Oxidative Status in Different Areas of the Cerebral Cortex of Wistar Rats during Focal Ischemia and Its Modulation with Carnosine.

Oxidative status was assessed in different areas of the cerebral cortex of male Wistar rats under normal condition and during permanent 24-h focal ischemia. In intact animals, the level of lipid hydroperoxides in the frontal lobes of both hemispheres was by 36% higher than in other cortical areas, while total antioxidant activity was by 25% higher than in other areas. During ischemia, changes in oxidative status were localized only in the ischemic focus and penumbra zone and did not involve other cortical areas. We demonstrated for the first time a neuroprotective effect of therapeutic administration of carnosine in low doses (50 mg/kg) on parameters of the oxidative status under conditions of focal ischemia comparable to its effect of high doses (500 mg/kg) as well as its local effect in the penumbra zone. A dose-dependent effect of carnosine on antioxidant activity in the penumbra zone during ischemia was also demonstrated. These findings confirm effectiveness of not only preventive carnosine administration, but also its application in the postischemic period of the stroke.

[INFLUENCE OF 29-40 AND 65-76 MCP-1 FRAGMENTS ON MYOCARDIUM MORPHOLOGY IN RATS AFTER T9CTHFMIA-R'FPFRFTTON].

Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) is a chemokine that stimulates monocytes and macrophage migration into the sites of acute of chronic inflammation. Our study shows morphological changes in ischemic myocardium followed by the administration of two synthetic structural fragments of MCP-1 that are monocyte/macrophage migration inductor peptide IX and peptide X an inhibitor. Results show that peptides can change time points of the inflammatory response in myocardium. Peptide IX administration leads to increased and accelerated inflammatory response, i. e. attracts an additional number of monocytes and macrophages into the inflammatory focus. The introduction of the peptide X observed prolonged inflammatory process with the overall gain signs of myocardial damage.

[Some aspects of heart rate variability estimation in rats].

This study focuses on researching of heart rate variability (HRV) in rats with autoimmune myocarditis. Intact rats were investigated additionally. It was registered 2-, 5- and 20-min duration ECG from awake animals at rest-conditions and after cooling probe (CP), and then time domain and spectral parameters of HRV were calculated. We shown that 1) after CP decreasing of parasympathetic influence and augmentation of sympathetic influence on heart rate regulation in rats with autoimmune myocarditis was more manifested than in intact rats, 2) in CP with the 5-min ECG interval's duration was more informative for HRV estimation, 3) intracardiac inflammation leads to modification of correlation interconnection between some HRV-parameters, and that may talk about features of heart's chronotropic regulation in rats with autoimmune myocarditis.

[Dynamic of myocarditis development in rats after injection of cardiac myosine combined with IFA].

Myocarditis development was investigated after immunization rats with single subcutaneous injection of cardiac myosin (800 microg/kg) with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) (M + IFA group). Control group received equal volume of IFA alone or nothing (intact group). On days 4, 14, and 21 after injection, light and electron microscopy of heart sections, morphometric analysis, estimation of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1p, IL-6, VEGF, TNFa and iNOS) expression were used to evaluate inflammatory response in myocardium. In addition, we estimated cardiac myosin antibody levels in blood serum and nitrite and nitrate levels in blood serum. Our data showed that immunization with cardiac myosin combined with IFA led to inflammatory response in the rat myocardium. Acute inflammation (i.e. lymphocyte infiltration of myocardium and increase of proinflammatory cytokines level) in M + IFA group occurred on 21 days after immunization.

[Dynamics of autoimmune myocarditis development in rats].

The development of autoimmune myocarditis in rats after a single hypodermic injection of rat myosin mixed with a complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) (400 microg/kg in 200 microl) was studied. The rats from the control group were injected with only CFA. The titer of antibodies to myosin, infiltration of lymphocytes into the myocardium, ultrastructural damage of myofibrils, mitochondria, and nuclei of cardiomyocytes were maximally pronounced on days 14-21 after the immunization with myosin, which indicates a peak of the inflammatory reaction. The content of nitrites and nitrates in the blood serum and myocardium of immunized rats were also studied. A certain contribution to the development of the inflammation is made by CFA: in rats injected with only CFA, morphological signs of myocarditis were found, but to a much lesser degree than in the group immunized with myosin.

[The characteristics of kidney cancer invasion of the major retroperitoneal veins]. / Osobennosti invazii raka pochki v magistral'nye zabriushinnye veny.

The authors discuss the variants of kidney carcinoma thrombus invasion of the major retroperitoneal veins, up to the right atrium, on basis of the literature data and their own findings during prosectorial (4) and clinical (7) practice. They emphasize that carcinoma may not only invade the large veins in the cardial direction in the blood flow but may also spread against the flow into the contralateral renal, hepatic, iliac, and other veins, which is illustrated by examples. Symptoms of cardiovascular insufficiency with venous congestion in the liver and lungs with the formation of red infarcts, the development of ascites and even with fibrous changes in the organs and insufficiency of their function came to the forefront in mild clinical signs of the main focus of affection. According to the clinical material, the incidence of thrombi in the inferior vena cava was 3.9%. All the thrombi in operated on patients were below the diaphragm and measured up to 11 cm in length. Histologically the thrombus consisted of formed elements of the blood, tumor cells (adenocarcinoma of light cells) which were inside it and fibrin which was outside. The thrombi grow slowly and undergo organization and vascularization.

[Extensive operations in kidney cancer complicated by tumor thrombus invasion of the inferior vena cava]. / Rasshirennye operatsii pri rake pochki, oslozhnennom invaziei opukholevogo tromba v nizhniuiu poluiu venu.

Invasion of renal tumor into retroperitoneal major vessels with thrombosis should be characterized as local spread of renal carcinoma and a serious complication. Extensive interventions were conducted in 30 subjects out of 196 nephrectomy cases. Nephrectomy was attended by colectomy (3 cases), pancreatic resection and adrenalectomy (3 cases), resection of the liver (2 cases), one-stage lobectomy (2 cases), adrenalectomy (9 cases), resection of the uterine appendages (1 case), resection of the colon, splenectomy, opening of an intraorganic abscess. 12 patients underwent thrombectomy from the major vein via the thoracophrenoabdominal approach. Cavathrombectomy was carried out in 7 (3.6%) patients, in 3 of which vena cava inferior was resected. Removal of the thrombus from the renal vein with resection of the opening and suturing of the vena cava inferior was performed in 5 patients. The thrombus originated from the right kidney in 9, while from the left one in 3 patients treated surgically. The thrombi occupied 4-10 cm along the renal vein from its opening. The removed kidney weighted from 400 to 3200 g. One death occurred due to pulmonary embolism during the operation, one on day 5 due to cardiopulmonary insufficiency. Histological examinations of the thrombi showed them to consist of fibrin, blood elements and tumor cells within the thrombus. The thrombi grow slowly, undergo organization and vascularization. Tumor cells multiply in the thrombus. Fibrin coating restricts cancer cell free dissemination via the venous system. Cavathrombectomy is considered the only way to prolong survival for the above patients.