Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Stroke Due to a Severe Right Vertebral Artery Stenosis With a Left Cervical Internal Carotid Artery Dissection: What's Next?

Guidelines for the treatment and management of ischemic strokes triggered by stenosis versus dissection are well established. However, the presence of both entities in the same patient, although rare, poses challenges for short- and long-term treatment. Here, we describe the case of a 55-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with a 72-hour history of headache, dizziness, unbalanced gait, nausea, and two episodes of vomiting. Stroke was initially suspected, but the computerized tomography (CT) scan showed no hemorrhage. His magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed right inferior cerebellar acute ischemia in the territory of the right posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), with smaller foci of early acute infarcts in the bilateral inferior cerebellum. Furthermore, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and CT angiography revealed right vertebral artery stenosis and left cervical internal carotid artery dissection (ICAD). This clinical report describes a rare case of stroke secondary to vertebral artery stenosis with concomitant carotid artery dissection. The treatment course and evolution are presented.

Evaluation of the Effect of Binary Fly Ash-Lime Mixture on the Bearing Capacity of Natural Soils: A Comparison with Two Conventional Stabilizers Lime and Portland Cement.

This study evaluates a binary mixture of fly ash and lime as a stabilizer for natural soils. A comparative analysis was performed on the effect on the bearing capacity of silty, sandy and clayey soils after the addition of lime and ordinary Portland cement as conventional stabilizers, and a non-conventional product of a binary mixture of fly ash and Ca(OH)2 called FLM. Laboratory tests were carried out to evaluate the effect of additions on the bearing capacity of stabilized soils by unconfined compressive strength (UCS). In addition, a mineralogical analysis to validate the presence of cementitious phases due to chemical reactions with FLM was performed. The highest UCS values were found in the soils that required the highest water demand for compaction. Thus, the silty soil added with FLM reached 10 MPa after 28 days of curing, which was in agreement with the analysis of the FLM pastes, where soil moistures higher than 20% showed the best mechanical characteristics. Furthermore, a 120 m long track was built with stabilized soil to evaluate its structural behavior for 10 months. An increase of 200% in the resilient modulus of the FLM-stabilized soils was identified, and a decrease of up to 50% in the roughness index of the FLM, lime (L) and Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)-stabilized soils compared to the soil without addition, resulting in more functional surfaces.

Systematic review of the anthropometric profile of female futsal players 2010-2020.

The objective was to summarize the scientific literature on the anthropometric characteristics of female futsal players. A systematic review documentary study was carried out. SCOPUS, PUBMED and SCIELO databases were used to search for information on primary studies related to the anthropometric profile of women's indoor soccer (elite and non-elite). The keywords used were: futsal, female, anthropometry. The range of years for the search was from 2010 to 2020. To analyze anthropometric differences, two groups were formed: group A: elite and group B: non-elite. 31 primary studies were identified, 22 (71%) in Scopus, 5 (16.1%) in PUBMED and 4 (12.9%) in SCIELO. Three publication languages were considered (English, Spanish and Portuguese) and 6 countries were identified (Brazil, Spain, Iran, Turkey, Venezuela and Italy). Players in the elite group evidenced higher weight, height, and BMI relative to their non-elite counterparts. Discrepancy in anthropometric characteristics between elite and non-elite players was verified. These results suggest that in order to participate in competitions at the highest level in women's futsal, they should have greater weight, height and BMI than their non-elite counterparts.

Association of water quality with soil-transmitted helminthiasis and diarrhea in Nueva Santa Rosa, Guatemala, 2010.

Improved water quality reduces diarrhea, but the impact of improved water quality on Ascaris and Trichuris, soil-transmitted helminths (STH) conveyed by the fecal-oral route, is less well described. To assess water quality associations with diarrhea and STH, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in households of south-eastern Guatemala. Diarrhea was self-reported in the past week and month. STH was diagnosed by stool testing using a fecal parasite concentrator method. We explored associations between Escherichia coli-positive source water (water quality) and disease outcomes using survey logistic regression models. Overall, 732 persons lived in 167 households where water was tested. Of these, 79.4% (581/732) had E. coli-positive water, 7.9% (58/732) had diarrhea within the week, 14.1% (103/732) had diarrhea within the month, and 6.6% (36/545) tested positive for Ascaris or Trichuris, including 1% (6/536) who also reported diarrhea. Univariable analysis found a statistically significant association between water quality and STH (odds ratio [OR] = 5.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-24.5) but no association between water quality and diarrhea. Waterborne transmission and effects of water treatment on STH prevalence should be investigated further. If a causal relationship is found, practices such as household water treatment including filtration might be useful adjuncts to sanitation, hygiene, and deworming in STH control programs.

A magnetically actuated anchoring system for a wireless endoscopic capsule.

In this study, we propose a new magnetically actuated anchoring system for wireless capsule endoscopes (WCE) by employing the principle of a switchable magnetic spring. A force model is derived to predict the magnetic force needed to support the interaction between the anchors and the intestinal lumen. The theoretical and experimental analysis conducted shows that the magnetic spring is capable of providing the force needed to activate the anchoring mechanism, which consists of four foldable legs. A prototype capsule with a size comparable with the size of a commercial WCE was designed, fabricated, and tested. The in-vitro tests with a real small intestine show that the proposed anchoring mechanism is able to raise the friction force between the anchoring legs and inner wall of the intestine by more than two times after its activation using an external magnetic field. Experimental results presented demonstrate that the proposed anchoring system, which has a low foot-print not taking up too much space on the capsule, can provide a reliable anchoring capability with the capsule inside the intestinal lumen.

Effectiveness of Monovalent and Pentavalent Rotavirus Vaccines in Guatemala.

BACKGROUND: Concerns remain about lower effectiveness and waning immunity of rotavirus vaccines in resource-poor populations. We assessed vaccine effectiveness against rotavirus in Guatemala, where both the monovalent (RV1; 2-dose series) and pentavalent (RV5; 3-dose series) vaccines were introduced in 2010. METHODS: A case-control evaluation was conducted in 4 hospitals from January 2012 to August 2013. Vaccine status was compared between case patients (children with laboratory-confirmed rotavirus diarrhea) and 2 sets of controls: nondiarrhea "hospital" controls (matched by birth date and site) and nonrotavirus "test-negative" diarrhea controls (adjusted for age, birth month/year, and site). Vaccine effectiveness ([1 - odds ratio of vaccination] × 100%) was computed using logistic regression models. RESULTS: We evaluated 213 case patients, 657 hospital controls, and 334 test-negative controls. Effectiveness of 2-3 doses of a rotavirus vaccine against rotavirus requiring emergency department visit or hospitalization was 74% (95% confidence interval [CI], 58%-84%) with hospital controls, and 52% (95% CI, 26%-69%) with test-negative controls. Using hospital controls, no significant difference in effectiveness was observed between infants 6-11 months (74% [95% CI, 18%-92%]) and children ≥12 months of age (71% [95% CI, 44%-85%]) (P= .85), nor between complete courses of RV1 (63% [95% CI, 23%-82%]) and RV5 (69% [95% CI, 29%-87%]) (P= .96). An uncommon G12P[8] strain, partially heterotypic to strains in both vaccines, was identified in 89% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: RV1 and RV5 were similarly effective against severe rotavirus diarrhea caused by a heterotypic strain in Guatemala. This supports broader implementation of rotavirus vaccination in low-income countries where >90% global deaths from rotavirus occur.

Population Density, Poor Sanitation, and Enteric Infections in Nueva Santa Rosa, Guatemala.

Poor sanitation could pose greater risk for enteric pathogen transmission at higher human population densities because of greater potential for pathogens to infect new hosts through environmentally mediated and person-to-person transmission. We hypothesized that incidence and prevalence of diarrhea, enteric protozoans, and soil-transmitted helminth infections would be higher in high-population-density areas compared with low-population-density areas, and that poor sanitation would pose greater risk for these enteric infections at high density compared with low density. We tested our hypotheses using 6 years of clinic-based diarrhea surveillance (2007-2013) including 4,360 geolocated diarrhea cases tested for 13 pathogens and a 2010 cross-sectional survey that measured environmental exposures from 204 households (920 people) and tested 701 stool specimens for enteric parasites. We found that population density was not a key determinant of enteric infection nor a strong effect modifier of risk posed by poor household sanitation in this setting.

Salmonella on Raw Poultry in Retail Markets in Guatemala: Levels, Antibiotic Susceptibility, and Serovar Distribution.

The objective of this study was to determine Salmonella numbers on retail raw chicken carcasses in Guatemala and to phenotypically characterize the isolates (serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility). In total, 300 chicken carcasses were collected from seven departments in Guatemala. Salmonella numbers were determined using the most-probable-number method following the U. S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service protocol. In total, 103 isolates were obtained, all of which were tested for antibiotic susceptibility, whereas 46 isolates were serotyped. Overall, Salmonella prevalence and mean number (mean log most probable number per carcass) was 34.3% and 2.3 (95% confidence interval: 2.1 to 2.5), respectively. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in Salmonella prevalence were found by storage condition (refrigerated or ambient temperature), market type (wet markets, supermarkets, and independent poultry stores), chicken production system (integrated or nonintegrated production company), and chicken skin color (white or yellow). Chickens produced by integrated companies had lower Salmonella numbers (P < 0.05) than nonintegrated companies, and white-skin carcasses had lower numbers (P < 0.05) than yellow-skin carcasses. Among 13 different Salmonella serovars identified, Paratyphi B (34.8%) was most prevalent, followed by Heidelberg (16.3%) and Derby (11.6%). Of all the Salmonella isolates, 59.2% were resistant to one to three antibiotics and 13.6% to four or more antibiotics. Among all the serovars obtained, Salmonella Paratyphi B and Heidelberg were the most resistant to the antibiotics tested. Salmonella levels and antibiotic resistant profiles among isolates from raw poultry at the retail market level were high relative to other reports from North and South America. These data can be used by Guatemalan stakeholders to develop risk assessment models and support further research opportunities to control transmission of Salmonella spp. and antibiotic-resistant isolates from chicken meat to humans.

A review of drug delivery systems for capsule endoscopy.

The development of a highly controllable drug delivery system (DDS) for capsule endoscopy has become an important field of research due to its promising applications in therapeutic treatment of diseases in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and drug absorption studies. Several factors need to be considered to establish the minimum requirements for a functional DDS. Environmental factors of the GI tract and also pharmaceutical factors can help determine the requirements to be met by a DDS in an endoscopic capsule. In order to minimize the influence of such factors on the performance of an effective DDS, at least two mechanisms should be incorporated into a capsule endoscope: an anchoring mechanism to control the capsule position and a drug release mechanism to control variables such as the drug release rate, number of doses and amount of drug released. The implementation of such remotely actuated mechanisms is challenging due to several constraints, including the limited space available in a swallowable capsule endoscope and the delicate and complex environment within the GI tract. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of existing DDS. A comparison of such DDS for capsule endoscopy based on the minimum DDS requirements is presented and future work is also discussed.

Respiratory syncytial virus infection in Guatemala, 2007-2012.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of acute respiratory illness (ARI). Little is known about RSV disease among older children and adults in Central America. METHODS: Prospective surveillance for ARI among hospital patients and clinic patients was conducted in Guatemala during 2007-2012. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab specimens were tested for RSV, using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Of 6287 hospitalizations and 2565 clinic visits for ARI, 24% and 12%, respectively, yielded RSV-positive test results. The incidence of RSV-positive hospitalization for ARI was 5.8 cases/10 000 persons per year and was highest among infants aged <6 months (208 cases/10 000 persons per year); among adults, the greatest incidence was observed among those aged ≥ 65 years (2.9 cases/10 000 persons per year). The incidence of RSV-positive clinic visitation for ARI was 32 cases/10 000 persons per year and was highest among infants aged 6-23 months (186 cases/10 000 persons per year). Among RSV-positive hospital patients with ARI, underlying cardiovascular disease was associated with death, moribund discharge, intensive care unit admission, or mechanical ventilation (odds ratio, 4.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-8.8). The case-fatality proportion among RSV-positive hospital patients with ARI was higher for those aged ≥ 5 years than for those aged <5 years (13% vs 3%; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The incidences of RSV-associated hospitalization and clinic visitation for ARI were highest among young children, but a substantial burden of ARI due to RSV was observed among older children and adults.

Serotipos de Listeria Monocytogenes aislados de alimentos producidos en la provincia de Cautín, Chile / Serotypes of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated on Food Produced in Cautin Province, Chile

En Chile se ha aislado Listeria monocytogenes en diversos alimentos. El objetivo de este estudio fue aportar información sobre la presencia de la bacteria en longanizas artesanales (embutidos madurados), leche cruda y hortalizas producidos en la Provincia de Cautín y determinar los serotipos. Las muestras correspondieron a longaniza común artesanal, leche cruda y hortalizas, colectadas durante 2003. Para el aislamiento e identificación de L. monocytogenes se usó la metodología aprobada por el Food and Drug Administration (FDA) con incubación en caldo selectivo preenrriquecimiento para Listeria (35°C), y posterior siembra en medios selectivos Oxford y Palcam (35-37°C). Las colonias típicas fueron replicadas en caldo tripticasa de soya (TSB) y sometidas a pruebas bioquímicas de identificación. La serotipificación se realizó sobre 53 cepas, utilizando un set de antisuero comercial. L. monocytogenes se presentó en el 61,1% de las longanizas, en el 0,0% de las muestras de leche cruda y en el 16,6% de las de hortalizas. Estos resultados podrían indicar fallas en la higiene de la manipulación, en el lavado y sanitización de superficies de contacto con los alimentos. Se determinó la presencia del serotipo 4e en 3 cepas provenientes de longanizas fabricadas en la ciudad de Temuco, y 1 cepa de cada uno de los serotipos virulentos 1/2a, 1/2b y 4b, los dos primeros provenientes de longanizas y el último desde hortalizas. La presencia de estos serotipos 1/2a, 1/2b y 4b, plantean una clara amenaza de un eventual brote, particularmente en consumidores susceptibles. Estos resultados representan un importante desafío de prevención y control para las autoridades sanitarias chilenas.

It has been reported in Chile that L. monocytogenes is present in differents kind of foods. The aim of this study was to obtain information of the occurrence of the bacteria in sausages, raw milk and vegetables produced in Cautín Province, and to know the L. monocytogenes serotypes involved. For this purpose sausages, raw milk and several vegetables samples, were collected on 2003. For the isolation and identification of L. monocytogenes, the samples were grown in tripticase soy broth (TSB) inoculated into a preenrichment broth for Listeria (35°C followed by an inoculation on selectives medias Oxford and Palcam (35-37°C). Biochemical test were performed to all the typical Listeria colonies according to the methodology recommended by Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA). Serotyping was carried out using commercial specific antisera on 53 bacterial strains. Results of the analysis indicated the presence of L. monocytogenes in 61.1% of sausages samples, 0.0% in raw milk samples and in 16.6% of vegetables samples. These results could indicate failure in the hygiene practices, like cleaning and sanitizing the surface in contact with the food. The presence of serotipe 4e in 3 strains were found in some sausages. There was a strain of virulent serotype 1/2a, 1/2b and 4b, the first and second resulted isolated from sausages and the third one resulted from vegetables. The presence of serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b and 4b, is a threat of an eventual out-break, especially in persons quite susceptive, that is why, there is a huge risk for pubic health in customers from this region. These results represent for chilean public´s health authorities an enormous challenge for controlling and prevention procedures.

Meningioma dorsal en el embarazo / A case of arachnoidal tissue meningioma related to pregnancy

Los meningiomas espinales son tumores extramedulares de origen mesodérmico, que producen signos de compresión medular y deterioro neurológico progresivo. Presentamos una embarazada de 25 años de edad que a su recepción se constata una paraparesia espástica con signos de piramidalismo al examen físico, presentó 28 semanas de gestación a su ingreso en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos y estado fetal viable. Fue intervenida quirúrgicamente, sin interrupción previa del embarazo, se realizó la minectomía D6-D8 por vía posterior y resección tumoral total. Se diagnostica clínica, imagenológica y patológicamente un meningioma dorsal fibroblástico. Presentó evolución postquirúrgica satisfactoria con recuperación completa del defecto motor, 10 semanas después se le realizó cesárea resultando recién nacido de 2800 g y apgar 9/9.

Spinal meningiomas are extramedullary tumors of mesoderm origin, producing signs of medulla compression, and a progressive neurologic deterioration. Authors present the case of a pregnant aged 25 presenting with a spastic paraparesis with signs of pyramid in physical examination. At admission she had 28 weeks gestation in Intensive Care Unit and a viable fetus. She was operated on with a previous pregnancy interruption. A D6-D8 minectomy was performed by posterior via and a total tumor removal. There is a clinical, imaging, and pathology diagnosis of fibroblastic dorsal meningioma. She had a satisfactory postsurgical course with a total recovery or motor defect; 10 weeks later we performed a cesarean section and a newborn weighing 2800 g and a Apgar score of 9/9.

Meningioma dorsal en el embarazo / A case of arachnoidal tissue meningioma related to pregnancy

Los meningiomas espinales son tumores extramedulares de origen mesodérmico, que producen signos de compresión medular y deterioro neurológico progresivo. Presentamos una embarazada de 25 años de edad que a su recepción se constata una paraparesia espástica con signos de piramidalismo al examen físico, presentó 28 semanas de gestación a su ingreso en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos y estado fetal viable. Fue intervenida quirúrgicamente, sin interrupción previa del embarazo, se realizó la minectomía D6-D8 por vía posterior y resección tumoral total. Se diagnostica clínica, imagenológica y patológicamente un meningioma dorsal fibroblástico. Presentó evolución postquirúrgica satisfactoria con recuperación completa del defecto motor, 10 semanas después se le realizó cesárea resultando recién nacido de 2800 g y apgar 9/9(AU)

Spinal meningiomas are extramedullary tumors of mesoderm origin, producing signs of medulla compression, and a progressive neurologic deterioration. Authors present the case of a pregnant aged 25 presenting with a spastic paraparesis with signs of pyramid in physical examination. At admission she had 28 weeks gestation in Intensive Care Unit and a viable fetus. She was operated on with a previous pregnancy interruption. A D6-D8 minectomy was performed by posterior via and a total tumor removal. There is a clinical, imaging, and pathology diagnosis of fibroblastic dorsal meningioma. She had a satisfactory postsurgical course with a total recovery or motor defect; 10 weeks later we performed a cesarean section and a newborn weighing 2800 g and a Apgar score of 9/9(AU)

Comportamiento de la presión intracraneal en niños con traumatismo craneoencefálico severo / Behavior of intracranial pressure in children with severe cranioencephalic traumatism

El traumatismo craneoencefálico severo en niños se relaciona con un alto porcentaje de mortalidad y secuelas. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo para valorar el comportamiento de la presión intracraneal en niños con este traumatismo en un período de 4 años, desde enero 1999 hasta 2003. La muestra estuvo conformada por 58 pacientes, la totalidad de los niños ingresados con esta afección en el período de estudio. De las historias clínicas se tomaron los datos para caracterizarla. El grupo de edad entre 11 y 15 años y el sexo masculino fueron las particularidades predominantes. Los accidentes de tránsito y las caídas de alturas, las causas más frecuentes. En 38 niños la escala de coma de Glasgow estuvo entre 6 y 8 puntos, los valores de presión intracraneal de mayor incidencia fueron los menores de 15 mmHg en 42 niños (72,4(por ciento) y el valor predominante de la presión de perfusión cerebral fue de más de 70 mmHg en 27 pacientes (46,6(por ciento). El factor de daño neurológico más relevante fue la fiebre presente en 49 pacientes (84,5(por ciento) y egresaron vivos 41 niños que representaron el 70,7(por ciento). Se corroboró que la importancia de la atención de enfermería en el control de la presión intracraneal en el traumatismo craneoencefálico severo radica en el buen manejo de los factores que se asocian al daño neurológico que agravan las condiciones de estos niños, en evolucionarlos clínicamente y comunicar los cambios que se aprecien(AU)

Comportamiento de la presión intracraneal en niños con traumatismo craneoencefálico severo / Behavior of intracranial pressure in children with severe cranioencephalic traumatism

El traumatismo craneoencefálico severo en niños se relaciona con un alto porcentaje de mortalidad y secuelas. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo para valorar el comportamiento de la presión intracraneal en niños con este traumatismo en un período de 4 años, desde enero 1999 hasta 2003. La muestra estuvo conformada por 58 pacientes, la totalidad de los niños ingresados con esta afección en el período de estudio. De las historias clínicas se tomaron los datos para caracterizarla. El grupo de edad entre 11 y 15 años y el sexo masculino fueron las particularidades predominantes. Los accidentes de tránsito y las caídas de alturas, las causas más frecuentes. En 38 niños la escala de coma de Glasgow estuvo entre 6 y 8 puntos, los valores de presión intracraneal de mayor incidencia fueron los menores de 15 mmHg en 42 niños (72,4 por ciento y el valor predominante de la presión de perfusión cerebral fue de más de 70 mmHg en 27 pacientes (46,6 por ciento. El factor de daño neurológico más relevante fue la fiebre presente en 49 pacientes (84,5 por ciento y egresaron vivos 41 niños que representaron el 70,7 por ciento. Se corroboró que la importancia de la atención de enfermería en el control de la presión intracraneal en el traumatismo craneoencefálico severo radica en el buen manejo de los factores que se asocian al daño neurológico que agravan las condiciones de estos niños, en evolucionarlos clínicamente y comunicar los cambios que se aprecien(AU)

The traumatism severe craneoencefálico in children is related with a high percentage of mortality and sequels. He/she was carried out a retrospective descriptive study to value the behavior of the pressure intracraneal in children with this traumatism in a 4 year-old period, from January 1999 up to 2003. The sample was conformed by 58 patients, the entirety of the children entered with this affection in the period of study. Of the clinical histories they took the data to characterize it. The age group between 11 and 15 years and the masculine sex was the predominant particularities. The traffic accidents and the falls of heights, the most frequent causes. In 38 children the scale of coma of Glasgow was between 6 and 8 points, the values of pressure intracraneal of more incidence were those smaller than 15 mmHg in 42 children (72,4 percent and the predominant value of the pressure of cerebral perfusión was of more than 70 mmHg in 27 patients (46,6 percent. The factor of more excellent neurological damage was the present fever in 49 patients (84,5 percent and egresaron alive 41 children that represented 70,7 percent. It was corroborated that the importance of the infirmary attention in the control of the pressure intracraneal in the traumatism severe craneoencefálico resides in the good handling of the factors that you/they associate to the neurological damage that you/they increase the conditions of these children, in to evolve them clinically and to communicate the changes that are appreciated(AU)

Estado anatómico de la pared de los aneurismas intracraneales / The anatomic state of intracraneal aneurysms

Se realizó esta investigación con el objetivo de relacionar el estado anatómico de la pared aneurismática con las complicaciones intra y posoperatorias. Fueron intervenidos con técnicas microquirúrgicas 324 pacientes con 387 sacos aneurismáticos. Las paredes de los aneurismas fueron evaluadas con una escala cuantitativa propuesta por el autor principal. El puntaje se correlacionó con las complicaciones: rupturas intraoperatorias e infartos posoperatorios. Hubo 195 sacos (50.4 por ciento) con una evaluación de 5 puntos o más; 87 (22.5 por ciento) con 4 puntos, y 105 (27.1 por ciento) con 3 puntos o menos. Existió correlación estadística entra las complicaciones y la complejidad de las paredes aneurismáticas. Los estudios anatómicos más complejos de las paredes de los aneurismas intracraneales se relacionaron con una mayor incidencia de complicaciones intraoperatorias(AU)