RESUMO
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) plays a primary role in the development of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) that occurs in the majority of patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) due to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection. We previously showed that ATLL cells constitutively express high levels of PTHrP via activation of promoters P2 and P3, resulting in HHM. In this study, we characterized a nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) binding site in the P2 promoter of human PTHrP. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we detected a specific complex in Tax-expressing human T cells composed of p50/c-Rel, and two distinct complexes in ATLL cells consisting of p50/p50 homodimers and a second unidentified protein(s). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed in vivo binding of p50 and c-Rel on the PTHrP P2 promoter. Using transient co-transfection with NF-kappaB expression plasmids and PTHrP P2 luciferase reporter-plasmid, we showed that NF-kappaB p50/p50 alone and p50/c-Rel or p50/Bcl-3 cooperatively upregulated the PTHrP P2 promoter. Furthermore, inhibition of NF-kappaB activity by Bay 11-7082 reduced PTHrP P2 promoter-initiated transcripts in HTLV-1-infected T cells. In summary, the data demonstrated that transcriptional regulation of PTHrP in ATLL cells can be controlled by NF-kappaB activation and also suggest a Tax-independent mechanism of activation of PTHrP in ATLL.
Assuntos
Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/genética , NF-kappa B/fisiologia , Proteína Relacionada ao Hormônio Paratireóideo/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Adulto , Animais , Western Blotting , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cloranfenicol O-Acetiltransferase , Imunoprecipitação da Cromatina , Ensaio de Desvio de Mobilidade Eletroforética , Infecções por HTLV-I/metabolismo , Infecções por HTLV-I/virologia , Humanos , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos SCID , Mutagênese Sítio-Dirigida , Proteína Relacionada ao Hormônio Paratireóideo/metabolismo , Plasmídeos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Ativação Transcricional , TransfecçãoRESUMO
Automaticity was induced in isolated guinea pig and cat papillary muscles by application of depolarizing constant current pulses. Increasing extracellular potassium from 1 to 15 mM caused a shift of pacemaker-like activity to less negative diastolic potentials and a decrease in maximum phase 4 slope. Membrane resistance, estimated from the relation of applied current to maximum diastolic potential, decreased when extracellular potassium was increased. Voltage clamps of cat papillary muscle demonstrated that action potentials activate a time-dependent outward current which has a reversal potential of -79.1 mV (+/- 0.99 SE, n = 20) at an extracellular potassium concentration of 5 mM. The reversal potential of this current varies with extracellular K+ with a slope of 50-60 mV per 10-fold concentration change. The current is activated by voltage clamps or action potential plateaus in the range of -30 to +30 mV. It has a time constant of deactivation which increases from approximately 100 to over 400 msec as clamp potential is increased from -90 to -60 mV. It is proposed that this current is equivalent to Ix1 demonstrated in other cardiac tissues and is responsible, in combination with inward currents, for automaticity in ventricular fibers.
