Diversity and genetic structure of yellow passion fruit in Boyacá-Colombia using microsatellite DNA markers.

The Yellow passion fruit belongs to the Passifloraceae family with great economic, nutritional and social importance in Colombia. It presents a great phenotypic and genotypic diversity, which has not yet been explored or used in genetic improvement programs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of 84 cultivars of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa from nine farms in the municipality of Miraflores, Boyacá, using eight microsatellite markers (SSR). On the basis of this information, estimates of genetic diversity parameters, molecular variance analysis (AMOVA), genetic distances, and cluster of cultivars were obtained. Low levels of genetic differentiation between cultivars were observed in the Bayesian analysis using Structure software, as well as the absence of correlation between genetic and geographic distances. The observed heterozygosity (0.50) was greater than the expected heterozygosity (0.43), suggesting a significant number of heterozygous individuals. The number of alleles per locus varied from 2 to 4, with a mean 2.88. In general, SSR were classified as informative (0.36). The average value of the Shannon Index was 0.71, which shows moderate variability in this cultivar. AMOVA showed higher diversity within cultivars (98%). The gene flow (Nm=28.4) was moderate, this can be explained by the flow of pollen between the different cultivars, the reproduction system of the species, self-incompatibility and the introduction of genotypes from other sites by farmers. The genetic diversity identified in this study is sufficient to initiate breeding programs aimed at identifying cultivars with higher yields.

Molecular characterization of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Degener with ISSRs markers.

Passiflora edulis it is a specie widely distributed and cultivated in Colombia, with economic potential. Although there is a wide genetic and phenotypic variability, it has not yet been explored through the use of molecular techniques. This study aimed to characterize the structure and genetic diversity of P. edulis cultivars using ISSR markers. The study was carried out using leaf samples from 21 cultivars of P. edulis collected within a productive system in the department of Boyacá, Colombia, using seven ISSR primers. Genetic similarity was used to cluster by the UPGMA method, polymorphic information content (PIC), expected heterozygosity (He), Shannon index (I), gene flow (Nm), and coefficient of genetic differentiation (Gst) were estimated using POPGENE and TFPGA software. The Bayesian model and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) were used to assess the genetic structure. Cultivars of P. edulis showed high polymorphism rates. Seven ISSR produced 138 loci. The cluster analysis formed two groups according to the genetic similarity and phenotypic characteristics associated mainly with the fruit. The average value of expected heterozygosity was 0.29 for the total population and 0.27 and 0.22 for groups I and II, respectively. AMOVA indicates higher diversity within groups, but not between groups showing levels of hierarchy different from those considered in this study. Moderate genetic differentiation (Gst=0.12) and high gene flow (Nm=3.91) are observed.

Characterization of yellow pitahaya (Selenicereus megalanthus Haw.) genotypes under two productive systems in Colombia.

Selenicereus megalanthus Haw. It is an exotic fruit tree, with productive and nutritional potential. In Colombia, there is a great phenotypic and genotypic diversity, but its genetic studies are scarce. The objective was to characterize morphologically 15 selected yellow pitahaya genotypes, under two productive systems in the open field and under cover, in the municipalities of Miraflores and Zetaquira, in Boyacá, Colombia. Quantitative characters were evaluated: plant height (PH), number of vegetative sprouts (NVS), sub-sprouts (SS), longest sprouts length (LSL), distance between areoles (DBA), width of the ribs in the apical region (WRA), width of the ribs in the middle region (WRM), width of the ribs in the basal region (WRB), height of undulations between successive areoles in a rib (HUA), number of spines per areole (NSA) and longest spine length (LSP). The results showed under the two productive systems and the evaluated localities that the variables with the highest coefficient of variation (greater than 90%) were the number of sub-sprouts, height of the undulations between successive areoles (HUA) and the longest spine length (LSP). High positive correlations were obtained between the distances areoles, the width of the ribs and the length of the spines (r>0.7). The conglomerate showed that the characteristics that define the groupings are height of the plant, the texture of the cladodes, the width of the ribs and the height of the undulations. Characters associated with the shoots and cladodes were identified, which directly influence the vegetative propagation and therefore the yield of the yellow pitahaya.

Characterization of yellow pitahaya (Selenicereus megalanthus Haw) genotypes under two productive systems in Colombia / Caracterização de genótipos de pitaia amarela (Selenicereus megalanthus Haw) a partir de dois sistemas produtivos na Colômbia

Selenicereus megalanthus Haw. It is an exotic fruit tree, with productive and nutritional potential. In Colombia, there is a great phenotypic and genotypic diversity, but its genetic studies are scarce. The objective was to characterize morphologically 15 selected yellow pitahaya genotypes, under two productive systems in the open field and under cover, in the municipalities of Miraflores and Zetaquira, in Boyacá, Colombia. Quantitative characters were evaluated: plant height (PH), number of vegetative sprouts (NVS), sub-sprouts (SS), longest sprouts length (LSL), distance between areoles (DBA), width of the ribs in the apical region (WRA), width of the ribs in the middle region (WRM), width of the ribs in the basal region (WRB), height of undulations between successive areoles in a rib (HUA), number of spines per areole (NSA) and longest spine length (LSP). The results showed under the two productive systems and the evaluated localities that the variables with the highest coefficient of variation (greater than 90%) were the number of sub-sprouts, height of the undulations between successive areoles (HUA) and the longest spine length (LSP). High positive correlations were obtained between the distances areoles, the width of the ribs and the length of the spines (r>0.7). The conglomerate showed that the characteristics that define the groupings are height of the plant, the texture of the cladodes, the width of the ribs and the height of the undulations. Characters associated with the shoots and cladodes were identified, which directly influence the vegetative propagation and therefore the yield of the yellow pitahaya.

Selenicereus megalanthus Haw é uma fruteira exótica, com potencial produtivo e nutricional. Na Colômbia existe uma grande diversidade fenotípica e genotípica, mas seus estudos genéticos são escassos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar morfologicamente 15 genótipos selecionados de pitaya amarela, a partir de dois sistemas produtivos em campo aberto e sob cobertura, nos municípios de Miraflores e Zetaquira, em Boyacá, Colômbia. Foram avaliados os caracteres quantitativos: altura da planta (PH), número de brotos vegetativos (NVS), sub-brotos (SS), maior comprimento dos brotos (LSL), distância entre aréolas (DBA), largura das nervuras na região apical (WRA), largura das costelas na região média (WRM), largura das costelas na região basal (WRB), altura das ondulações entre aréolas sucessivas em uma costela (HUA), número de espinhos por aréola (NSA) e maior espinha comprimento (LSL). Os resultados mostraram nos dois sistemas produtivos e nas localidades avaliadas que as variáveis com maior coeficiente de variação (maior que 90%) foram o número de sub-brotos, altura das ondulações entre aréolas sucessivas (HUA) e o maior comprimento do espinho (LSL). Altas correlações positivas foram obtidas entre as distâncias entre as aréolas, a largura das costelas e o comprimento dos espinhos (r > 0.07). O conglomerado mostrou que as características que definem os agrupamentos são a altura da planta, a textura dos cladódios, a largura das nervuras e a altura das ondulações. Foram identificados caracteres associados à brotação e aos cladódios, que influenciam diretamente na propagação vegetativa e, consequentemente, na produção da pitaya-amarela.

Afrosymetric method for quantifying saponins in Chenopodium Quinoa Willd. from Colombia.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a pseudocereal that, in addition to presenting good nutritional characteristics in the grain, has secondary metabolites in the episperm of the seeds and, within them, saponins. Saponins are characterized by being emulsifying, foaming and generating a bitter taste. This metabolite has not been completely studied in quinoa materials from Colombia. For this reason, the objective of this research was to quantify the content of saponins present in quinoa materials from the department of Boyacá using three afrosimetric methods. For this, a completely randomized design (CRD) was implemented with a factorial arrangement of 3 (afrosimetric methods) x 5 (quinoa materials). From the quantification of saponins, it was determined that the Amarilla de maranganí genotype, was the one that presented the highest content in all the evaluated methods; the standard afrosimetric method being the most efficient. Finally, the conglomerate analysis allowed to discriminate the materials in sweet quinoas such as Tunkahuan and Blanca de Jericó with saponin contents lower than 0.06%, and in bitter quinoas (Negra de la Colorada, Dorada and Amarilla de Maranganí) with contents higher than 0.11%. The biochemical characterization of the germplasm will allow a selection of genotypes suitable for consumption and for the industry, given the potential use that saponins currently have.

Analysis of the genetic diversity of Dragon fruit based on ISSR markers in Colombia.

Selenicereus megalanthus H. is a tropical fruit belonging to the family Cactaceae, is rich in essential nutrients, antioxidants and bioactive components. It presents wide variability in different characteristics and a great demand in the market; however, genetic studies in Colombia are scarce. The main of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of 76 yellow pitahaya genotypes with eight ISSR markers. Genetic parameters expected average heterozygosity (He), percentage of polymorphic loci, genetic distances and Fst were estimated with TFPGA. The analysis of the population genetic structure was carried out with the STRUCTURE 2.3.4. As a result, 225 alleles were generated and the number of polymorphic loci ranged 85 (CT, AG) to 90 (GT). High genetic diversity was found, with an average value of heterozygosity was 0.34 with a genetic differentiation coefficient (Fst) of 0.26, indicating that there was a great genetic diversity, similar values than those reported in other studies of pitahaya genetic diversity in Colombia. The 76 genotypes were grouped into K=3 according to geographic location, however, in some groups a mixture of individuals from different origins was observed. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed higher variation (75%) within groups than among groups (25%). These results provide information that can be used to develop conservation strategies for dragon fruit and breeding programs to obtain more productive pitahaya genotypes with superior quality, high yield and with resistance to biotic and abiotic factors.

Afrosymetric method for quantifying saponins in Chenopodium Quinoa Willd. from Colombia / Método afrosimétrico para quantificação de saponinas em Chenopodium Quinoa Willd. da Colômbia

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a pseudocereal that, in addition to presenting good nutritional characteristics in the grain, has secondary metabolites in the episperm of the seeds and, within them, saponins. Saponins are characterized by being emulsifying, foaming and generating a bitter taste. This metabolite has not been completely studied in quinoa materials from Colombia. For this reason, the objective of this research was to quantify the content of saponins present in quinoa materials from the department of Boyacá using three afrosimetric methods. For this, a completely randomized design (CRD) was implemented with a factorial arrangement of 3 (afrosimetric methods) x 5 (quinoa materials). From the quantification of saponins, it was determined that the Amarilla de maranganí genotype, was the one that presented the highest content in all the evaluated methods; the standard afrosimetric method being the most efficient. Finally, the conglomerate analysis allowed to discriminate the materials in sweet quinoas such as Tunkahuan and Blanca de Jericó with saponin contents lower than 0.06%, and in bitter quinoas (Negra de la Colorada, Dorada and Amarilla de Maranganí) with contents higher than 0.11%. The biochemical characterization of the germplasm will allow a selection of genotypes suitable for consumption and for the industry, given the potential use that saponins currently have.

A quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) é um pseudocereal que, além de apresentar boas características nutricionais no grão, possui metabólitos secundários no episperma das sementes e, dentro deles, saponinas. As saponinas são caracterizadas por serem emulsificantes, espumantes e gerarem um sabor amargo. Este metabólito não foi completamente estudado em materiais de quinoa da Colômbia. Por esta razão, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi quantificar o teor de saponinas presentes em materiais de quinoa do departamento de Boyacá usando três métodos afrosimétricos. Para isso, foi implementado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado (CRD) com arranjo fatorial 3 (métodos afrosimétricos) x 5 (materiais de quinoa). A partir da quantificação das saponinas, determinou-se que o genótipo Amarilla de maranganí foi o que apresentou o maior teor em todos os métodos avaliados; sendo o método afrosimétrico padrão o mais eficiente. Por fim, a análise de conglomerados permitiu discriminar os materiais em quinoas doces como Tunkahuan e Blanca de Jericó com teores de saponina inferiores a 0.06%, e em quinoas amargas (Negra de la Colorada, Dorada e Amarilla de Maranganí) com teores superiores a 0.11%. A caracterização bioquímica do germoplasma permitirá a seleção de genótipos adequados ao consumo e à indústria, dado o potencial de uso que as saponinas têm atualmente.

Analysis of the genetic diversity of Dragon fruit based on ISSR markers in Colombia

Abstract Selenicereus megalanthus H. is a tropical fruit belonging to the family Cactaceae, is rich in essential nutrients, antioxidants and bioactive components. It presents wide variability in different characteristics and a great demand in the market; however, genetic studies in Colombia are scarce. The main of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of 76 yellow pitahaya genotypes with eight ISSR markers. Genetic parameters expected average heterozygosity (He), percentage of polymorphic loci, genetic distances and Fst were estimated with TFPGA. The analysis of the population genetic structure was carried out with the STRUCTURE 2.3.4. As a result, 225 alleles were generated and the number of polymorphic loci ranged 85 (CT, AG) to 90 (GT). High genetic diversity was found, with an average value of heterozygosity was 0.34 with a genetic differentiation coefficient (Fst) of 0.26, indicating that there was a great genetic diversity, similar values than those reported in other studies of pitahaya genetic diversity in Colombia. The 76 genotypes were grouped into K=3 according to geographic location, however, in some groups a mixture of individuals from different origins was observed. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed higher variation (75%) within groups than among groups (25%). These results provide information that can be used to develop conservation strategies for dragon fruit and breeding programs to obtain more productive pitahaya genotypes with superior quality, high yield and with resistance to biotic and abiotic factors.

Resumo Selenicereus megalanthus H. é uma fruta tropical pertencente à família Cactaceae, rica em nutrientes essenciais, antioxidantes e componentes bioativos. Apresenta grande variabilidade em diferentes características e uma grande demanda no mercado; no entanto, os estudos genéticos na Colômbia são escassos. O principal deste estudo foi caracterizar a diversidade genética de 76 genótipos de pitahaya amarela com oito marcadores ISSR. Parâmetros genéticos esperados de heterozigosidade média (He), porcentagem de locos polimórficos, distâncias genéticas e Fst foram estimados com TFPGA. A análise da estrutura genética da população foi realizada com a ESTRUTURA 2.3.4. Como resultado, 225 alelos foram gerados e o número de loci polimórficos variou de 85 (CT, AG) a 90 (GT). Foi encontrada alta diversidade genética, com um valor médio de heterozigosidade de 0,34 com coeficiente de diferenciação genética (Fst) de 0,26, indicando que havia uma grande diversidade genética, valores semelhantes aos relatados em outros estudos de diversidade genética de pitahaya na Colômbia. Os 76 genótipos foram agrupados em K = 3 de acordo com a localização geográfica, porém, em alguns grupos foi observada uma mistura de indivíduos de diferentes origens. A análise de variância molecular (AMOVA) mostrou maior variação (75%) dentro dos grupos do que entre os grupos (25%). Esses resultados fornecem informações que podem ser utilizadas para desenvolver estratégias de conservação da fruta do dragão e programas de melhoramento para a obtenção de genótipos de pitahaya mais produtivos, com qualidade superior, alto rendimento e com resistência a fatores bióticos e abióticos.

Analysis of the genetic diversity of Dragon fruit based on ISSR markers in Colombia / Análise da diversidade genética da fruta do dragão com base em marcadores ISSR na Colômbia

Selenicereus megalanthus H. is a tropical fruit belonging to the family Cactaceae, is rich in essential nutrients, antioxidants and bioactive components. It presents wide variability in different characteristics and a great demand in the market; however, genetic studies in Colombia are scarce. The main of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of 76 yellow pitahaya genotypes with eight ISSR markers. Genetic parameters expected average heterozygosity (He), percentage of polymorphic loci, genetic distances and Fst were estimated with TFPGA. The analysis of the population genetic structure was carried out with the STRUCTURE 2.3.4. As a result, 225 alleles were generated and the number of polymorphic loci ranged 85 (CT, AG) to 90 (GT). High genetic diversity was found, with an average value of heterozygosity was 0.34 with a genetic differentiation coefficient (Fst) of 0.26, indicating that there was a great genetic diversity, similar values than those reported in other studies of pitahaya genetic diversity in Colombia. The 76 genotypes were grouped into K=3 according to geographic location, however, in some groups a mixture of individuals from different origins was observed. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed higher variation (75%) within groups than among groups (25%). These results provide information that can be used to develop conservation strategies for dragon fruit and breeding programs to obtain more productive pitahaya genotypes with superior quality, high yield and with resistance to biotic and abiotic factors.

Selenicereus megalanthus H. é uma fruta tropical pertencente à família Cactaceae, rica em nutrientes essenciais, antioxidantes e componentes bioativos. Apresenta grande variabilidade em diferentes características e uma grande demanda no mercado; no entanto, os estudos genéticos na Colômbia são escassos. O principal deste estudo foi caracterizar a diversidade genética de 76 genótipos de pitahaya amarela com oito marcadores ISSR. Parâmetros genéticos esperados de heterozigosidade média (He), porcentagem de locos polimórficos, distâncias genéticas e Fst foram estimados com TFPGA. A análise da estrutura genética da população foi realizada com a ESTRUTURA 2.3.4. Como resultado, 225 alelos foram gerados e o número de loci polimórficos variou de 85 (CT, AG) a 90 (GT). Foi encontrada alta diversidade genética, com um valor médio de heterozigosidade de 0,34 com coeficiente de diferenciação genética (Fst) de 0,26, indicando que havia uma grande diversidade genética, valores semelhantes aos relatados em outros estudos de diversidade genética de pitahaya na Colômbia. Os 76 genótipos foram agrupados em K = 3 de acordo com a localização geográfica, porém, em alguns grupos foi observada uma mistura de indivíduos de diferentes origens. A análise de variância molecular (AMOVA) mostrou maior variação (75%) dentro dos grupos do que entre os grupos (25%). Esses resultados fornecem informações que podem ser utilizadas para desenvolver estratégias de conservação da fruta do dragão e programas de melhoramento para a obtenção de genótipos de pitahaya mais produtivos, com qualidade superior, alto rendimento e com resistência a fatores bióticos e abióticos.