Extensive cone-dependent spectral opponency within a discrete zone of the lateral geniculate nucleus supporting mouse color vision.

Color vision, originating with opponent processing of spectrally distinct photoreceptor signals, plays important roles in animal behavior.1-4 Surprisingly, however, comparatively little is understood about color processing in the brain, including in widely used laboratory mammals such as mice. The retinal gradient in S- and M-cone opsin (co-)expression has traditionally been considered an impediment to mouse color vision.5-8 However, recent data indicate that mice exhibit robust chromatic discrimination within the central-upper visual field.9 Retinal color opponency has been reported to emerge from superimposing inhibitory surround receptive fields on the cone opsin expression gradient, and by introducing opponent rod signals in retinal regions with sparse M-cone opsin expression.10-13 The relative importance of these proposed mechanisms in determining the properties of neurons at higher visual processing stages remains unknown. We address these questions using multielectrode recordings from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in mice with altered M-cone spectral sensitivity (Opn1mwR) and multispectral stimuli that allow selective modulation of signaling by individual opsin classes. Remarkably, we find many (∼25%) LGN cells are color opponent, that such cells are localized to a distinct medial LGN zone and that their properties cannot simply be explained by the proposed retinal opponent mechanisms. Opponent responses in LGN can be driven solely by cones, independent of cone-opsin expression gradients and rod input, with many cells exhibiting spatially congruent antagonistic receptive fields. Our data therefore suggest previously unidentified mechanisms may support extensive and sophisticated color processing in the mouse LGN.

Modulations in irradiance directed at melanopsin, but not cone photoreceptors, reliably alter electrophysiological activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and circadian behaviour in mice.

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells convey intrinsic, melanopsin-based, photoreceptive signals alongside those produced by rods and cones to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) circadian clock. To date, experimental data suggest that melanopsin plays a more significant role in measuring ambient light intensity than cone photoreception. Such studies have overwhelmingly used diffuse light stimuli, whereas light intensity in the world around us varies across space and time. Here, we investigated the extent to which melanopsin or cone signals support circadian irradiance measurements in the presence of naturalistic spatiotemporal variations in light intensity. To address this, we first presented high- and low-contrast movies to anaesthetised mice whilst recording extracellular electrophysiological activity from the SCN. Using a mouse line with altered cone sensitivity (Opn1mwR mice) and multispectral light sources we then selectively varied irradiance of the movies for specific photoreceptor classes. We found that steps in melanopic irradiance largely account for the light induced-changes in SCN activity over a range of starting light intensities and in the presence of spatiotemporal modulation. By contrast, cone-directed changes in irradiance only influenced SCN activity when spatiotemporal contrast was low. Consistent with these findings, under housing conditions where we could independently adjust irradiance for melanopsin versus cones, the period lengthening effects of constant light on circadian rhythms in behaviour were reliably determined by melanopic irradiance, regardless of irradiance for cones. These data add to the growing evidence that modulating effective irradiance for melanopsin is an effective strategy for controlling the circadian impact of light.