Influence of Physical Self-Concept and Motivational Processes on Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity of Adolescents.

There is a growing concern about the increasing decline in physical activity among adolescents. In the search for variables that may be related to physical activity, this study examined the influence of physical self-concept on objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) of adolescents through the mediation of the needs satisfaction and two types of autonomous motivation, for academics and for physical education. Data were collected from 618 students (301 boys and 317 girls) aged 10-14 years from 24 secondary schools in Spain. The path analysis results showed that physical self-concept positively predicted needs satisfaction and this, in turn, was positively and significantly related to the two types of autonomous motivation. Finally, only the autonomous motivation for physical education significantly and positively predicted the adolescents' MVPA. Our findings showed that there was no evidence of an indirect effect of physical self-concept on MVPA. The results are discussed along the lines of the self-determination theory, through the analysis of the role of physical self-concept in increasing adolescents' physical activity.

Interpersonal motivating style, basic psychological needs and reasons for fitness practice.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to check the relationship between the teacher's interpersonal style with the basic psychological needs and the reasons for practice in fitness. METHODS: We use a sample of 701 people (250 men and 451 women) fitness people (M=32.80, DT=10.97). The instructor's interpersonal style (support autonomy and controller style), the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and the reasons for practice were measured. RESULTS: The interpersonal style of autonomy support was much more valued than the controller style. The most valued practice reasons were health, ability, and image. After the linear regression analysis, it was observed that the basic psychological needs positively predicted the interpersonal style of autonomy support and negatively the controller style. In the same way, the reason for practicing health and ability predicted the interpersonal style of support autonomy, and social recognition in a negative way. While the reason for practicing social recognition was the only factor that predicted the controller interpersonal style. CONCLUSIONS: The results support that the most self-determined practices are associated with support autonomy in fitness.

Student Attitudes Toward Inclusion in Physical Education: The Impact of Ability Beliefs, Gender, and Previous Experiences.

This study addresses the associations between students' ability beliefs and attitudes toward inclusion in physical education, as well as the impact of gender and previous contact/participation with children with disability on these variables. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 976 students (491 girls and 485 boys; age 11-16 years), who responded to ability beliefs and attitudes questionnaires. Ability beliefs (entity and incremental) and the 3 sociodemographic variables predicted 20.4% and 9% of the behavioral and cognitive subscales of attitudes, respectively. Students with higher scores for entity beliefs of ability had a less favorable attitude toward inclusion. Girls reported more favorable attitudes toward inclusion than boys. Students who indicated previous participation in physical activities with children with disabilities showed attitudes that were more favorable in both the behavioral and cognitive subscales, while those who reported previous contact had more favorable attitudes in the behavioral subscale and lower entity beliefs. However, the 3 sociodemographic variables had a lower contribution to the explained variance of attitudes.

Teoría de la Acción Planeada y tasa de ejercicio percibida: un modelo predictivo en estudiantes adolescentes de educación física / Theory of Planned Action and perceived rate of exercise: a predic-tive model for adolescent students in physical education

Este estudio se planteó como objetivo analizar algunos factores que influyen en la percepción de la tasa de ejercicio de estudiantes adolescentes españoles tomando como marco la teoría de la acción planeada (Ajzen, 1991). Participaron 698 estudiantes en clases de educación física que completaron el Cuestionario de la teoría de la conducta planeada (TCP) y el Cuestionario de Actividad Física Habitual. Los resultados del modelo de ecuaciones estructurales mostraron que la actitud, norma subjetiva y control de la teoría de la conducta planeada predecían positivamente la intención futura de practicar ejercicio físico, que, a su vez, predecía positivamente la tasa de ejercicio físico percibida por el adolescente. Los resultados de este estudio ofrecen apoyo a la teoría de la conducta planeada y destacan los beneficios de promover la práctica de ejercicio físico-deportivo a través del apoyo de los antecedentes motivacionales, actitud, norma subjetiva y con-trol en la etapa de la adolescencia, dada la importancia de esta fase evolutiva en la instauración de hábitos saludables en los jóvenes

This study analyzes some factors that influence the perceived rate of exercise among Spanish adolescent students, using the theorical framework of the Theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991). Participants were 698 physical education students who completed the questionnaires of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire. The results, via of structural equation modeling, showed that the attitudes, norms and control factors of the Theory of planned behavior predicts the future intention to practice physical exercise, and that intention predicts positively the adolescent’s perceived rate of exercise. The results provide support for the Theory of planned behavior and high-light the benefits of promoting physical exercesi through support to the motivational antecedents of attitude, regulation and control in adolescence, given its importance in establishing healthy habits in young people

Confirmation of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) With a Sample of People who do Healthy Exercise.

This study aimed to cross-validate the psychometric properties of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) by Vlachopoulos and Michailidou, 2006 in a Spanish context. Two studies were conducted. Confirmatory factor analysis results confirmed the hypothesized three-factor solution In addition, we documented evidence of reliability, analysed as internal consistency and temporal stability. Future studies should analyse the scale's validity and reliability with different populations and check their experimental effect. Key pointsThe Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) is valid and reliable for measuring basic psychological needs in healthy physical exercise in the Spanish context.The factor structure of three correlated factors has shown minimal invariance across gender.

The Relationship between Goal Orientations, Motivational Climate and Selfreported Discipline in Physical Education.

The purpose of this study was to test a motivational model on the links between situational and dispositional motivation and self-reported indiscipline/discipline based on the achievement goals theory. The model postulates that a task-involving motivational climate facilitates self-reported discipline, either directly or mediated by task orientation. In contrast, an ego-involving motivational climate favors self-reported indiscipline, either directly or by means of ego orientation. An additional purpose was to examine gender differences according to the motivational model proposed. Children (n = 565) from a large Spanish metropolitan school district were participants in this study and completed questionnaires assessing goal orientations, motivational climates and self-reported discipline. The results from the analysis of structural equation model showed the direct effect of motivational climates on self-reported discipline and provided support to the model. Furthermore, the gender differences found in self-reported discipline were associated with the differences found in the students' dispositional and situational motivation pursuant to the model tested. The implications of these results with regard to teaching instructional actions in physical education classes are discussed. Key pointsA task-involving motivational climate predicts self-reported discipline behaviors, either directly or mediated by task orientation.An ego-involving motivational climate favors self-reported undisciplined, either directly or mediated by ego orientation.A significant gender difference was found in the motivational disposition perceived climate and self-reported discipline.

[Influence of autonomy support, social goals and relatedness on amotivation in physical education classes]. / Influencia del apoyo a la autonomía, las metas sociales y la relación con los demás sobre la desmotivación en educación física.

The purpose of this study was to analyze some factors that influence amotivation in physical education classes. A sample of 399 students, of ages 14 to 16 years, was used. They completed the Perceived Autonomy Support Scale in Exercise Settings (PASSES), the Social Goal Scale-Physical Education (SGS-PE), the <> factor of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) adapted to physical education and the <> factor of the Perceived Locus of Causality Scale (PLOC). The psychometric properties of the PASSES were analyzed, as this scale had not been validated to the Spanish context. In this analysis, the scale showed appropriate validity and reliability. The results of the structural equation model indicated that social responsibility and social relationship goals positively predicted perception of relatedness, whereas the context of autonomy support did not significantly predict it. In turn, perception of relatedness negatively predicted amotivation. The findings are discussed with regard to enhancing students' positive motivation.

[The social-cognitive model of achievement motivation in physical education]. / Modelo cognitivo-social de la motivación de logro en educación física.

Our objective in this study was to test the new social-cognitive model of achievement motivation in a physical education setting. Research was conducted on a sample of 895 physical education students, ages 12 to 16 years. We measured perception of the motivational climate conveyed by the teacher, implicit beliefs of ability, perceived competence, 2 x 2 achievement goals and self-determined motivation. We carried out structural equation modeling to analyse the relationships among variables. Results showed that task climate positively predicted incremental belief, whereas ego climate positively predicted entity belief. Both climates positively predicted perceived competence. Incremental belief positively predicted mastery-approach goals, performance-approach goals and avoidance goals, whereas entity belief positively predicted performance-approach goals and avoidance goals. Perceived competence positively predicted mastery-approach and performance-approach goals. Mastery-approach goal positively predicted self-determined motivation, whereas performance-approach goal and avoidance goals negatively predicted self-determined motivation.