Development and validation of a simulator for teaching minimally invasive thoracic surgery in Brazil.

PURPOSE: To develop and validate a chest cavity simulator for teaching video-assited thoracic surgery (VATS). METHODS: The first phase of the study consisted of developing a chest cavity simulator. A quasi-experimental study was performed in the second phase, and 25 surgeons and residents participated in a three-stage pulmonary suture experiment. The videos were recorded and timed. Generalized linear regression models for repeated measures were used to analyze the outcome change over time. RESULTS: The chest cavity simulator consists of a console simulating the left hemithorax. Among the participants, 96% rated the design, visual aspect, positioning ergonomics, and triangulation of the portals as very good or excellent (face validity). There was a decrease in suturing time in step 1 from 435.7 ± 105 to 355.6 ± 76.8 seconds compared to step 3 (p = 0.001). The evaluation of the simulation effectiveness and performance (content validity) was rated as very good or excellent by 96% ofparticipants. The most experienced surgeon showed significant reduction in procedure time (p = 0.021) (construct validity). CONCLUSIONS: The thoracic cavity simulator is realistic, showing content and construct validity, and can be used in VATS training. The simulation model allowed skill gain in the endoscopic suture.

Development and validation of a simulator for teaching minimally invasive thoracic surgery in Brazil

ABSTRACT Purpose To develop and validate a chest cavity simulator for teaching video-assited thoracic surgery (VATS). Methods The first phase of the study consisted of developing a chest cavity simulator. A quasi-experimental study was performed in the second phase, and 25 surgeons and residents participated in a three-stage pulmonary suture experiment. The videos were recorded and timed. Generalized linear regression models for repeated measures were used to analyze the outcome change over time. Results The chest cavity simulator consists of a console simulating the left hemithorax. Among the participants, 96% rated the design, visual aspect, positioning ergonomics, and triangulation of the portals as very good or excellent (face validity). There was a decrease in suturing time in step 1 from 435.7 ± 105 to 355.6 ± 76.8 seconds compared to step 3 (p = 0.001). The evaluation of the simulation effectiveness and performance (content validity) was rated as very good or excellent by 96% ofparticipants. The most experienced surgeon showed significant reduction in procedure time (p = 0.021) (construct validity). Conclusions The thoracic cavity simulator is realistic, showing content and construct validity, and can be used in VATS training. The simulation model allowed skill gain in the endoscopic suture.

Validation of a Training Model for Performing Laparoscopic Knots and Stitches in a Simulation Environment / Validação de Modelo de Treinamento para Realização de Nós e Pontos Laparoscópicos em Ambiente de Simulação

Abstract: Introduction: To evaluate the progression of competence, learning curve and degree of satisfaction with the training model of medical students undergoing training to perform laparoscopic knots in a simulator. Methods: This was a prospective, longitudinal, interventional study, carried out from April 2016 to July 2017, with the participation of 52 students from the Centro Universitário Christus, Fortaleza, Brazil, from the first to the third year of medical school, undergoing theoretical practical, systematic, and methodized training, with progression of skills to perform laparoscopic knots in a simulation environment in four stages, with a total duration of 16 hours. It was established the task of performing laparoscopic stitches, with five simple knots, in the beginning and in the end, in a suture mold, in an abdominal cavity simulator, in 18 minutes. The main outcomes were time and quality of performance. The students were evaluated before the first and after all stages of the training regarding the quantity and quality of the knots or the subject of the stage and satisfaction with the training model. ANOVA and Student's t tests were performed for the independent samples and the chi-square test for the categorical variables. For variables with serial measurements, general linear models were used. Univariate binomial models were used in the evaluation variables of the training model. P values <0.05 were considered significant. Results: The values of the medians were analyzed between the first and last stages of the training; of the number of simple knots (0.0 and 15.0) and laparoscopic knots (0.0 and 3.0), the adequacy of the sizes of the suture tail ends (0.0 and 11.0), the number of adjusted initial simple knots ( 0.0 and 3.0) and adjusted sequential ones (0.0 and 24.0). There was statistical significance in all evaluated parameters (p< 0.001). The learning curve showed that 99.1% of the students attained competence. The degree of satisfactory evaluation of the training model was considered good or great in 97% or more, with statistical relevance in 8 of the 10 evaluated statements. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that the students showed competence progression and learning curve evolution. The degree of student satisfaction in relation to the training model stages was very significant.

Resumo: Introdução: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a progressão da competência, a curva de aprendizagem e o grau de satisfação com o modelo de treinamento de estudantes de Medicina submetidos a capacitação para realização de pontos laparoscópicos em simulador. Método: Trata-se de estudo prospectivo, longitudinal, intervencionista, realizado de abril de 2016 a julho de 2017, com participação de 52 estudantes de Medicina do Centro Universitário Christus, de Fortaleza, Brasil, do primeiro ao terceiro ano, submetidos a treinamento teórico prático, sistematizado, metodizado, com progressão de habilidades para realização de pontos laparoscópicos em ambiente de simulação, em quatro etapas com duração total de 16 horas. Foi estabelecida a tarefa de realizar pontos laparoscópicos, com cinco seminós, nas etapas inicial e final, em molde de sutura, em simulador de cavidade abdominal, em 18 minutos. Os desfechos principais foram o tempo e a qualidade de execução. Os estudantes foram avaliados antes da primeira e depois de todas as etapas do treinamento quanto à quantidade e qualidade dos pontos ou quanto ao conteúdo da estação e satisfação com o modelo de treinamento. Realizaram-se os testes ANOVA e T de Student para as amostras independentes e o teste do qui-quadrado para as categóricas. Para variáveis com medidas seriadas, utilizou-se o modelo linear geral. Utilizaram-se modelos binomiais univariados nas variáveis de avaliação do modelo de treinamento. Foram considerados significativos os valores de p menores que 0,05. Resultados: Analisaram-se os valores das medianas, entre a primeira e última etapas do treinamento, do número de seminós (0,0 e 15,0) e pontos laparoscópicos (0,0 e 3,0), da adequação dos tamanhos dos cotos dos fios (0,0 e 11,0), do número de seminós iniciais ajustados (0,0 e 3,0) e sequenciais ajustados (0,0 e 24,0). Houve significância estatística em todos os parâmetros avaliados (p < 0,001). A curva de aprendizagem mostrou que 99,1% dos estudantes atingiram a competência. O grau de avaliação satisfatória do modelo de treinamento foi considerado bom ou ótimo em 97% ou mais, com relevância estatística em oito das dez afirmações avaliadas. Conclusões: O estudo revelou que os alunos apresentaram progressão na competência e evolução na curva de aprendizagem. O grau de satisfação dos estudantes em relação às etapas do modelo de treinamento foi muito significativo.

Avaliação de progressão da competência de estudantes de medicina na realização de pontos cirúrgicos em simulador de laparoscopia / Evaluation of progression of competence in performing surgical points in laparoscopic simulator by medical students

Objetivo: avaliar a progressão da competência e a curva de aprendizagem de estudantes de Medicina submetidos a treinamento para a realização de nós e pontos cirúrgicos. Métodos: estudo prospectivo, longitudinal, intervencionista, realizado de abril/2016 a janeiro/2017, com a participação de 29 estudantes de Medicina, do primeiro ao terceiro ano, com progressão de habilidades para realização de nós e pontos laparoscópicos em ambiente de simulação em quatro etapas, com duração de 16 horas. Foi estabelecida a tarefa de realizar pontos laparoscópicos, com cinco seminós, em molde de sutura, em 18 minutos. Foram realizados os testes de ANOVA, Mann-Whitney e o qui-quadrado. Foram realizadas regressões lineares simples e múltiplas, sendo consideradas significativas as comparações com valor de p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: foram analisadas as médias do número de seminós (1,0 a 14,0, (IC-95%) 4,49 (3,80/5,19), pontos laparoscópicos intracorpóreos (0,1 a 2,7, (IC-95%) 0,87 (0,72/1,02), os tamanhos dos cotos dos fios (0,1 a 2,9, (IC-95%) 0,95 (0,72/1,18) e ajustes dos seminós iniciais (0,2 a 2,9, (IC-95%) 0,92 (0,76/1,07) e sequenciais (0,3 a 10,0, (IC-95%) 3,32 (2,84/3,80), entre as etapas do treinamento. Houve significância estatística em todos os parâmetros avaliados. A progressão na execução de pontos laparoscópicos foi evidente com coeficiente de regressão linear igual a 0,511. A curva de aprendizagem demonstrou que 96,3% dos estudantes realizaram, pelo menos, um ponto laparoscópico ao final do treinamento. Conclusão: o estudo revelou que os alunos apresentaram progressão na competência e evolução na curva de aprendizagem na realização de pontos laparoscópicos em ambiente de simulação ao final do treinamento.

Objective: to evaluate the progression of competency and the learning curve of medical students undergoing practical, systematic, methodical training for performing knots and instrumental points in a video-surgery simulation environment. Methods: a prospective, longitudinal, interventional study was carried out between April 2016 and January 2017 with the participation of 29 medical students from the Christus University Center, Fortaleza, Brazil, from the first to the third year, subjected to practical theoretical training, systematized, with progression of skills for realization of laparoscopic points in simulation environment in four stages during 16 hours. A standardized task was established to perform laparoscopic points, with five throws, in suture mold, abdominal cavity simulator, in 18 minutes. The students were evaluated at all stages of the training. ANOVA or Mann-Whitney tests were performed for numerical variables, and the chi-square test was performed for categorical variables. Simple and multiple linear regressions were performed, and p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: the mean number of throws (1.0 to 14.0, ß (95% CI), 4.49 (3.80 / 5.19) and laparoscopic points (0.1 to 2.7, ß (95% CI) 0.87 (0.72 / 1.02) performed within 18 minutes, thread lengths (0.1 to 2.9, ß(95% CI) (0.72 / 1.18) and the adjustments of the initial throws (0.2 to 2.9, ß (95% CI) 0.92 (0.76 / 1.07) and sequential throws (0.3 (95% CI) yielded a mean test value of 10.0, ß (95% CI) 3.32 (2.84 / 3.80) across the various stages of the training. The progression in execution of laparoscopic points was evident, with linear regression coefficient equal to 0.511. The learning curve showed that 96.3% of the students performed at least one laparoscopic point in the fourth stage of training. Conclusion: the study showed that students presented progression in competence and evolution along the learning curve in the accomplishment of laparoscopic points in simulation environment at the end of training.

Validação de um Programa de Treinamento Simulado de Habilidades Laparoscópicas por Residentes de Cirurgia / Validation of a Simulated Laparoscopic Skills Training Program by Surgical Residents

RESUMO Introdução Os treinamentos com simuladores para videocirurgia têm sido propostos como ferramentas de ensino, permitindo avaliação formativa de alunos em condições mais controladas e seguras. Objetivo Validar um programa estruturado de treinamento de endossuturas para residentes de cirurgia, por meio de duas escalas estruturadas de aquisição de habilidades laparoscópicas e da percepção dos participantes. Métodos Estudo experimental longitudinal quantitativo, que contou com a participação de 12 residentes de cirurgia provenientes de quatro hospitais distintos. O treinamento consistia na confecção de endossuturas com simuladores de vídeo em sete sessões num período de sete meses. A avaliação da progressão da competência técnica dos alunos foi realizada por três avaliadores, utilizando-se o Objective Structured Assessement of Technical Skills (Osats) e a Escala de Progressão de Proficiência (EPP) em Endossuturas. Os residentes usaram um questionário com escala de Likert de 1 a 5 para avaliar o programa de treinamento realizado quanto à aquisição de habilidades específicas. Foram feitos os testes de Anova e Qui-Quadrado para comparação entre variáveis. As correlações e associações entre duas variáveis numéricas foram verificadas por meio de regressão linear simples e múltipla, quando foram incluídos os fatores determinantes além do número de sessões de treinamento. Foi calculado o ranking médio para análise da escala de Likert. Foram consideradas significativas as comparações com valor de p ≤ 0,05. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da instituição. Resultados Quanto ao desempenho dos residentes observado pelos avaliadores por meio do Osats, observou-se melhora estatisticamente significante na pontuação em relação aos ítens: respeito ao tecido (p = 0,006), tempo e movimento (p = 0,001), conhecimento e manuseio dos instrumentos (p = 0,002), fluxo da cirurgia (p = < 0,001), conhecimento do procedimento específico (p = 0,001), pelo teste Qui-Quadrado. Em relação ao número total de pontos pela EPP e à nota média nos testes pelo Osats modificado, o total e a nota média nos testes foram significantes (< 0,001 e < 0,001), utilizando-se o teste Kruskal-Wallis ao longo dos meses de treinamento. Na percepção dos alunos, o programa de treinamento contribuiu para o desenvolvimento de habilidades cirúrgicas, tendo como itens mais bem avaliados o manuseio de pinças e porta-agulhas e a confecção de nós. Os itens mais mal avaliados foram a hapticidade e a passada de alça. Demonstrou-se ganho significativo na aquisição de competência técnica pelos residentes durante o curso, percebido por meio dos dois instrumentos de avaliação utilizados (Osats e EPP). Conclusão Houve ganho significativo de habilidades pelos residentes de cirurgia ao longo dos sete meses do programa de treinamento simulado, demonstrado pelos dois instrumentos de avaliação estruturada e pela percepção dos residentes.

ABSTRACT Introduction Training with simulators for video-surgery has been proposed as teaching tools, allowing formative evaluation of students under more controlled and safe conditions. Objective To validate structured program of endosuture training for surgical residents, through two structured scales of acquisition of laparoscopic skills and participant's perception. Methods This was a quantitative longitudinal experimental study involving 12 residents of surgery from four different hospitals. The training consisted of making endorsements with video simulators in seven sessions over a period of seven months. The evaluation of the progression of the technical competence of the students was carried out by three evaluators, using the Objective Structured Assessmen of Technical Skills (Osats) and the Progression of Proficiency Scale (EPP) in Endorsements. Residents used a Likert scale to evaluate the training program. Anova and chi square tests were performed to compare variables. Correlations and associations between two numerical variables were verified through simple and multiple linear regression, when the determinants were included in addition to the number of training sessions. The Average Ranking was calculated for Likert scale analysis. Comparisons with p value ≤ 0.05 were considered significant.This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the institution. Results There was a significant gain in the acquisition of technical competence by the residents during the course, perceived through the two evaluation instruments used (Osats and EPP). As regards the performance of the residents observed by the evaluators through the Osats, there was a statistically significant improvement in the score in relation to the items: Respect to the tissue (p = 0.006), Time and movement (p = 0.001), Knowledge and handling of instruments p = 0.002), Circulation flow (p = 0.001), Knowledge of the specific procedure (p = 0.001), by the chi-square test. In relation to the total number of points by EPP and the mean score in the tests by the modified Osats, the total and the mean score in the tests were significant (< 0.001 and < 0.001), using the Kruskal-Wallis test, over the months training. In the students' perception, the training program contributed to the development of surgical skills, with the best evaluated items being the handling of tweezers and needle holders and the knitting. The worst evaluated items were the hapticity and the gait step. Conclusion There was a significant gain in skills by the residents of surgery during the seven months of simulated training, demonstrated in two structured assessment instruments and by the residents' perception.

Evaluation tool for a gastroenterostomy simulated training1.

PURPOSE: To create a checklist to evaluate the performance and systematize the gastroenterostomy simulated training. METHODS: Experimental longitudinal study of a quantitative character. The sample consisted of twelve general surgery residents. The training was divided into 5 sessions and consisted of participation in 20 gastroenterostomys in synthetic organs. The training was accompanied by an experienced surgeon who was responsible for the feedback and the anastomoses evaluation. The anastomoses evaluated were the first, fourth, sixth, eighth and tenth. A 10 item checklist and the time to evaluate performance were used. RESULTS: Residents showed a reduction in operative time and evolution in the surgical technique statistically significant (p<0.01). The correlation index of 0.545 and 0,295 showed a high linear correlation between time variables and Checklist. The average Checklist score went from 6.8 to 9 points. CONCLUSION: The proposed checklist can be used to evaluate the performance and systematization of a simulated training aimed at configuring a gastroenterostomy.

Evaluation tool for a gastroenterostomy simulated training

Purpose:To create a checklist to evaluate the performance and systematize the gastroenterostomy simulated training.Methods:Experimental longitudinal study of a quantitative character. The sample consisted of twelve general surgery residents. The training was divided into 5 sessions and consisted of participation in 20 gastroenterostomys in synthetic organs. The training was accompanied by an experienced surgeon who was responsible for the feedback and the anastomoses evaluation. The anastomoses evaluated were the first, fourth, sixth, eighth and tenth. A 10 item checklist and the time to evaluate performance were used.Results:Residents showed a reduction in operative time and evolution in the surgical technique statistically significant (p<0.01). The correlation index of 0.545 and 0,295 showed a high linear correlation between time variables and Checklist. The average Checklist score went from 6.8 to 9 points.Conclusion:The proposed checklist can be used to evaluate the performance and systematization of a simulated training aimed at configuring a gastroenterostomy.(AU)

Evaluation tool for a gastroenterostomy simulated training

Abstract Purpose: To create a checklist to evaluate the performance and systematize the gastroenterostomy simulated training. Methods: Experimental longitudinal study of a quantitative character. The sample consisted of twelve general surgery residents. The training was divided into 5 sessions and consisted of participation in 20 gastroenterostomys in synthetic organs. The training was accompanied by an experienced surgeon who was responsible for the feedback and the anastomoses evaluation. The anastomoses evaluated were the first, fourth, sixth, eighth and tenth. A 10 item checklist and the time to evaluate performance were used. Results: Residents showed a reduction in operative time and evolution in the surgical technique statistically significant (p<0.01). The correlation index of 0.545 and 0,295 showed a high linear correlation between time variables and Checklist. The average Checklist score went from 6.8 to 9 points. Conclusion: The proposed checklist can be used to evaluate the performance and systematization of a simulated training aimed at configuring a gastroenterostomy.

Hepatic retractor in an ex vivo model1.

PURPOSE: To discuss the use of models of hepatic retraction by laparoscopy, to present a new Hepatic Retractor (HR) and to evaluate its practicality, efficacy and safety in Esophageal Hiatus Exposure (EHE). METHODS: Experimental cross - sectional study with a quantitative character. It was carried out in the Laboratory of Health Training of Christus University Center. The sample consisted of 12 livers of adult pigs weighing between 30 and 45 kg. A circular-shaped HR, 5 cm diameter and deformable materials was developed with a polypropylene cloth, metallic guide wire, epidural needle plastic guide and nylon string. The practicality of HR management was measured by the time required to use the instrument, efficacy by exposure to the operative field and safety by macroscopic assessment of liver damage. RESULTS: The average time to complete the procedure was 3.24 minutes and reached less than 2 minutes after 12 repetitions. In eight experiments the maximum degree of EHE was obtained. No macroscopic lesions were observed. CONCLUSION: The use of HR described can broaden the operative field, without causing macroscopic liver lesions and prolonging the surgical time.

Taxonomy of educational objectives and learning theories in the training of laparoscopic surgical techniques in a simulation environment. / Taxonomia dos objetivos educacionais e as teorias de aprendizagem no treinamento das técnicas cirúrgicas laparoscópicas em ambiente de simulação.

The acquisition of psychomotor skills in surgery is the central component of medical residency programs in General Surgery and Specialties. Making learning more effective is a cornerstone of educational processes. This article portrays aspects of educational taxonomies and learning theories that may be involved in the training of surgery. Among the many taxonomies and educational theories applicable to learning in surgery, the following stand out: 1) Dave's taxonomy- Hierarchy to actions that facilitate the acquisition of psychomotor skills; 2) Miller's theory- Step-by-step definition that facilitates acquisition; 3) Ericsson's theory- Competence after repetition of the practice followed by systematic reinforcement; 4) Vigotsky's theory- Definition of the role of the specialist in learning; and 5) Theory of Boud, Schon and Ende- Importance of feedback for students and teachers. Knowledge of these tools by teachers and preceptors can facilitate learning in surgery, especially in more complex activities.

A aquisição de habilidades psicomotoras em cirurgia é o componente central dos programas de residência médica em Cirurgia Geral e Especialidades. Tornar o aprendizado mais efetivo é ponto basilar dos processos educacionais. Esse artigo retrata os aspectos das taxonomias educacionais e teorias de aprendizagem que podem ser envolvidas no treinamento da cirurgia. Entre as inúmeras taxonomias e teorias educacionais aplicáveis no aprendizado em cirurgia destacam-se: 1) Taxonomia de Dave- Hierarquização a ações que facilitam a aquisição de habilidades psicomotoras; 2) Teoria de Miller- Definição do passo a passo que facilita a aquisição das habilidades; 3) Teoria de Ericsson- Competência após a repetição da prática seguida de reforço sistemático; 4) Teoria de Vigotsky- Definição do papel do especialista no aprendizado; 5) Teoria de Boud, Schon e Ende- Importância da devolutiva (feedback) para alunos e professores. O conhecimento dessas ferramentas por professores e preceptores pode facilitar o aprendizado na cirurgia, em especial nas atividades mais complexas.

Hepatic retractor in an ex vivo model

Purpose:To discuss the use of models of hepatic retraction by laparoscopy, to present a new Hepatic Retractor (HR) and to evaluate its practicality, efficacy and safety in Esophageal Hiatus Exposure (EHE).Methods:Experimental cross - sectional study with a quantitative character. It was carried out in the Laboratory of Health Training of Christus University Center. The sample consisted of 12 livers of adult pigs weighing between 30 and 45 kg. A circular-shaped HR, 5 cm diameter and deformable materials was developed with a polypropylene cloth, metallic guide wire, epidural needle plastic guide and nylon string. The practicality of HR management was measured by the time required to use the instrument, efficacy by exposure to the operative field and safety by macroscopic assessment of liver damage.Results:The average time to complete the procedure was 3.24 minutes and reached less than 2 minutes after 12 repetitions. In eight experiments the maximum degree of EHE was obtained. No macroscopic lesions were observed.Conclusion:The use of HR described can broaden the operative field, without causing macroscopic liver lesions and prolonging the surgical time.(AU)

Hepatic retractor in an ex vivo model

Abstract Purpose: To discuss the use of models of hepatic retraction by laparoscopy, to present a new Hepatic Retractor (HR) and to evaluate its practicality, efficacy and safety in Esophageal Hiatus Exposure (EHE). Methods: Experimental cross - sectional study with a quantitative character. It was carried out in the Laboratory of Health Training of Christus University Center. The sample consisted of 12 livers of adult pigs weighing between 30 and 45 kg. A circular-shaped HR, 5 cm diameter and deformable materials was developed with a polypropylene cloth, metallic guide wire, epidural needle plastic guide and nylon string. The practicality of HR management was measured by the time required to use the instrument, efficacy by exposure to the operative field and safety by macroscopic assessment of liver damage. Results: The average time to complete the procedure was 3.24 minutes and reached less than 2 minutes after 12 repetitions. In eight experiments the maximum degree of EHE was obtained. No macroscopic lesions were observed. Conclusion: The use of HR described can broaden the operative field, without causing macroscopic liver lesions and prolonging the surgical time.

Simulated training of a laparoscopic vesicourethral anastomosis.

PURPOSE: To develop a model and curriculum for simulated training of an effective and well accepted laparoscopic vesicourethral anastomosis (VUA). METHODS: Experimental longitudinal study of quantitative character. The sample consisted of 12 general surgery residents and 6 urology residents (R3). The training consisted of making twelve VUAs on synthetic organs. The training was divided into four sessions and accompanied by an instructor who performed positive feedback. The evaluation of the anastomoses considered the time and the analysis of the operative technique through the global evaluation scale Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS). RESULTS: Residents showed a reduction in operative time and evolution in the surgical technique statistically significant (p<0.01). The best-rated items were the facilitator positive feedback and the fact that the training was carried out at the teaching hospital premises. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed training model was well accepted and proved to be effective in reducing operative time and improving laparoscopic skills. The training should be fractionated (4 sessions in 3 weeks), repetitive (12 anastomoses) and have positive feedback.

Simulated training of a laparoscopic vesicourethral anastomosis

Purpose: To develop a model and curriculum for simulated training of an effective and well accepted laparoscopic vesicourethral anastomosis (VUA). Methods: Experimental longitudinal study of quantitative character. The sample consisted of 12 general surgery residents and 6 urology residents (R3). The training consisted of making twelve VUAs on synthetic organs. The training was divided into four sessions and accompanied by an instructor who performed positive feedback. The evaluation of the anastomoses considered the time and the analysis of the operative technique through the global evaluation scale Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS). Results: Residents showed a reduction in operative time and evolution in the surgical technique statistically significant (p<0.01). The best-rated items were the facilitator positive feedback and the fact that the training was carried out at the teaching hospital premises. Conclusions: The proposed training model was well accepted and proved to be effective in reducing operative time and improving laparoscopic skills. The training should be fractionated (4 sessions in 3 weeks), repetitive (12 anastomoses) and have positive feedback.(AU)

Simulated training of a laparoscopic vesicourethral anastomosis

Abstract Purpose: To develop a model and curriculum for simulated training of an effective and well accepted laparoscopic vesicourethral anastomosis (VUA). Methods: Experimental longitudinal study of quantitative character. The sample consisted of 12 general surgery residents and 6 urology residents (R3). The training consisted of making twelve VUAs on synthetic organs. The training was divided into four sessions and accompanied by an instructor who performed positive feedback. The evaluation of the anastomoses considered the time and the analysis of the operative technique through the global evaluation scale Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS). Results: Residents showed a reduction in operative time and evolution in the surgical technique statistically significant (p<0.01). The best-rated items were the facilitator positive feedback and the fact that the training was carried out at the teaching hospital premises. Conclusions: The proposed training model was well accepted and proved to be effective in reducing operative time and improving laparoscopic skills. The training should be fractionated (4 sessions in 3 weeks), repetitive (12 anastomoses) and have positive feedback.

Abdominal cavity simulator for skill progression in videolaparoscopic sutures in Brazil.

PURPOSE: To develop and test a model of teaching by means of an abdominal cavity simulator. METHODS: This study had two stages: development of a teaching model and an experimental prospective study that aimed to evaluate the residents' competence. The participants were divided into 3 groups: first-year resident, second-year resident, and senior surgeon. The two groups of resident physicians received training in the simulator, under instructor supervision for skill acquisition, according to the model proposed in first stage. The surgeons did not receive this intervention. The correlations and associations were verified through simple and multiple linear regressions. The learning curves were analysed using Cox regression models. The impact of the epidemiological characteristics was tested. RESULTS: All residents reached the maximum score at the end of 16 steps and were comparable to the experimental (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Residents who underwent training using the methodology of the proposed teaching model, which is based on realistic simulation, acquired proficiency in the accomplishment of endosutures in up to 16 hours of training in the laboratory.

Abdominal cavity simulator for skill progression in videolaparoscopic sutures in Brazil

Purpose: To develop and test a model of teaching by means of an abdominal cavity simulator. Methods: This study had two stages: development of a teaching model and an experimental prospective study that aimed to evaluate the residents competence. The participants were divided into 3 groups: first-year resident, second-year resident, and senior surgeon. The two groups of resident physicians received training in the simulator, under instructor supervision for skill acquisition, according to the model proposed in first stage. The surgeons did not receive this intervention. The correlations and associations were verified through simple and multiple linear regressions. The learning curves were analysed using Cox regression models. The impact of the epidemiological characteristics was tested.Results: All residents reached the maximum score at the end of 16 steps and were comparable to the experimental (p<0.001). Conclusion: Residents who underwent training using the methodology of the proposed teaching model, which is based on realistic simulation, acquired proficiency in the accomplishment of endosutures in up to 16 hours of training in the laboratory.(AU)

Abdominal cavity simulator for skill progression in videolaparoscopic sutures in Brazil

Abstract Purpose: To develop and test a model of teaching by means of an abdominal cavity simulator. Methods: This study had two stages: development of a teaching model and an experimental prospective study that aimed to evaluate the residents' competence. The participants were divided into 3 groups: first-year resident, second-year resident, and senior surgeon. The two groups of resident physicians received training in the simulator, under instructor supervision for skill acquisition, according to the model proposed in first stage. The surgeons did not receive this intervention. The correlations and associations were verified through simple and multiple linear regressions. The learning curves were analysed using Cox regression models. The impact of the epidemiological characteristics was tested. Results: All residents reached the maximum score at the end of 16 steps and were comparable to the experimental (p<0.001). Conclusion: Residents who underwent training using the methodology of the proposed teaching model, which is based on realistic simulation, acquired proficiency in the accomplishment of endosutures in up to 16 hours of training in the laboratory.

Taxonomia dos objetivos educacionais e as teorias de aprendizagem no treinamento das técnicas cirúrgicas laparoscópicas em ambiente de simulação / Taxonomy of educational objectives and learning theories in the training of laparoscopic surgical techniques in a simulation environment

RESUMO A aquisição de habilidades psicomotoras em cirurgia é o componente central dos programas de residência médica em Cirurgia Geral e Especialidades. Tornar o aprendizado mais efetivo é ponto basilar dos processos educacionais. Esse artigo retrata os aspectos das taxonomias educacionais e teorias de aprendizagem que podem ser envolvidas no treinamento da cirurgia. Entre as inúmeras taxonomias e teorias educacionais aplicáveis no aprendizado em cirurgia destacam-se: 1) Taxonomia de Dave- Hierarquização a ações que facilitam a aquisição de habilidades psicomotoras; 2) Teoria de Miller- Definição do passo a passo que facilita a aquisição das habilidades; 3) Teoria de Ericsson- Competência após a repetição da prática seguida de reforço sistemático; 4) Teoria de Vigotsky- Definição do papel do especialista no aprendizado; 5) Teoria de Boud, Schon e Ende- Importância da devolutiva (feedback) para alunos e professores. O conhecimento dessas ferramentas por professores e preceptores pode facilitar o aprendizado na cirurgia, em especial nas atividades mais complexas.

ABSTRACT The acquisition of psychomotor skills in surgery is the central component of medical residency programs in General Surgery and Specialties. Making learning more effective is a cornerstone of educational processes. This article portrays aspects of educational taxonomies and learning theories that may be involved in the training of surgery. Among the many taxonomies and educational theories applicable to learning in surgery, the following stand out: 1) Dave's taxonomy- Hierarchy to actions that facilitate the acquisition of psychomotor skills; 2) Miller's theory- Step-by-step definition that facilitates acquisition; 3) Ericsson's theory- Competence after repetition of the practice followed by systematic reinforcement; 4) Vigotsky's theory- Definition of the role of the specialist in learning; and 5) Theory of Boud, Schon and Ende- Importance of feedback for students and teachers. Knowledge of these tools by teachers and preceptors can facilitate learning in surgery, especially in more complex activities.

Teaching model for evaluation of the ability and competence progress in endosuture in surgical skill laboratory / Modelo de avaliação de progressão de competência e habilidades em endossuturas por meio de treinamento em laboratório de habilidades cirúrgicas

ABSTRACT Background : Laparoscopic manual suturing is probably the most difficult skill to be acquired in minimally invasive surgery. However, laparoscopic exercise endo-sutures can be learned with a simulator and are of great practical importance and clinical applicability, absorbing concepts that are immediately transferred to the operating room. Aim : To assess the progression of skills competence in endo-sutures through realistic simulation model of systematized education. Method : Evaluation of the progression of competence of students in three sequential stages of training in realistic simulation, pre-test (V.1), teaching concepts (V.2) and training station for absorption of video concepts in surgery - ergonomics, stereotaxia, ambidexterity, haptic touch, fucral effect, applied in the manufacture of points corresponding to a Nissen fundoplication, in endo-suture for realistic simulation. Results : All students who attended the course absorbed the video concepts in surgery; most participants showed steady and continued improvement and during the stages of training, obtained progression of appropriate skills, defining competence and validation of the teaching model to achieve proficiency. Conclusions : The teaching model was adequate, safe, revealed the profile of the student, the evolutionary powers of the endo-sutures performance and critical analysis of the training to achieve proficiency in bariatric procedures.

RESUMO Racional : A sutura manual laparoscópica é, provavelmente, a habilidade mais difícil de ser adquirida na cirurgia minimamente invasiva. No entanto, os exercícios laparoscópicos de endossuturas podem ser aprendidos com um simulador e se revestem de grande importância prática, haja vista que tem aplicabilidade clínica, sendo os conceitos absorvidos e transferidos imediatamente para a sala de operação. Objetivo : Avaliar a progressão decompetência de habilidades em endossuturas através de simulação realística em modelo de ensino metodizado. Método : Avaliação da progressão de competência dos alunos em três etapas sequenciais de treinamento em simulação realística, pré-teste (V.1), ensinamento dos conceitos (V.2) e estação de treinamento para absorção dos conceitos de videocirurgia - ergonomia, estereotaxia, ambidestria, hapticidade (movimento preciso de instrumentoscom as mão, sem o auxílio ou comando da visão), efeito fucral (movimento invertido de uma balança ou alavanca a partir de um ponto central), aplicados na confecção de pontos correspondentes à fundoplicatura de Nissen em endossutura por simulação realística. Resultados : Todos os alunos que participaram do curso absorveram os conceitos de videocirurgia; a maioria apresentou melhora constante e continuada, e no decorrer das etapas do treinamento,obtiveram progressão de habilidades adequadas, definindo competência e validação do modelo de ensino para atingir a proficiência. Conclusões : O modelo mostrou-se adequado, seguro, revelou o perfil do aluno, a competência evolutiva da performance em endossuturas e análise crítica da carga de treinamento para evoluir até atingir a proficiência nos procedimentos bariátricos.