (U), para identificar los casos que presentaron obstrucción ureteral como complicación del TE. Resultados: Sólo 2 uréteres (0.33%), en dos niños (0.5%), presentaron Obstrucción Ureteral con repercusión en el TUS que precisó tratamiento. Conclusión: El riesgo de obstrucción ureteral en el postoperatorio del tratamiento endoscópico antirreflujo es muy bajo y en caso de presentarse existen varias alternativas para su manejo todas ellas con resultados satisfactorios (AU)

Objectives: The endoscopic treatment (ET) of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is considered by many urologic and pediatric surgeons as the first treatment option in the event of being required, because it is a minimally invasive procedure, of short duration, ambulatory in many cases, with good results and few complications. Ureteral obstruction is the most serious but less frequent complication. The objective is know the incidence, treatment and evolution of patients with ureteral obstruction as complication of the ET of VUR. Methods: Evaluation of the medical literature using Pubmed and Ovid. Revision of the clinical report of children (CH) under ET of VUR between March of 1998 and July of 2007, to find those cases that presented ureteral obstruction after ET. Results: A total of 377 children (CH) with VUR in 598 ureters (U), were treated with TE, during the mentioned period of 9 years, between March 1998 and July 2007. Only 2 U (0.33%), in 2 CH (0.5%) presented Ureteral Obstruction with dilatation of the upper urinary tract that need open surgical ureteral reimplantation, with good results in both patients. Conclusion: The risk of ureteral obstruction after ET of VUR is low, less than 0.5% of U. The treatment of this complication can be endoscópic or by open surgery both of them with good results (AU)

Reflujo vésico ureteral sintomático en la vida adulta. Testimonio de una paciente / Symptomatic vesicoureteral reflux in the adult age. A patient's testimony

Objetivo: Existe la opinión de que el Reflujo Vésico Ureteral (RVU) primario durante la vida adulta tiene pocas o nulas manifestaciones clínicas. Sin embargo es posible encontrar un RVU activo en esta época de la vida. Se presenta el caso de una paciente adulta que ilustra el concepto de "Reflujo Sintomático" y describe con sus propias palabras el síntoma del "Dolor de Reflujo". Estudiar la clínica del RVU sintomático en una adulta con repercusión en la calidad de vida. Método/Resultado: Paciente de sexo femenino y 33 años de edad, con historia de pielonefritis crónica desde los 28 años, por lo que se diagnóstico RVU bilateral derecho grado III con duplicidad incompleta e izquierdo grado II, no conocido con anterioridad. No fue intervenida y le fue prescrita profilaxis antibiótica, a pesar de la cual presentó sintomatología clínica de 4 años de evolución con: Febrícula constante con frecuentes brotes de fiebre superior a 38º, pérdida de 8 Kg de peso, mal estar general y sobre todo "Dolor de Reflujo" que la propia paciente describe como "agudo, intenso, lacerante, ascendente, localizado en el trayecto ureteral y celda renal, comenzando unos minutos antes y finalizando unos minutos después de la micción". Durante 4 años descartaron las posibles etiologías de un síndrome febril de origen desconocido, y al final fue remitida para tratamiento del RVU. Se hizo tratamiento endoscópico (TE) bilateral con dextranómero / Ácido Hialurónico estabilizado no animal, logrando el cese del RVU en la primera inyección. El dolor del Reflujo desapareció en los primeros días de postoperatorio y el síndrome febril antes del mes. No ha vuelto a recidivar la sintomatología durante 4 años de seguimiento. Conclusiones: El RVU puede ser sintomático en la vida adulta, con un dolor muy peculiar y fácil de identificar, además de un síndrome febril con deterioro progresivo. El TE puede curar el RVU, erradicar su sintomatología, y mejorar la calidad de vida (AU)

Objectives: There is a general opinion about that vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) rarely produces symptoms during adulthood. But it is possible to find active VUR over 20 years of age. A case report of a woman 28 years old with symptomatic VUR is presented with description of the "Reflux Pain" by herself. The objective of this article is to study the clinical aspects of symptomatic VUR in an adult woman with impairment in her quality of life. Methods/Results: She was a 33 years old female patient, with chronic and febrile breakthrough urinary tract infections (UTI) since she was 28 years of age. Then an unknown bilateral VUR was diagnosed. It was grade III in an incompletely duplicated right side and grade II in the left one. She recived antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) for 4 years, in spite of it she had a temperature over 37º, with frequent peaks over 38º, and she lost 8 KG of weight. She also had lumbar pain and "Reflux Pain", which was described by the patient as: "acute, intense, excruciating, ascending, located in the ureters and kidneys, beginning some minutes before urinating and finishing some minutes later. During these 4 years many others pathologies were ruled out looking for other etiology of the temperature of "unknown origin". Finally she was sent to urology for treatment of VUR. Bilateral Endoscopic Treatment (ET) with non animal stabilized Hyaluronic acid/ Dextranomer (DX/NASHA) gel was performed, with good result after the first injection. "Reflux Pain" disappeared few days after ET and after one month the temperature was under 37º. She remains asymptomatic after 4 years of follow up. Conclusions: VUR can produce symptoms during adulthood, with a very typical pain easy to identify, chronic pyelonephritis with temperature and progressive deterioration. ET can eliminate VUR, stop the symptoms and improve quality of life (AU)