Development of metformin HCl granules using brown flaxseed mucilage as a retardant polymer: effects of polymer and drug ratio

Abstract Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is the seed of a multipurpose plant of pharmaceutical interest, as its mucilage can be used as a natural matrix to develop extended-release dosage forms and potentially replace synthetic polymers. In this study, a 3² factorial design with two replicates of the central point was applied to optimize the development of extended-release granules of metformin HCl. The total fiber content of the mucilage as well as the friability and dissolution of the formulations were evaluated. The lyophilized mucilage presented a high total fiber content (42.63%), which suggests a high efficiency extraction process. Higher concentrations of the mucilage and metformin HCl yielded less friable granules. In addition, lower concentrations of metformin HCl and higher concentrations of the mucilage resulted in slower drug release during the dissolution assays. The release kinetics for most formulations were better represented by the Hixson-Crowell model, while formulations containing a higher concentration of the mucilage were represented by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Nonetheless, five formulations showed a longer release than the reference HPMC formulation. More desirable results were obtained with a higher concentration of the mucilage (13-18%) and a lower concentration of metformin (40%).

Fitovigilância: avaliação das interações e reações adversas de fitoterápicos no mercado / Phytosurveillance: evaluation of interactions and adverse reactions of herbal medicines on the market

Introdução: O uso de plantas medicinais como insumos farmacêuticos ativos vegetais (IFAV), bem como o uso de fitoterápicos e suas associações com outros medicamentos fitoterápicos e os insumos farmacêuticos ativos (IFA) sintéticos, pode resultar em interações que afetem a eficácia e o uso seguro desses. O principal meio de notificações de reação adversa a medicamento (RAM) é a voluntária, o que dificulta a identificação e o monitoramento dessas RAM e retrata a importância da farmacovigilância em nosso país, realçando a necessidade de fortalecimento da cultura de notificação de eventos adversos a medicamentos (EAM). Objetivo: Analisar a ocorrência de RAM relacionada ao uso simultâneo de cinco fitoterápicos a outros sintéticos, descrevendo as possíveis interações IFAV-IFA sintéticos. Método: Foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica sobre as interações IFAV-IFA sintéticos e suas notificações de RAM pelos principais sistemas de farmacovigilância do mundo. Resultados: Os principais mecanismos de interação entre IFAV-IFA sintéticos envolvem a metabolização pelas enzimas da família CYP450 ou a ação de transportadores de efluxo como a gp-P. Além disso, grande parte dos EAM fitoterápicos podem não estar sendo notificados, gerando possível subnotificação dessas informações no mundo. Conclusões: Sobre RAM contendo IFAV de Ginkgo biloba, Hypericum perforatum, Matricaria recutita, Allium sativum e Zingiber officinale, foram relatados 7.571 no mundo, classificados por continente, no período de 1971 a agosto de 2021, bem como lista de espécies vegetais da lista do Renisus que apresentam efeitos relatados nas enzimas CYP (1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 e 3A4), níveis de GSH, UGT e atividade da gp-P.

Introduction: The use of medicinal plants as active plant pharmaceutical ingredients (APPIs) as well as the use of herbal medicines and their associations with other herbal medicines and synthetic active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) can result in interactions that affect the efficacy and safe use of these. The main means of reporting adverse drug reactions (ADR) is voluntary, which makes the identification and monitoring of these ADRs difficult and portrays the importance of pharmacovigilance in our country, highlighting the need to strengthen the culture of reporting adverse drug events (ADE). Objective: To analyze the occurrence of ADR related to the simultaneous use of five herbal medicines with other synthetics, describing possible synthetic APPI-API interactions. Method: A literature search was carried out on synthetic APPI-API interactions and their notifications of ADR by the main pharmacovigilance systems in the world. Results: The main interaction mechanisms between synthetic APPI-API involve the metabolism by enzymes of the CYP450 family or the action of efflux transporters such as P-gp. In addition, a large part of phytotherapeutic AEM may not be being notified, generating possible underreporting of this information in the world. Conclusions: On ADR containing APPI from Ginkgo biloba, Hypericum perforatum, Matricaria recutita, Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale, 7,571 were reported worldwide, classified by continent, in the period 1971 to August 2021, as well as the list of plant species on the list of RENISUS that have reported effects on CYP enzymes (1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4), levels of GSH, UGT and P-gp activity.

Repellency effect of Pilocarpus spicatus A. St.-Hil essential oil and nanoemulsion against Rhipicephalus microplus larvae.

Rhipicephalus microplus, the cattle tick, is a major cause of economic losses in bovine production. Due to the widespread acaricidal resistance to commercially available products, as well as their toxicity and environmental impact, alternative control methods are required. Nanoformulations produced from plant extracts as bioactive substances are very promising as innovative acaricidal agents. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro repellent activity of Pilocarpus spicatus essential oil and its nanoemulsion against R. microplus, using larval repellent test (RT). The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The nanoemulsion was prepared with 5% essential oil, 5% tween 80, and 90% water, using the phase inversion method (50 mg/mL). Limonene was the major component (46.8%) of the essential oil, as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and confirmed by flame ionization detection (GC/FID). According to the RT results, the essential oil had a repellent activity greater than 69%, from concentrations of 3.12 mg/mL (69.81 ± 10%) to 50 mg/mL (98.10 ± 0.6%), whereas the nanoemulsion at 50 mg/mL presented repellent activities of 97.14 ± 1.37% and 97.89 ± 0.52% 6 and 10 h after treatment, respectively. These values regarding to total repellency were very close to those calculated for mortality corrected by Abbott's formula. The phase inversion method preserved the chemical and physical characteristics of the essential oil since both reached an equal repellent effect at the same concentration. Therefore, P. spicatus essential oil and nanoemulsion had excellent repellent activities against R. microplus larvae, demonstrating its potential for future use as an alternative for tick control.

Isolation of mitraphylline from Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC. barks and development of spectrophotometric method for total alkaloids determination in Cat's Claw samples.

INTRODUCTION: The usual quality control for Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC. barks requires highly specific analytical standards and methods based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which impacts the costs of the analytical process and the final products. OBJECTIVE: To obtain an analytical reference standard of mitraphylline by isolation from U. tomentosa barks and develop a spectrophotometric method for determination of total alkaloids in samples of U. tomentosa. METHODOLOGY: An alkaloid-enriched extract was obtained by acid-base partition and mitraphylline was selectively precipitated using an 80:20 v/v toluene/hexane solution. The compound was characterised by HPLC-UV/DAD (diode-array detector), mass spectrometry, UV-visible, infrared (IR) and 1 H- and 13 C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Sample preparation for the spectrophotometric method consisted of an extraction with boiling methanol (3 × 10 mL, 15 min), followed by a strong cation exchange solid phase extraction (SCX-SPE) clean-up. RESULTS: Mitraphylline with a purity of 98% was isolated in 0.05% m/m yield. All characterisation results were in agreement with previous published data. The spectrophotometric method showed linear range between 0.40 and 20 µg/mL; limits of detection and quantification of 0.15 and 0.49 µg/mg, respectively; dispersion of results lower than 5% for repeatability and intermediate precision; statistically proven accuracy by comparison with reference values obtained by Soxhlet and an HPLC-UV/DAD method; and robustness in relation to sample mass extracted and extraction time. CONCLUSION: The methods developed to obtain mitraphylline analytical standard from U. tomentosa barks and to determine total alkaloids by spectrophotometry provided a cheaper and faster quality control alternative for U. tomentosa samples.

In vitro release and anti-herpetic activity of Cymbopogon citratus volatile oil-loaded nanogel

Abstract This study aimed to prepare hydrogel containing Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Poaceae, volatile oil encapsulated in poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles and to evaluate its in vitro anti-herpetic activity. Polymeric nanoparticles were prepared by solvent emulsification-diffusion method and incorporated in carbomer hydrogels. In vitro release profiles for the nanogel, loaded nanoparticles and hydrogel containing free oil were evaluated by dialysis. Inhibitory activities against Herpes simplex for the formulations were investigated in Vero cells. Hydrogel was developed using nanoparticles with mean diameter of 217.1 nm and negative Zeta potential (−20.5 mV). Volatile oil release profile showed a biphasic pattern with an initial faster release and subsequent sustained phase in all formulations. Nanogel strongly inhibited virus in a non-cytotoxic concentration, 42.16 times lower than free oil, 8.76 and 2.23 times than loaded nanoparticles and hydrogel containing free oil, respectively. These results highlight the potential of nanogel to protect oil against volatilization, control release and improve its anti-herpetic activity.

Decontamination of Mikania glomerata Leaves by Gamma Irradiation: Coumarin Determination by HPLC-DAD, Microbiological Control and Genotoxicological Studies.

Gamma irradiation as a decontaminating physical agent could be an important tool in the production chain of herbal medicines by improving the microbiological quality of raw materials and the safety of final products. This study was undertaken to investigate the genotoxic potential and eventual chemical modifications of a batch of Mikania glomerata raw material decontaminated by different doses of gamma irradiation (2.0, 3.5, and 5.0 kGy), using a cesium-137 source. DNA damage was assessed in vitro by agarose gel electrophoresis in regard to double-chain breaks of plasmid pUC 9.1 DNA and in vivo by micronucleus test in bone marrow cells of Wistar rats. Cytotoxicity in bone marrows was assessed by scoring polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes ratio. An HPLC-DAD method was adapted and validated for the enhancement of coumarin selectivity from the other matrix constituents. The microbial load was satisfactorily reduced, leading to sterilization at the highest dose. Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects were not increased in the in vitro and in vivo models. The concentration of coumarin and the chromatographic profiles of the hydroalcoholic plant extracts (ethanol 70% v/v) were not modified after such process. Therefore, this work suggests that gamma irradiation of M. glomerata raw material is suitable and safe for microbiological control purposes at the employed doses.

Acaricidal properties of the essential oil from Zanthoxylum caribaeum against Rhipicephalus microplus.

Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lamarck (Rutaceae) is plant species with a variety of medical applications, including insecticidal activity. This study determined the bioacaricidal activity of the essential oil from Z. caribaeum leaves against engorged Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) females using the adult immersion test. For this purpose, three serial concentrations (5.0, 2.5, and 1.25%, vol:vol, in 1% dimetilsulfoxide) of the essential oil were used. Essential oil 5% caused 65% mortality on the first day after treatment, 85% on the second day, and 100% mortality by the fifth day. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the acaricidal activity of the essential oil from Z. caribaeum leaves against cattle ticks.

Improvement of fluconazole flowability and its effect on dissolution from tablets and capsules / Melhoria da fluidez fluconazol e seu efeito sobre a dissolução de comprimidos e cápsulas

The aim of this work was to improve fluconazole flowability by wet granulation and to study the effect of granulation on drug dissolution from tablets and capsules. Fluconazole was submitted to a process of wet granulation in a high-speed granulator using Plasdone® K29/32 or K90. Flow properties of granules and dissolution profiles for tablets and capsules produced with them were determined. Fluconazole granules demonstrated better flowability, calculated by angle of repose and compressibility index data, compared with powder. Additionally, it was observed that the granulation process improved the dissolution efficiency (ED) of fluconazole from tablets and capsules, which could also suggest an increase in bioavailability. Higher dissolution efficiencies were achieved with Plasdone® K29/32.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi melhorar as características de fluxo do fluconazol com o emprego da granulação úmida e estudar o efeito desse processo na dissolução do fármaco em cápsulas e comprimidos. O fluconazol foi submetido ao processo de granulação úmida num granulador de alta velocidade empregando Plasdone K29/32 e K90. Foram determinadas as propriedades de fluxo dos grânulos e obtidos os perfis de dissolução de cápsulas e comprimidos obtidos com os granulados em estudo. Os grânulos de fluconazol apresentaram melhores características de fluxo após o processamento, demonstradas por meio das determinações do ângulo de repouso e do índice de compressibilidade, comparativamente à matéria-prima. Adicionalmente, observou-se que o processo de granulação melhorou a eficiência de dissolução (ED) do fluconazol nos comprimidos e cápsulas.

Dissolution parameters for sodium diclofenac-containing hypromellose matrix tablet.

Sodium diclofenac (SD) release from dosage forms has been studied under different conditions. However, no dissolution method that is discriminatory enough to reflect slight changes in formulation or manufacturing process, and which could be effectively correlated with the biological properties of the dosage form, has been reported. This study sought to develop three different formulae of SD-containing matrix tablets and to determine the effect of agitation speed in its dissolution profiles. F1, F2 and F3 formulations were developed using hypromellose (10, 20 and 30%, respectively for F1, F2 and F3) and other conventional excipients. Dissolution tests were carried out in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 at 37 degrees C using apparatus II at 50, 75 or 100 rpm. Dissolution efficiency (DE), T(50) and T(90) were determined and plotted as functions of the variables agitation speed and hypromellose concentration. Regarding DE, F2 showed more sensitivity to variations in agitation speed than F1 and F3. Increasing hypromellose concentration reduced DE values, independent of agitation speed. Analysis of T(50) and T(90) suggests that F1 is less sensitive to variations in agitation speed than F2 and F3. Most discriminatory dissolution conditions were observed at 50 rpm. Results suggest that the comparison of dissolution performance of SD matrix tablets should take into account polymer concentration and agitation conditions.

Correlação in vitro-in vivo para formas farmacêuticas sólidas de liberação modificada contendo diclofenaco de sódio / In vitro-in vivo correlation for sodium diclofenac modified release tablet formulations

A correlação in vitro-in vivo (CIVIV) refere-se ao estabelecimento de uma relação racional entre as propriedades biológicas, ou parâmetros derivados destas, produzidos por uma forma farmacêutica e suas propriedades ou características físico-químicas. O estabelecimento desse tipo de correlação de dados pode possibilitar a substituição dos estudos in vivo, necessários à demonstração da bioequivalência, pelos estudos in vitro, no caso de alterações no processo de fabricação pós-registro. Os sistemas matriciais apresentam, como principal exemplo de material controlador da liberação, substâncias poliméricas formadoras de matrizes hidrofílicas. Hidroxipropilmetilcelulose (HPMC) é um excipiente de escolha para o preparo de matrizes hidrofílicas, devido à capacidade de formação de gel e controle da liberação. O diclofenaco de sódio (DCL) é um antiinflamatório não esteroidal com ação analgésica e antipirética. Considerando suas características físico-químicas e farmacológicas, é objetivo deste trabalho o estabelecimento de uma CIVIV para DCL incorporado em sistemas matriciais. Os comprimidos de DCL com HPMC foram desenvolvidos e submetidos aos ensaios de dissolução utilizando os aparatos 1, 2, 3 e 4 conforme as especificações farmacopeicas. Foi realizado o estudo de biodisponibilidade, seguindo as normas éticas, com as formulações selecionadas. A partir dos dados de absorção obtidos pela técnica de deconvolução e dos dados de dissolução foi estabelecida a correlação. Os resultados demonstraram que o aumento da concentração de HPMC produziu a redução da velocidade de dissolução e, dependendo da condição de estudo, estas diferenças foram mais ou menos significativas. Os comprimidos com concentração intermediária de HPMC (15 a 20%) foram mais sensíveis às alterações de formulação e das condições do ensaio de dissolução. As formulações contendo 30% de HPMC praticamente não modificaram o perfil de dissolução, mesmo com alterações na formulação e condições de estudo. No...

The term in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) refers to the establishment of a rational relationship between the biological properties, or a parameter derived from a biological property produced by a dosage form, and a physicochemical characteristic or property of the same dosage form. The establishment of IVIVC enables the substitution of in vivo studies for in vitro studies to evaluate bioequivalence, e.g. in case of post-approval changes. Matrix tablets employ mainly hydrophilic polymers to control drug release. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) is an excipient of choice for preparation of hydrophilic matrices, due to its gel formation and controlled drug release capacities. Sodium diclofenac (SD) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic and antipyretic effects. Considering its physicochemical and pharmacological characteristics, the objective of this work is to establish an IVIVC for HPMC matrix tablets containing SD. HPMC matrix tablets with SD were formulated and submitted to dissolution testing using apparatus 1, 2, 3 and 4 in accordance with pharmacopoeial specifications. The bioavailability study was carried out under ethical guidelines, using the selected formulations. The correlation was obtained by plotting absorption data, obtained from diclofenac plasmatic curves through a deconvolution technique, against dissolution data. The results showed that the increase of HPMC concentration produces a decrease of the drug dissolution rate and these differences were more or less significant, depending on the study conditions. Tablets with intermediate HPMC concentrations (15 to 20%) were more sensitive to changes in dissolution conditions. Formulations containing 30% HPMC do not present changes in dissolution profiles, even when the formulation or the study conditions change. Formulations F1, F2A, F3 and Voltaren® 50 mg as reference product were used in the bioavailability study to establish IVIVC. The linear correlation between...

Improvement of antischistosomal activity of praziquantel by incorporation into phosphatidylcholine-containing liposomes.

Praziquantel (PZQ) is effective against all known species of Schistosomes that infect humans. The failure of mass treatment of schistosomiasis has been attributed to the fact that therapy is not sufficiently long-lasting. This effect may be due to the low bioavailability of PZQ that has a low hydrosolubility and fast metabolism. Liposomes have been used to prolong drug levels, reduce the side effects, direct drugs to specific sites and increase bioavailability after administration. The aim of this work was to study the effect of phosphatidylcholine (PC)-containing liposomes to vehiculate PZQ to improve the treatment of schistosomiasis. The in vitro study was carried out using Schistosoma mansoni parasites recovered by perfusion from the hepatic portal system of infected mice. Suspensions of liposomes with PZQ and free PZQ were administered p.o. in mice after 14 days of infection. The effect of both preparations in vitro on S. mansoni culture was similar. In the in vivo test, PZQ-liposomes caused a decrease in amounts of eggs and parasites. Liposomes improve the antischistosomal activity of praziquantel. This can be used as a starting point to investigate alternative administration routes or dosage forms and to examine the mechanism of intestinal absorption of PRZ.

Efeito da concentração do amido de milho na liberação de paracetamol de comprimidos / Effect of maize starch concentration on in vitro acetaminophen release from tablets

Este trabalho avaliou a influência da concentração de amido de milho nas características físicas e na liberação in vitro de paracetamol a partir de comprimidos. Os granulados foram analisados quanto à granulometria e densidades aparentes bruta e compactada e os comprimidos quanto ao peso médio, espessura, dureza, friabilidade, tempo de desintegração. Os comprimidos foram preparados a partir de granuladosnobtidos por granulação a úmido, utilizando cozimento de amido a 10 por cento como agente granulante, segundo três formulações. Embora os comprimidos obtidos tenham apresentado características dentro dos limites farmacopéicos, os resultados indicam que variações da concentração de amido provocam diferenças nos diversos parâmetros físicos estudados...