Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Saudi adults.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in healthy Saudi adults. METHODS: A cross-sectional study carried out as part of the screening and early evaluation of kidney disease project. Vitamin D was measured in subjects recruited at 2 screening camps in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, between March to May 2008. Subjects from the 2 large commercial centers in Riyadh aged ≥18 years and Saudi nationals were invited. RESULTS: The study sample comprised of 488 subjects. The mean age of the subjects was 37.43 (11.32) years, of which 50.2% (n=245) were males. Twenty-nine percent of subjects were in the vitamin D deficiency group, 22.7% were in the relative insufficiency group, and 47.5% had normal levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D. We observed that female gender was an independent predictor of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency (odds ratio [OR]: 2.992; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 2.069-4.327). Anemia was also a predictor for vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency (OR: 3.16; 95% CI 2.02-4.92). Age was positively correlated with vitamin D levels (Pearson correlation=0.183, p<0.000). CONCLUSION: Vitamin D deficiency is common in healthy Saudi adults. This is more pronounced in females and in the younger age groups. Wearing of traditional clothes, deliberate avoidance of the sun, and inadequate dietary intake are likely to be the principal causes of low vitamin D levels.

Comparative crossover controlled study using polysulphone and vitamin E coated dialyzers.

OBJECTIVE: There is relatively little clinical experience reported on the use of the vitamin E coated dialyzer (CL-EE12, Terumo). This study compares its efficacy and intradialytic symptoms with a polysulphone dialyzer in 2 groups of patients in a controlled crossover trial design. METHODS: This study was carried out at the Armed Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, during the time period January to March 2002. In group A, 34 patients were dialyzed for 4 weeks with vitamin E dialyzer then switched over to Fresenius 60 (F60) for 4 weeks. In group B, 41 patients were dialyzed with F60 for 4 weeks then switched to vitamin E coated dilayzers for 4 weeks. The following parameters were measured weekly, hemoglobin level, urea reduction ratio (URR), urea clearance ratio (Kt/V), pre and post dialysis diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP), interdialytic weight gain. The patients were observed for interdialytic hypotension or symptoms. RESULTS: No significant findings were found in any of the parameters except more dialyzer clotting was observed with vitamin E dialyzer than in F60 dialyzers (1.6% of dialysis sessions versus 0.1% P<0.03). The interdialytic weight gain tended to be less in the vitamin E group but did not reach statistically significant difference. The Kt/V and URR were slightly higher when using the vitamin E dialyzer only in the second and third weeks. hypotensive episodes (P<.007) less leg cramp (P<.31) and less itching (P<.02) in the vitamin E coated treated group within group B. CONCLUSION: There were only minor differences noted between the 2 dialyzers in the parameters measured.