The Impact of 8 Weeks of Combined Physical Exercise Training on SIRT3 and mTOR in Lymphocytes, and on Lipid Peroxidation.

The sirtuins (SIRT) protein family and the mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are intracellular molecules that have been involved in the regulation of several biological processes, as well as in various aging-related processes. This pilot study, in small scale, aimed to analyze the effects of an 8-week physical exercise program on SIRT3 and mTOR levels in lymphocytes, as well as on lipid peroxidation in middle aged and older men. A total of 9 participants aged between 56 and 73 years were enrolled in an 8-week physical exercise program comprising cardiovascular and high-intensity interval training. The program involved three sessions per week, each lasting 45-60 min, conducted on non-consecutive days. Tests were conducted before and after the experimental period (pre- and post-training). Assessments included a vertical jump, 20 m velocity, ball throwing, and an aerobic capacity test. Lipid peroxidation (MDA) was measured in plasma as an oxidative stress biomarker. Additionally, sirtuin 3 (SIRT3/ß-actin) and mTOR (mTOR/ß-actin) levels were measured in isolated lymphocytes extracted from venous blood. Following the exercise training period, our results demonstrated a significant improvement in aerobic capacity (pre-training: 615.4 ± 45.3 m; post-training: 687.2 ± 34.6 m; t = -2.521; p = 0.012) and 20 m velocity (pre-training: 4.6 ± 0.5 s; post-training: 4.3 ± 0.3 s; t = -2.023; p = 0.04). Concerning blood variables, there was a significant decrease in mTOR levels (pre-training: 0.857 ± 0.593; post-training: 0.214 ± 0.097; t = -2.547; p = 0.011), while no changes were observed in SIRT3 (pre-training: 0.608 ± 0.404; post-training: 0.516 ± 0.390; t = 0.533; p = 0.594) and MDA (pre-training: 8420 ± 4615; post-training: 8800 ± 3163; t = -0.533; p = 0.594). The notable reduction in mTOR levels in lymphocytes following the 8-week physical exercise program suggests a potential role of exercise in modulating immune cell dynamics, particularly in middle-aged and older individuals. Furthermore, the exercise regimen resulted in improvements in physical function, including enhanced aerobic capacity and walking velocity.

Physical activity interventions in older adults with a cognitive impairment: A critical review of reviews.

This critical review explores the review material on physical activity combined with cognitive stimulation interventions in older adults with cognitive impairment and/or dementia. A critical, systematic, review of the review method was used, considering four electronic databases: WEB OF SCIENCE, SCOPUS, MEDLINE, and the COCHRANE ELECTRONIC LIBRARY. The search terms "exercise," "physical activity," "cognitive impairment," "dementia," and "systematic review" were used. All available reviews were marked against predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. There were 32 reviews that met the inclusion criteria. A combination of various types of training and aerobic exercises were the most frequently reported interventions; meanwhile, dual task training programs (combining physical exercise with cognitive stimulation), functional training programs along with exercises combination, aerobic exercise as well as strength, stretching, or balance workouts were also reported. The evidence is compelling; exercise can improve physical health by ensuring cognitive, psychological, and behavioral benefits. Overall, exercise can improve the physical and mental health of people living with dementia: there is sufficient evidence to recommend multimodal exercise.

Multicomponent exercise program effects on fitness and cognitive function of elderlies with mild cognitive impairment: Involvement of oxidative stress and BDNF.

Regular exercise has been shown to be one of the most important lifestyle influences on improving functional performance, and decreasing morbidity and all-cause mortality among older people. However, although there is some evidence on the effects of aerobic training on oxidative stress, there is little information regarding the effects of multicomponent exercise (dual-task training) and combination of exercise with cognitive stimulation on oxidative stress. In this context, the aim of this study was to verify the effects of a multicomponent exercise program on physical fitness and cognitive function in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment and determine the role of oxidative stress and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). At baseline, 37 elderly nursing home residents with mild cognitive impairment were divided into two groups: the control group (CG, n = 12, 81.8 years) and the experimental group (EG, n = 25, 83.2 years). These elderlies followed multicomponent exercise training for 24 weeks, with two sessions per week and 45-50 min per session. The exercises included both aerobic and strength exercises, considering functional movements and light to moderate intensity. Cognitive stimulation comprehended exercises based on word games, puzzles, mathematical calculations, forward and backward counting, computer exercises, exergames, and games on a balanced platform. Physical assessments (weight, height, and body mass index), health and functional parameters (fitness tests: chair stand, arm curls, chair sit-and-reach, eight feet up-and-go, back scratch, 6-min walking, feet together, semi-tandem, and full tandem), lipid profile (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides), measures of lipid peroxidation damage, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and BDNF were measured in plasma, based on which analyses were performed before and after the 24 weeks of the multicomponent exercise intervention. The results showed an overall improvement in physical and functional performance. Regarding biochemical measures, multicomponent exercises lead to a significant decrease in oxidative damage. The results indicate that multicomponent exercise training induces benefits in functional capacity and reduces damage due to oxidative stress.

Development of a Combined Exercise and Cognitive Stimulation Intervention for People with Mild Cognitive Impairment-Designing the MEMO_MOVE PROGRAM.

Dementia patients are at high risk for the decline of both physical and cognitive capacities, resulting in an increased risk of the loss of autonomy. Exercise is regarded as a non-pharmacological therapy for dementia, considering the potential benefits of preventing cognitive decline and improving physical fitness. In this paper, we aim to describe the different design stages for an exercise program combined with cognitive stimulation for a population with mild cognitive impairment, i.e., the MEMO_MOVE program. METHODS: The intervention design followed the Medical Research Council's guidelines for complex interventions and was structured according to the six steps in quality intervention development (6SQuID). The intervention was described considering the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR). In order to establish the intervention characteristics, a literature review was conducted to collate and analyze previous work, which provided a summary the type of exercise that should be implemented among this population. RESULTS: The MEMO_MOVE program was structured and described, regarding (i) inclusion of a cognitive stimulation component; (ii) the kind of cognitive stimulation; and (iii) the type of exercise, duration, frequency, intensity, and program length. CONCLUSIONS: A systematic step-by-step process design was followed to create a specific intervention to promote physical fitness and cognitive stimulation in individuals with mild dementia.

The effect of aerobic vs. resistance training on plasma homocysteine in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Elevated plasma homocysteine concentration is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which seems to be the main cause of increased mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Previous studies have demonstrated the effect of exercise on homocysteine levels and the magnitude of these benefits seems to depend on the type, mode and frequency of training. The present study aimed to compare the effects of aerobic and resistance training on plasma homocysteine in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The study included 15 individuals undergoing aerobic training, 14 subjects undergoing resistance training, and 18 individuals in the control group. Homocysteine, total cholesterol and fractions, glucose, and anthropometric measurements were conducted. The training program lasted 16 weeks. Aerobic training was performed twice a week and lasted 75 min, and resistance training was performed twice a week and lasted 75 min. Homocysteine levels were not significantly different between before and after training. High-density lipoprotein levels increased in both training groups and decreased in the control group. Glucose levels decreased after aerobic and resistance training. Body fat mass (percentage and total) decreased in both training group, but with more expression in the aerobic group. We conclude that 16-week aerobic and resistance training programs did not significantly affect plasma homocysteine levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, these training programs yielded positive results in HDL control, plasma glucose, and body composition.

Exercise with Music: An Innovative Approach to Increase Cognition and Reduce Depression in Institutionalized Elderly / Ejercicio con música: Un enfoque innovador para aumentar la cognición y reducir la depresión en ancianos institucionalizados / Exercício com música: uma proposta inovadora para otimização da cognição e da redução da depressão em idosos institucionalizados

Concerning dementia and depression prevention, non-pharmacological interventions such as cognitive-training are currently recommended as an alternative for the elderly, for the reason that they produce less side effects. Based on this perspective, the aim of this study was to identify the effects of movement with music upon cognition and depression in institutionalized elderly. A longitudinal study was conducted from November 2013 to February 2014 in Vila Real, Portugal. The sample included thirty-nine institutionalized healthy seniors over 60 years of age who were divided into two groups: music plus movement (MMG, n=20, 80.65±6.59 years) and cognitive training group without music (CTG, n=19, 83.68±6.54 years); both groups were submitted to an intervention period (4 months, 3x/week, 90min/session). Before and after the intervention period the following instruments were applied in both groups: Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (MPCR), and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-27). Both interventions proved to improve cognitive function, mental ability and depression. The interaction effect between programs' intervention and time was observed in language, mental ability, and depression indicators. Considering these variables, the magnitude of variation between moments was higher in the MMG in language and depression with a high effect value for depression (η2ρ =.342). In conclusion, this study emphasises the role of music and movement as a broad intervention in mental health, acting simultaneously as cognitive training and an anti-depressive

Actualmente las intervenciones no farmacológicas se recomiendan como alternativas en la prevención de la demencia y la depresión en los ancianos, porque tienen menos efectos secundarios. En esta perspectiva, este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar los efectos de una intervención que combina música y ejercicio en la cognición y la depresión en ancianos institucionalizados. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal de noviembre de 2013 a febrero de 2014 en dos instituciones de ancianos, en la ciudad de Vila Real, Portugal. La muestra incluyó a 39 individuos ancianos sanos institucionalizados mayores de 60 años que se dividieron en dos grupos: "grupo de música y ejercicios" (MMG, n = 20, 80.65 ± 6.59 años) y "grupo de entrenamiento cognitivo" (CTG, n = 19; 83.68 ± 6.54 años). Ambos fueron sometidos a un período de intervención (4 meses, 3 veces por semana, 90 minutos por sesión). Antes y después de la intervención, se utilizaron los siguientes instrumentos en ambos grupos: Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Test de Matrices Coloridas de Raven (MPCR) y Escala de Depresión Geriátrica (GDS-27). Ambas intervenciones mostraron mejoras en la función cognitiva, la capacidad mental y la depresión. El efecto de interacción entre los programas de intervención y el tiempo se observó en el lenguaje, la capacidad mental y la depresión. Teniendo en cuenta estas variables, la amplitud de la variación entre los momentos fue mayor en el lenguaje y la depresión en el grupo MMG, y se encontró un alto valor de efecto para la depresión (η2ρ = 0.342). En conclusión, este estudio enfatiza el papel de la música y del movimiento como una intervención más completa en la salud mental, actuando simultáneamente en el entrenamiento cognitivo y en la depresión

Hoje em dia, as intervenções não farmacológicas são recomendadas como alternativas na prevenção da demência e depressão em idosos, porque apresentam menos efeitos secundários. No âmbito desta perspetiva, o presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar os efeitos de uma intervenção combinando a música e o exercício na cognição e depressão em idosos institucionalizados. Foi realizado um estudo longitudinal de Novembro de 2013 a Fevereiro de 2014 em duas instituições de idosos, na cidade de Vila Real, Portugal. A amostra incluiu 39 idosos saudáveis institucionalizados, com idade superior a 60 anos, que foram divididos em dois grupos: "grupo música e exercício" (MMG, n= 20; 80.65±6.59 anos) e "grupo de treino cognitivo" (CTG, n=19; 83.68±6.54 anos). Ambos foram sujeitos a um período de intervenção (4 meses, 3x/semana, 90min/sessão). Antes e depois da intervenção foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos em ambos os grupos: Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Matrizes Coloridas de Raven (MPCR), e a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (GDS-27). Ambas as intervenções evidenciaram melhorias na função cognitiva, capacidade mental e na depressão. O efeito de interação entre os programas de intervenção e o tempo foi observado na linguagem, capacidade mental e depressão. Considerando estas variáveis, a amplitude da variação entre os momentos foi maior na linguagem e na depressão no grupo MMG, sendo o tamanho do efeito grande na depressão (η2ρ = 0,342). Em conclusão, este estudo enfatiza o papel da música e do movimento como uma intervenção mais completa na saúde mental, atuando simultaneamente no treino cognitivo e na depressão

Effect of Strength Training on Plasma Levels of Homocysteine in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of strength training on plasma homocysteine levels and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: The sample consisted of 14 diabetic women with a mean age of 68 ± 6 years. Biochemical evaluations and anthropometric measurements were taken before and after training. Training sessions lasted 50 min and comprised three sets of 8-12 repetitions each. The established load was 60% of 1 repetition maximum. RESULTS: After the training program, it was observed that the levels of homocysteine (average before 13.4 ± 2.9 and after 12.8 ± 3.3, P = 0.40), very low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (average before 41.9 ± 17.0 and after 36.2 ± 11.8, P = 0.47), total cholesterol (average before 214.4 ± 60.6 and after 190.2 ± 62.3, P = 0.09), triglycerides (average before 209.3 ± 85.4 and after 181.5 ± 59.2, P = 0.47), and blood glucose (average before 123.5 ± 30.4 and after 110.1 ± 24.7, P = 0.26) showed no significant changes, but the LDL (average before 129.1 ± 63.4 and after 95.7 ± 53.3, P = 0.04), high-density lipoprotein (average before 43.2 ± 12.0 and after 58.2 ± 15.6, P = 0.01), lean mass (average before 41.1 ± 5.7 and after 42.8 ± 5.4, P = 0.008), fat mass (average before 31.4 ± 8.8 and after 29.7 ± 8.5, P = 0.001), and percentage fat (average before 42.6 ± 4.0 and after 40.3 ± 4.6, P = 0.000) showed significant changes. CONCLUSIONS: This study concluded that strength training does not improve homocysteine levels, but help to improve the lipoprotein profile in type 2 diabetic patients.

Intervention with a combined physical exercise training to reduce oxidative stress of women over 40 years of age.

Exercise training has been shown to be one of the most important lifestyle factor for improving functional performance and health status. Nevertheless, and although some evidence exists about the effects of aerobic training on oxidative stress, there is scarce information concerning the effects of combined exercise training (aerobic and strength training) in oxidative stress. Considering this, the aim of this study was to verify the effects of a combined exercise training in oxidative stress parameters of women over 40 years of age. At baseline, 67 women enrolled in the study and were divided into three groups: younger group (YG, n = 28: 40 to 49 years), middle-aged group (MAG, n = 21: 50 to 59 years) and oldest group (OG, n = 18: above 60 years). These women engaged in a combined exercise training program for 16 weeks, 3 sessions of 60 min per week. At the end of the program, only 31 women (YG: 15; MAG: 8 and OG: 8) were remained in the study and were considered for analysis. Physical assessments (weight, height, body mass index and waist circumference), health and functional parameters (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fitness tests: supine, latissimus, squat jump, 8 foot up and go test, 30 second chair stand test, and 6 min walk test) and measures of DNA damage (DNA SBs, DNA netFPG), lipid peroxidation (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and catalase activity (CAT) were performed before and after the 16-week intervention with combined exercise. The results showed an improvement of overall physical and functional performance as well as a significant decrease in waist perimeter and systolic blood pressure after the exercise program intervention. Regarding the biochemical measures, the exercise training induced a significant decrease in oxidative damage, and a significant increase in the TAC (p < 0.05). The results indicate that combined exercise training induces benefits in functional capacity and reduce damage caused by oxidative stress.

Influence of acupuncture on the pain perception threshold of muscles submitted to repetitive strain / Influência da acupuntura no limiar de percepção dolorosa de musculatura submetida a esforço repetitivo

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Muscle pain is one of the causes of the leave of absence in physical activities, as well as limiting factor in sports performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the early and late response to the pain perception threshold after acupuncture in a single application, in subjects submitted to repetitive strain. METHODS: Clinical-experimental quantitative trial, with control group and blind, with 47 healthy women, aged between 18 and 55 years (36.3±10.6), divided deterministically by sequential alternation to the groups: acupuncture (GACP n=16), Sham (Gsham n=16) and control (CGRT n=15). The repetitive strain was performed in the Reformer equipment of the Pilates method, before and after the intervention, with 0,25x40mm needles. The GACP received the needling at point ST36 (Zusanli). The Gsham received superficial needling out of the acupuncture point, and the CGRT only performed the exercise. All patients had the needles for 20 minutes, except for the CGRT who remained only at rest. A digital pressure algometer was used at point BL57 (Chengshan). The algometry was conducted before the intervention and the exercise, immediately after, and after 24 hours. RESULTS: The GACP showed a significant increase in the pain perception threshold when compared to Gsham (p =0.021) and to CGRT (p<0.001) and after 24 hours, with CGRT (p=0.006). The results were coherent with the acupuncture theoretical foundations, suggesting the release of opioid analgesics and applicability in the recovery of post-exercise sore muscles. CONCLUSION: A single acupuncture intervention was able to increase the Pain Perception Threshold immediately and after 24 hours.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor muscular é uma das causas de afastamento de práticas de atividades físicas e fator limitante no desempenho desportivo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta imediata e tardia do limiar de percepção dolorosa após estímulo de acupuntura em uma única aplicação, em sujeitos submetidos a esforço repetitivo. MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico-experimental, quantitativo, com grupo controle e encoberto, 47 mulheres sadias, com idades entre 18 e 55 anos (36,3±10,6), separadas por alocação determinista por alternância sequencial em grupos: acupuntura (GACP n=16), Sham (Gsham n=16) e controle (GCRT n=15). Realizou-se o esforço repetitivo no equipamento Reformer do método Pilates, antes e após a intervenção com agulhas 0,25x40mm. O GACP recebeu agulhamento no ponto E36 (Zusanli). O Gsham agulhamento superficial, fora do ponto de estímulo de acupuntura e o GCRT só realizou o exercício. Todos permaneceram 20 min com agulhas e o GCRT só em repouso. Utilizou-se um algômetro de pressão digital no ponto B57 (Chengshan). A algometria foi realizada antes da intervenção e do exercício, imediatamente após, e após 24 horas. RESULTADOS: O GACP teve aumento significativo do limiar de percepção dolorosa no momento imediato, quando comparado ao Gsham (p=0,021) e ao GCRT (p<0,001), e após 24 horas com o GCRT (p=0,006). Houve coerência dos resultados com as bases teóricas do estímulo da acupuntura, sugerindo liberação de opioides analgésicos e aplicabilidade em recuperação de dores musculares pós-exercícios. CONCLUSÃO: Uma única intervenção de acupuntura foi capaz de aumentar o limiar de percepção dolorosa de imediato e após 24 horas.

Oxidative Stress Function in Women over 40 Years of Age, Considering Their Lifestyle.

Aging is dependent on biological processes that determine the aging of the organism at the cellular level. The Oxidative Stress Theory of Aging might explain some of the age-related changes in cell macromolecules. Moreover, exposome and lifestyle may also induce changes in cell damage induced by oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to analyze the related redox changes in lymphocyte function of healthy women over 40 years old. Three groups: younger (YG: 40-49 years), middle aged (MAG: 50-59 years), and older (OG: ≥60 years) were evaluated on anthropometric variables, blood pressure, cardiovascular fitness, lifestyle habits, perceived stress, DNA damage, malondialdehyde, catalase activity, and total antioxidant capacity. Physical activity and cardiovascular fitness were significantly higher in YG and MAG as compared to the OG. Systolic blood pressure increased significantly with group age. Frequency and total amount of alcohol intake were lower in the OG and higher in the MAG. No significant differences were observed between the three groups in oxidative stress parameters. Only alcohol consumption was associated with the higher DNA FPG-sensitive sites, and only in the YG (p < 0.05). Healthy lifestyle is critical to avoiding major ailments associated with aging. This may be inferred from the lack of significant differences in the various oxidative stress parameters measured in the healthy women over the age of 40 who took part in the study. Conscious lifestyle behaviors (decrease in alcohol and smoking habits) could have impaired the expected age-related oxidative stress increase.

Monoamines and cortisol as potential mediators of the relationship between exercise and depressive symptoms.

A randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the effects of exercise plus pharmacotherapy on monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, serotonin) and cortisol levels. A total of 26 women with clinical depression were randomly assigned to one of the two groups: aerobic exercise plus pharmacotherapy or only pharmacotherapy. The exercise program consisted of aerobic exercise, 45-50 min/session, three times/week, for 16 weeks. The biological parameters were measured before and after the exercise program. Adding exercise to pharmacotherapy had no additional effects on monoamines and cortisol plasma levels. These data are preliminary outcomes from a small sample and should be replicated.

Impact of physical exercise on catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in depressive patients: A preliminary communication.

BACKGROUND: Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is a catabolic enzyme involved in the degradation of bioactive molecules including the neurotransmitters epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Higher COMT activity in depressive patients in comparison to non-depressed individuals has been reported. The effect of aerobic exercise on depressive patients has been studied and a number of researchers and clinicians believe it to be effective in the treatment of depression and to be involved in several molecular underlying mechanisms. However, the effect of physical exercise on this enzyme activity is unknown, and it remains to be elucidated if chronic exercise changes COMT activity. This randomized control trial evaluates the effects of chronic exercise on peripheral COMT (S-COMT) activity in women with depressive disorder. METHODS: Fourteen women (aged: 51.4±10.5 years) diagnosed with depression (according to International Classification of Diseases-10) were randomized to one of two groups: pharmacotherapy plus physical exercise (n=7) or only pharmacotherapy (n=7). The aerobic exercise program was supervised, lasting between 45-50min/session, three times/week for 16 weeks. Erythrocyte soluble COMT were assessed prior to and after the exercise program. RESULTS: Exercise group when compared to a control group presented a significant decrease (p=0.02, r=-0.535) in S-COMT activity between baseline and post-intervention. LIMITATIONS: These data are preliminary outcomes from a small sample and should be replicated. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic exercise therapy combined with pharmacotherapy leads to significant decrease in S-COMT activity. Our results provide evidence that exercise interferes with S-COMT activity, a molecular mechanism involved in depression.

Effects of physical exercise training in DNA damage and repair activity in humans with different genetic polymorphisms of hOGG1 (Ser326Cys).

The main purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the possible influence of genetic polymorphisms of the hOGG1 (Ser326Cys) gene in DNA damage and repair activity by 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1 enzyme) in response to 16 weeks of combined physical exercise training. Thirty-two healthy Caucasian men (40-74 years old) were enrolled in this study. All the subjects were submitted to a training of 16 weeks of combined physical exercise. The subjects with Ser/Ser genotype were considered as wild-type group (WTG), and Ser/Cys and Cys/Cys genotype were analysed together as mutant group (MG). We used comet assay in conjunction with formamidopyrimidine DNA glycoslyase (FPG) to analyse both strand breaks and FPG-sensitive sites. DNA repair activity were also analysed with the comet assay technique. Our results showed no differences between DNA damage (both strand breaks and FPG-sensitive sites) and repair activity (OGG1) between genotype groups (in the pre-training condition). Regarding the possible influence of genotype in the response to 16 weeks of physical exercise training, the results revealed a decrease in DNA strand breaks in both groups, a decrease in FPG-sensitive sites and an increase in total antioxidant capacity in the WTG, but no changes were found in MG. No significant changes in DNA repair activity was observed in both genotype groups with physical exercise training. This preliminary study suggests the possibility of different responses in DNA damage to the physical exercise training, considering the hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism.

Effects of structured exercise and pharmacotherapy vs. pharmacotherapy for adults with depressive symptoms: A randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Physical exercise has been consistently documented as a complementary therapy in the treatment of depressive disorders. However, despite a higher prevalence among women compared to men, the trials developed in women are scarce. In addition, the optimal dosage of exercise capable of producing benefits that reduce depressive symptoms remains unclear. This clinical trial is designed to measure the effect of a structured physical exercise program as a complement to antidepressant medication in the treatment of women with depression. METHODS: From July 2013 to May 2014, we implemented a randomized controlled trial (HAPPY BRAIN study). A total of 26 women (aged 50.16 ± 12.08) diagnosed with clinical depression were randomized either to a supervised aerobic exercise group (45-50 min/week three times a week for four months) plus pharmacotherapy (intervention group), or only antidepressant medication (control group). RESULTS: The exercise group presented a decrease in BDI-II and DASS-21 total score scales. Relatively to DASS-21, it showed a significant decrease in anxiety and stress. The exercise group when compared to a control group showed improvement in relation to physical functioning parameters between baseline and post-intervention. Moreover, anthropometric parameters presented only significant differences between groups in fat mass percentage. Nonetheless, no differences were found between groups in weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and self-esteem. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that supervised structured aerobic exercise training could be an effective adjuvant therapy for treating women with depression, reducing depressive symptomatology and improving physical fitness. A key factor of this improvement included strict control of exercise workload parameters and adjustment to each subject's capacity. In our study, due to the sample size there is an increase in the probability of type II errors.

Efeito do treinamento aeróbio nos níveis de homocisteína em indivíduos diabéticos do tipo 2 / Effect of aerobic training on plasma levels of homocysteine in patients with type 2 diabetes / Efecto del entrenamiento aeróbico en los niveles de homocisteína en individuos diabéticos del tipo 2

INTRODUÇÃO: Os programas de treinamento aeróbio têm demonstrado bons resultados no controle das variáveis de risco cardiovascular em indivíduos diabéticos; no entanto, os efeitos nos níveis de homocisteína não estão claros. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos do treinamento aeróbio nos níveis plasmáticos de homocisteína e fatores de risco cardiovascular em indivíduos diabéticos do tipo 2.MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 15 mulheres com diabetes do tipo 2 e média de idade 68,86 ± 11,2 anos. Todos os indivíduos da amostra foram submetidos a um teste de avaliação do consumo máximo de oxigénio (VO2máx) seguindo o protocolo de Bruce, avaliação da pressão arterial e avaliação antropométrica. Foi também efetuada uma coleta de 10 ml de sangue (veia antecubital) em jejum de no mínimo 12 horas. O plasma foi separado e processado para posterior análise da concentração de homocisteína (mmol/l), colesterol total (mg/dl), lipoproteína de muito baixa densidade (VLDL) (mg/dl), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) (mg/dl), lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) (mg/dl), triglicérides (mg/dl) e glicemia (mg/dl). Os testes foram feitos antes e após 16 semanas de treinamento aeróbio. O programa foi realizado com 2 sessões de treinamento não consecutivas por semana, com intensidade compreendida entre 60% e 70% da frequência cardíaca máxima e duração de 75 minutos por sessão.RESULTADOS: Os resultados observados revelam que o programa de exercício físico induziu uma diminuição não significativa da concentração plasmática de homocisteína. Foram ainda identificadas melhorias do perfil lipídico e do Consumo Máximo de Oxigênio (VO2máx), diminuição da glicemia, da pressão arterial diastólica, do percentual de gordura e massa gorda.CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que o programa de treinamento aeróbio reduziu o risco cardiovascular em indivíduos diabéticos do tipo 2, embora a alteração da homocisteína não tenha sido significativa.

INTRODUCTION: Aerobic training programs have shown good control of cardiovascular risk variables in diabetic subjects, but the effects on homocysteine levels remains unclear. Objective: To analyze the effects of aerobic training on plasma homocysteine levels and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.METHODS: The study included 15 women with type 2 diabetes, mean age 68.86 ± 11.2 years. All individuals in the sample underwent an evaluation test of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) according to Bruce protocol, evaluation of blood pressure and anthropometric measurements. Additionally, a sample of venous blood (10ml from cubital vein) was drawn from subjects fasted for at least 12 hours. The plasma was separated and processed for further analysis of homocysteine concentration (mmol/l), total cholesterol (mg/dl), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) (mg/dl), low density lipoprotein (LDL) (mg/dl), high density lipoprotein (HDL) (mg/dl), triglycerides (mg/dl) and blood glucose (mg/dl). The tests were done before the aerobic training and repeated 16 weeks later. The program consisted of 2 non-consecutive training sessions of 75 minutes a week, between 60% and 70% of maximum heart rate.RESULTS: The observed results show that physical exercise program induced a non-significant decrease in plasma concentration of homocysteine. Were also identified improvements in lipid profile and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), decreased blood glucose, diastolic blood pressure, body fat percentage and body fat.CONCLUSION: The aerobic training program reduced cardiovascular risk factor in individuals with type 2 diabetes, although homocysteine decline was not significant.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los programas de entrenamiento aeróbico han demostrado buenos resultados en el control de las variables de riesgo cardiovascular en individuos diabéticos, sin embargo, los efectos en los niveles de homocisteína no están claros. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos del entrenamiento aeróbico en los niveles plasmáticos de homocisteína y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en individuos diabéticos del tipo 2.MÉTODOS: Participaron en el estudio 15 mujeres con diabetes del tipo 2 y promedio de edad de 68,86 ± 11,2 años. Todos los individuos de la muestra fueron sometidos a un test de evaluación del consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx) siguiendo el protocolo de Bruce, evaluación de la presión arterial y evaluación antropométrica. Fue también efectuada una colecta de 10 ml de sangre (vena antecubital) en ayunas de como mínimo 12 horas. El plasma fue separado y procesado para posterior análisis de la concentración de homocisteína (mmol/l), colesterol total (mg/dl), Lipoproteína de Muy Baja Densidad (VLDL) (mg/dl), Lipoproteína de Baja Densidad (LDL) (mg/dl), Lipoproteína de Alta Densidad (HDL) (mg/dl), triglicéridos (mg/dl) y glucemia (mg/dl). Los tests fueron realizados antes y después de 16 semanas de entrenamiento aeróbico. El programa fue realizado con 2 sesiones de entrenamiento no consecutivas por semana, con una intensidad comprendida entre 60-70% de la frecuencia cardíaca máxima y una duración de 75 minutos por sesión.RESULTADOS: Los resultados observados revelan que el programa de ejercicio físico indujo a una disminución no significativa de la concentración plasmática de homocisteína. Fueron además identificadas mejoras del perfil lipídico y del Consumo Máximo de Oxígeno (VO2máx), disminución de la glucemia, de la presión arterial diastólica, del porcentual de grasa y masa gorda.CONCLUSIÓN: Se concluye que el programa de entrenamiento aeróbico redujo el riesgo cardiovascular en individuos diabéticos del tipo 2, aunque la alteración de la homocisteína no haya sido significativa.

Effects of combined physical exercise training on DNA damage and repair capacity: role of oxidative stress changes.

Regular physical exercise has been shown to be one of the most important lifestyle influences on improving functional performance, decreasing morbidity and all causes of mortality among older people. However, it is known that acute physical exercise may induce an increase in oxidative stress and oxidative damage in several structures, including DNA. Considering this, the purpose of this study was to identify the effects of 16 weeks of combined physical exercise in DNA damage and repair capacity in lymphocytes. In addition, we aimed to investigate the role of oxidative stress involved in those changes. Fifty-seven healthy men (40 to 74 years) were enrolled in this study. The sample was divided into two groups: the experimental group (EG), composed of 31 individuals, submitted to 16 weeks of combined physical exercise training; and the control group (CG), composed of 26 individuals, who did not undergo any specifically orientated physical activity. We observed an improvement of overall physical performance in the EG, after the physical exercise training. A significant decrease in DNA strand breaks and FPG-sensitive sites was found after the physical exercise training, with no significant changes in 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase enzyme activity. An increase was observed in antioxidant activity, and a decrease was found in lipid peroxidation levels after physical exercise training. These results suggest that physical exercise training induces protective effects against DNA damage in lymphocytes possibly related to the increase in antioxidant capacity.

How can age and lifestyle variables affect DNA damage, repair capacity and endogenous biomarkers of oxidative stress?

Age-related DNA damage has been regarded as one of the possible explanations of aging, and these age-related changes have been associated with lifestyle variables. Considering this, the purpose of this study was to investigate how age and lifestyle may affect DNA damage, DNA repair capacity and endogenous biomarkers of oxidative stress. Sixty-one healthy men (40 to 89 yrs) were enrolled in this study. The results showed that DNA strand breaks (DNA SBs) and DNA repair capacity were greater in the older group (>=65 yrs) compared to the younger group (<65 yrs) (p<0.05). FPG-sensitive sites, total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation (MDA) were not statistically different between groups. The correlation test showed that DNA damage variables were not correlated with any lifestyle variable excepting DNA SBs which was correlated with aerobic capacity (6MWT). DNA SBs and DNA repair were positively correlated with age. The multiple regression analysis revealed that the aerobic capacity (6MWT) and MDA were the predictors for the variation of DNA SBs (41.9%). In conclusion these results suggest that DNA SB damage increases with age but not FPG-sensitive sites. Moreover, base excision repair capacity increases with age without the increase of oxidative damage to DNA. The most predictable variables of DNA SBs were the aerobic capacity and MDA.

Aging and DNA damage in humans: a meta­analysis study.

Age­related DNA damage is regarded as one of the possible explanations of aging. Although a generalized idea about the accumulation of DNA damage with age exists, results found in the literature are inconsistent. To better understand the question of age­related DNA damage in humans and to identify possible moderator variables, a metaanalysis was conducted. Electronic databases and bibliographies for studies published since 2004 were searched. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for age­related DNA damage were calculated in a random­effects model. A total of 76 correlations from 36 studies with 4676 participants were included. Based on our analysis, a correlation between age and DNA damage was found (r=0.230, p=0.000; 95% confidence interval=0.111­0.342). The test for heterogeneity of variance indicates that the study´s results are significantly high (Q (75)=1754.831, p=0.000). Moderator variables such as smoking habits, technique used, and the tissue/sample analyzed, are shown to influence age­related DNA damage (p=0.026; p=0.000; p=0.000, respectively). Nevertheless, sex did not show any influence on this relation (p=0.114). In conclusion, this meta­analysis showed an association between age and DNA damage in humans. It was also found that smoking habits, the technique used, and tissue/sample analyzed, are important moderator variables in age­related DNA damage.