Temporomandibular joint arthroscopy in advanced stages of internal derangement: a retrospective cohort study on the influence of age.

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the outcomes of patients with advanced internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint who underwent operative arthroscopy, according to age stratified into two groups: <45 years and ≥45 years. The study included a series of 194 patients. Outcome variables were pain intensity and mandibular mobility. Additionally, the difference in arthroscopic findings in these age groups was studied. The data analysis included the paired t-test, χ2 test, and two-way analysis of variance, with a P-value <0.05 indicating statistical significance. A significant reduction in pain and an improvement in maximum inter-incisal opening (MIO) was observed in both groups starting at 1 month of follow-up (P < 0.01). However, the results for MIO were worse in the ≥45 years group (P=0.036) at 12- and 18-months follow-up. Regarding arthroscopic findings, the study showed a higher prevalence of severe chondromalacia in the ≥45 years group (P = 0.031) and disc displacement without reduction in the <45 years group (P = 0.020). Analysis of variance showed a greater pain reduction if no obliteration of the articular space was observed (P = 0.039). In young and older patients, operative arthroscopy can be useful for short-term treatment in advanced stages of internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint.

The minimally invasive arthroscopic anterior myotomy in the treatment of internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. A detailed description of the surgical technique.

PURPOSE: The aim of this report is to define a modification of the arthroscopic anterior myotomy that avoids disc suturing procedures for the treatment of advanced internal derangement (I D) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: The minimally invasive arthroscopic anterior myotomy (MIAAM) is based on a partial resection of the superior belly of the lateral pterygoid muscle performed through a small incision of the articular capsule associated with a scarification of the posterior ligament of the TMJ. The high-frequency wave system, called Coblation, is extremely useful to be able to complete the MIAAM. CONCLUSION: This technique is indicated for patients with ID and Wilkes stages III-IV without response to conservative treatments, and the presence of an integral disc with an appropriate consistency is transcendent for the success of the procedure. Because of the unique characteristics of the MIAAM, it can be considered as an alternative to arthroscopic discopexy procedures.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma: epidemiological study and risk factor assessment based on a 39-year series.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains a challenge for head and neck surgeons, with low 5-year survival rates despite improvements in diagnostic techniques and therapies. This retrospective observational study was performed to evaluate the epidemiology and risk factors in a cohort of 666 patients with invasive OSCC over a 39-year period. Risk factors assessed were age, sex, toxic habits, premalignant lesions, tumour location and size, and neck involvement, and pathological factors such as surgical margins, tumour thickness, perineural invasion, and bone invasion. These factors were analysed over time, and their influence on recurrence and survival rates examined. Results were compared with those of current epidemiological studies in the literature. This series showed a tendency to diagnosis at older ages (P<0.001) and decreased differences in sex distribution (P<0.001) over time. Regarding risk factors, tobacco and alcohol drinking increased significantly in females, but remained stable in males. Forty percent of the patients developed recurrences during follow-up; the relapse rate did not improve over time (45.6% in the 1980s to 36.1% in 2010-2017). The 5-year survival rate also remained stable over time, ranging from 62.7% (1980s) to 71.7% (2010-2017). This epidemiological study analysed trends across four decades in a stable cohort, with results that may be extrapolated to the populations of European countries. The results confirmed that recurrence rates and survival rates have not improved over time, despite better surgical treatments and new therapies. Further studies are needed to improve knowledge about genetics and tumour behaviour in oral cancer.

Modified arthroscopic anterior myotomy for internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint: clinical and radiological results.

The aim of this study was to present the results of a modification of the arthroscopic anterior myotomy for the treatment of internal derangement (ID) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ): the minimally invasive arthroscopic anterior myotomy (MIAAM). Fifteen joints with Wilkes stages III-IV ID treated with this technique were studied. Clinical data evaluated were pain (visual analogue scale, VAS) and articular movements (preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postoperative). The position of the disc at 1 year after surgery was compared with the pre-surgical position, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The mean pain level according to the VAS decreased from of 67.8 pre-surgery to 29.0 at the 12-month follow-up (P < 0.001). Functionally, mouth opening increased from a mean 27.8 mm to 36.0 mm (P < 0.001). Evaluation of the MRI images showed statistically significant improvements in disc position in both the closed (P = 0.00002) and open-mouth (P = 0.00001) position. The incidence of re-arthroscopy was 13.3% (2/15). This procedure is an effective method for the improvement of joint function and reduction of pain in patients with ID of the TMJ. However, MIAAM is moderately effective in regards to repositioning of the disc.

The auricular cartilage graft used as interpositional material for disc replacement after failed TMJ operative arthroscopy.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the preoperative and 2-years postoperative clinical and radiological findings in a group of patients after temporomandibular joint discectomy and interpositional autogenous auricular cartilage graft. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The technique involved a disc removal, condylar remodeling and fixation of the graft to the fossa-eminence region. Preoperative and 2-years postoperative clinical findings and magnetic resonance features were evaluated in a group of 13 patients (fourteen joints). RESULTS: In this series, a significant decrease of pain level (p<0.0001) was observed from the first month postoperatively whereas maximal interincisal opening improved significantly (p<0.05) after three months follow-up. Radiographically, the magnetic resonance imaging two years after surgery showed an increase on the condylar features of sclerosis and flattening. CONCLUSION: Discectomy and auricular cartilage interposition graft is an acceptable method for cases of temporomandibular joint dysfunction refractory to the arthroscopic treatment but progressive degenerative changes can be observed after this technique. Although this technique is a surgical option for patients with non-reducing displaced TMJ articular discs, the high failure rate indicates that there may be better alternative surgical procedures to consider.

Lip reconstruction technique: A modified Abbe-Estlander with a myomucosal advancement flap.

Lip cancer represents between 12-15% of all oral cavity cancers; 95% affect the lower lip. The main objectives in lip reconstruction after tumoral mass resection are functionality and esthetics. We present the case of an 81-year-old male with a past medical history of squamous cell carcinoma of the maxilla. The patient consults with the Maxillofacial Surgery Department due to a hypertrophic lesion in the left oral commissure. The defect is considered intermediate in size (between 50% and two-thirds). For reconstruction of the lip, a classical rotation flap (Estlander flap) is used together with a myomucosal flap, which is both innervated and expandable. According to medical literature, for intermediate defects of the lower lip advancement or rotation flaps should be used. One of these is the Abbe-Estlander flap, a rotation flap dependent of the superior or the inferior labial artery. The Karapandzic flap and Johansen's staircase flap are other recommended techniques.

Distracción osteogénica vertical de injerto microvascularizado de peroné para reconstrucción mandibular y optimización de la rehabilitación implantológica / Vertical distraction osteogenesis of microvascularised fibular grafts for mandibular reconstruction and optimisation of rehabilitation implantology

Introducción: En la actualidad, se considera que el injerto microvascularizado de peroné es la mejor opción de tratamiento para las reconstrucciones mandibulares de defectos óseos mayores de 6 cm. No obstante, debido a su limitada altura, presenta una importante desventaja en cuanto a la rehabilitación protésica, particularmente en aquellos casos de resecciones mandibulares parciales con una hemimandíbula contralateral dentada. Material y métodos: Presentamos un caso clínico de mixoma mandibular tratado mediante resección quirúrgica y reconstrucción mandibular primaria mediante injerto microvascularizado de peroné, al que se sometió a distracción osteogénica vertical para optimizar la posterior rehabilitación implantológica. Resultados: La discrepancia de altura se solucionó completamente y se colocaron tres implantes osteointegrados en el área distraída, lo cual permitió una rehabilitación protésica muy satisfactoria, tanto estética como funcionalmente. Conclusiones: La distracción osteogénica vertical de peroné constituye una excelente opción terapéutica para igualar la altura del peroné a la del reborde alveolar de la hemimandíbula dentada contralateral, tras la reconstrucción de defectos mandibulares extensos, de cara a una posterior rehabilitación implantológica, lo que permite llevar a cabo ésta con resultados, tanto funcionales como estéticos, muy satisfactorios. Además, no presenta los inconvenientes de otras técnicas empleadas en estos pacientes, como el peroné en doble barra (mayor dificultad técnica y mayor riesgo de trombosis en el pedículo) y el empleo de injertos “onlay” (morbilidad añadida en la zona de toma del injerto)(AU)

Introduction: Free vascularized fibular flap is considered the treatment of choice in mandibular reconstruction for extensive bone defects. But, when the reconstruction involves a dentate mandible, the fibula has the limit as it doesn’t offer sufficient bone height to restore the alveolar arch up to the occlusal plane. Therefore, the deficiency in bone height makes implant placement impractical. Materials and methods: We report a case of vertical distraction osteogenesis of a free vascularized fibula flap used to reconstruct a hemimandible after resection of an odontogenic myxoma. The distraction device was applied intraorally. Distraction of 0.5 mm per day was performed followed by 3 months of consolidation period. Results: The vertical discrepancy between the fibula and the native hemimandible was corrected. The increase of vertical bone height was stable and enabled placement of dental implants without any complications. Conclusions: We believe that vertical distraction osteogenesis of free vascularized flaps is a reliable technique that optimizes implant positioning for ideal prosthetic rehabilitation, after mandibular reconstruction following tumour surgery(AU)

Tumores neuroectodérmicos primitivos periféricos de localización en el área orocervical: presentación de dos casos clínicos / Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors located in orocervical area: presentation of two clinical cases

Introducción: Los tumores neuroectodérmicos primitivos (PNET, de primitive neuroectodermaltumors) son una familia de neoplasias malignas de células pequeñas y redondas, quederivan de la cresta neural. Se distinguen tres tipos: PNET del sistema nervioso central,PNET del sistema nervioso autónomo y PNET periféricos. Los más frecuentes dentro delgrupo de PNET periféricos son el neuroepitelioma periférico y el sarcoma de Ewing, que seconsideran la misma neoplasia pero con diferente grado de diferenciación.Casos clínicos: Presentamos dos casos de PNET periféricos, uno de aparición en la regióncervical y otro originado en el cóndilo mandibular.Discusión: Los PNET son neoplasias muy raras y altamente agresivas. En todos ellos aparecencélulas redondas pequeñas poco diferenciadas y una traslocación cromosómica característicadel gen EWS. En general se considera que tienen un pronóstico desfavorable.Además, la baja frecuencia de estos tumores, así como la escasez de casos publicados hacendifícil valorar el tratamiento más adecuado(AU)

Introduction: Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) are a family of smallroundcell tumors of presumed neuroectodermal origin. This broad family can besubdivided into three major groups: PNET from the central nervous system, PNET from theautonomic nervous system or peripheral PNET. Ewing’s sarcoma and peripheralneuroepitelioma, the two most frequently encountered members of the peripheral PNET family, are considered to represent a spectrum according to the extent of neuroectodermaldifferentiation, ranging from the least differentiated (Ewing’s sarcoma) to the mostdifferentiated (peripheral neuroepithelioma).Case report: We present a patient with a peripheral neuroectodermal tumor located in the neckand another one with a peripheral neuroectodermal tumor of the mandibular condyle.Discussion: Peripheral neuroectodermal tumors are a very rare and aggressive tumors. Theycharacteristically reveal the presence of small round cells and a translocation of the geneEWS. The prognosis in overall is very poor. Due to the small numbers of cases publishedthe best treatment is not well defined(AU)

Síndrome de Gorlin-Goltz: serie de 7 casos / Gorlin-Goltz Syndrome. A 7 cases serie

El Síndrome Névico Basocelular (SNBC) o Síndrome de Gorlin-Goltz es un trastorno autosómico dominante, caracterizado principalmentepor carcinomas basocelulares, múltiples queratoquistes y anomalías esqueléticas.El presente trabajo revisa a este desconocido síndrome dada la importanciaque tiene para nosotros como especialistas. Presentamos un total desiete casos recogidos por el Servicio Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial desde 1992al 2008, con seguimiento medio de 10 años, determinamos la frecuencia delas características clínicas en nuestra serie de SNBC y el manejo terapéuticode las mismas(AU)

Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome (NBCSS) or Gorlin-Goltz Syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder principallycharacterized by cutaneous basal cell carcinomas, multiplekeratocysts and skeletal anomalies. This report reviews currentknowledge of this disorder that is important to us as specialists. Theauthors reviewed seven case files from the Department of Oral andMaxillofacial Surgery of H. U. La Princesa from 1992-2008. Theaverage follow up was 10 years; we determine the frequency of theclinical features and treatment in our series of NBCCS(AU)

Elevación de seno maxilar. Análisis clínico de nuestra experiencia en más de 100 casos / Clinical analysis of our experience in over 100 cases of maxillary sinus lift

Objetivos: La elevación de seno maxilar es uno de los procedimientosmás versátiles en cirugía oral, de modo que hay descritos diversos abordajes,tipos de injertos, posibilidad de asociar otras técnicas preprotésicas y colocarimplantes de manera simultánea o diferida, dependiendo de la altura ósea inicial.Nuestro propósito es comunicar nuestra experiencia después de intervenir131 casos. Materiales y métodos: Se analizó una serie de 131 procedimientosllevados a cabo en 91 pacientes consecutivos, entre 1996 y 2007. La edadmedia fue de 50,43 años (23-69). El control radiológico pre y postoperatoriose realizó mediante ortopantomografía y TC dental. Se analizó la tasa de éxitoimplantario (implantes osteointegrados y cargados) comparando los distintosinjertos, el hábito tabáquico, las patologías asociadas y la colocación simultáneao diferida de los implantes. Así mismo, el tiempo (meses) necesario paracargar la prótesis se ha comparado entre los diferentes tipos de injerto. Resultados:En las zonas aumentadas se colocaron un total de 228 implantes roscados.La altura preoperatoria media del suelo del seno fue de 6,59±2,11 mmy la postoperatoria de 14,57±2,33 mm. El seguimiento medio fue de 2,94 años(1-12). La tasa de éxito implantario global fue de 96,91%, no habiéndoseencontrado diferencias significativas entre los distintos injertos, patologías asociadaso el hábito tabáquico. Conclusiones: En base a este análisis retrospectivo,se concluye que la elevación de seno es una técnica versátil, eficaz, seguray predecible; con una tasa de éxito implantario muy alta independientedel tipo de injerto, comorbilidad, hábito tabáquico y colocación simultánea odiferida de los implantes. El empleo de injerto óseo autólogo requiere un tiempode espera para la carga protésica significativamente menor(AU)

Purpose: Maxillary sinus elevation surgery is one ofthe most versatile surgical procedures in maxillofacial surgery:there are various approaches to the sinus, different materials forsinus grafting, other preprosthetic procedures can be associatedand the implants placement can be simultaneous or delayed,depending on the initial bone height. The aim of this studywas to demonstrate this versatility by means of reporting theclinical outcome of sinus augmentation surgery in 131 cases.Materials and Methods: 131 sinus augmentation procedureswere undertaken on 91 consecutive patients (mean age 50,43years (26-69)). The preoperative and postoperative radiologicalstudy was developed by means of orthopantomography andDental-TC. The survival rate of implants, as measured by integrationand succesfull loading, was compared between differentgraft materials, smoking/non-smoking patients, differentgroups of associated pathologies and simultaneous/delayedimplants placement. The time (months) necessary for prosthesisloading was measured and compared between the differentgraft material groups. Results: 228 screw-type implantswere placed in sinus lifted regions. The mean residual ridge heightwas 6,59±2,11 mm. The mean postsurgical ridge height was14,57±2,33 mm. After a mean follow-up period of 2,94 years(range 1 to 12 years) the global implant survival rate was96,91%. There were not significant differences between differentbone grafts, associated comorbidity and smoking habits.Conclusions: On the basis of this retrospective study, it mightbe concluded that the sinus augmentation surgery is a very versatileprocedure. Its efficacy and predictability in terms of implantsurvival rate is extremely high and independent on the bonegraft material, surgical technique, associated morbility, smokinghabit and immediate/delayed implant placement. The useof autologous bone requires less time to load the prosthesis(AU)

Metástasis cervical contralateral en el carcinoma epidermoide de la cavidad oral. Estudio clínico analítico retrospectivo en 315 pacientes primariamente tratados con cirugía / Contralateral neck metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. An analytical retrospective clinical study of 315 patients primarily treated with surgery

Objetivos. Existen en la literatura numerosos estudios en relacióncon los factores pronósticos implicados en la aparición de metástasis cervicalesipsilaterales en el carcinoma epidermoide de cavidad oral. Sin embargo,no existen estudios clínicos amplios acerca de la asociación de factoresclínico-patológicos y la aparición de metástasis cervicales contralaterales trasla resección quirúrgica del tumor primario. El propósito de este estudio es elanálisis de los factores implicados en la aparición de metástasis cervicalcontralateral en pacientes con carcinoma epidermoide de cavidad oral primariamentetratados con cirugía.Pacientes y métodos. Se analizó una serie de 315 pacientes consecutivos concarcinoma epidermoide de la cavidad oral no tratados previamente. Serealizó un estudio complementario del subgrupo de 203 pacientes concarcinoma epidermoide del borde lateral de la lengua libre, por tratarse deun grupo muy prevalente en la serie analizada. Todos los pacientes recibierontratamiento quirúrgico con o sin tratamiento radioterápico adyuvante.Varias fueron las variables clínicas e histopatológicas analizadas, como son:las características clínicas del tumor, el estadio tumoral, el grado de diferenciaciónhistológica, el tipo de disección cervical, la supervivencia enfermedad-específica, los márgenes quirúrgicos en la pieza resecada, la extensiónganglionar extracapsular, la diseminación perineural y la afectación ósea.Resultados. La duración media del seguimiento de los pacientes que sobrevivieronfue de 70,9 ± 49,6 meses. Ochenta y tres pacientes murieron a causade la enfermedad a lo largo del seguimiento. Cuarenta y siete de estos pertenecíanal subgrupo de pacientes con carcinoma epidermoide de lengua.Un total de 147 pacientes permanecía vivo sin evidencias de recurrencia dela enfermedad al final del periodo de seguimiento, 116 de los cuales correspondíanal subgrupo de pacientes con carcinoma epidermoide de lengua...(AU)

Objectives. There are numerous studies in the literatureon the prognostic factors involved in the appearance of ipsilateralneck metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.However, there are no extensive clinical studies on the associationof clinicopathological factors and the appearance of contralateralneck metastasis after the surgical resection of the primary tumor.The object of this study is to analyze the factors implied in theappearance of contralateral neck metastasis in patients withsquamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity treated primarily withsurgery.Patients and methods. A series of 315 consecutive patients withsquamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, who had not beentreated previously, were analyzed. A complementary study of asubgroup of 203 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of thelateral border of the mobile tongue was carried out, as this was avery prevalent group in the series analyzed. The patients all receivedsurgical treatment with or without adjuvant radiotherapy treatment.Various clinical and histopathological variables were analyzed, suchas the clinical characteristics of the tumor, tumor stage, degree ofhistological differentiation, type of neck dissection, disease-specificsurvival, surgical margins of the resected specimen, extracapsularlymph node extension, perineural dissemination and boneinvolvement.Results. The mean follow-up of patients who survived was 70.9 ±49.6 months. Eighty-three patients died as a result of the diseaseduring the follow-up period. Forty-six of these belonged to thesubgroup of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue.A total of 147 patients remained alive with no evidence of diseaserecurrence at the end of the follow-up period, 116 of whomcorresponded to the subgroup of patients with squamous cellcarcinoma of the tongue...(AU)

Granuloma de cuerpo extraño en región submandibular. La migración de partículas de silicato de aluminio desde la mucosa oral / Submandibular foreign-body granuloma. Migration of aluminum silicate particles from the oral mucosa

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Contralateral lymph neck node metastasis of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: a retrospective analytic study of 203 patients.

In primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity, many clinical and histopathological factors have been described as predictive for cervical lymph-node metastasis, but there are no data available on this association for surgical resection of lateral tongue primary SCC. The aim of this study was to analyse factors related to contralateral neck relapse in a series of 203 consecutive patients with SCC of the lateral aspect of the tongue treated by surgery with or without adjuvant radiotherapy. Several clinical features were analyzed. Histological study included pTNM classification, tumour size, surgical margins, extracapsular spread of lymph-node metastasis, perineural infiltration, peritumoral inflammation and bone involvement. The mean duration of follow up for surviving patients was 70.9+/-49.6 months; 47 patients eventually died of the disease and 116 patients are alive with no evidence of recurrence. The mean disease-specific survival time was 149+/-7 months. Twenty (9.8%) patients developed ipsilateral and nine (4.4%) contralateral neck recurrence. The mean period of time from surgery to contralateral neck recurrence was 11.4 months (range 3-27 months). Fourteen of the 20 ipsilateral and 8 of the 9 contralateral neck relapse patients eventually died of the disease. Histopathological grading and peritumoral inflammation were found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). Clinical and pathological lymph neck node status was not found to be associated with the appearance of contralateral lymph neck node relapse. Due to the increased risk of contralateral neck relapse within the first 2 years of surgery, close surveillance is mandatory at this time.

Radial forearm free flap for reconstruction of the oral cavity: clinical experience in 55 cases.

OBJECTIVE: Since the advent of modern microvascular techniques, the radial forearm free flap (RFFF) has become a reliable method for reconstruction of defects within the oral cavity. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate our experience with the use of the RFFF for the reconstruction of oral cavity defects after tumor resection. STUDY DESIGN: During a 9-year period, 103 consecutive patients were treated in our department for the reconstruction of oral defects after tumoral ablation by means of microvascularized free flaps. Fifty-five patients were reconstructed by means of the RFFF. Patients were treated for benign (n = 1) and malignant (n = 54) entities. All the patients underwent an abdominal split-thickness skin graft for the closure of the donor site. RESULTS: Fifty-five patients underwent reconstruction by means of the RFFF after resection of the oral cavity. Squamous cell carcinoma was present in 54 patients. A mean age of 55.5 years was observed (range 16-78). Thirty-nine patients (70.9%) were men and 16 (29.1%) women. Primary reconstruction was achieved in 52 patients (96.3%). A fasciocutaneous graft was used in all of the cases, with a mean size of 7.39 x 5.17 cm. The mean flap ischemic time was 56.02 minutes. During the immediate follow-up period, revision of the vascular anastomosis was necessary in 18.9% of the cases owing to flap ischemia. CONCLUSION: Our results revealed that the RFFF is a reliable method for reconstructing a wide range of oral cavity defects with an acceptable low morbidity rate. It provides adequate bulkiness and pliability, resulting in adequate reconstruction of a wide variety of defects within the oral cavity.

Trombosis de malformación vascular cervical en paciente con neurofibromatosis de tipo 1 / Thrombosis of a cervical vascular malformation in a patient with neurofibromatosis Type 1

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Candidiasis hiperplásica crónica de la mucosa oral / Chronic hyperplastic candidosis of the oral mucosa

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Primary malignant schwannoma of the cervical plexus with melanocytic differentiation.

Primary malignant schwannomas are rare neoplasms of nerve sheath origin, especially in the location of the head and neck where few cases are described in the literature. These tumours may pose a diagnostic dilemma in the work-up of a neck mass. The case presented here is of a malignant schwannoma that originated in the cervical plexus with the rare histological feature of melanocytic differentiation. Histopathological examination with immunostaining techniques is essential for the diagnosis of these tumours. The management of these neoplasms is still controversial, although the treatment of choice is radical surgical excision of the lesion. The role of postoperative radiotherapy or chemotherapy is not clear, although some authors recommend its use to prevent local recurrence, for unresectable recurrent tumours or in cases of distant metastases.

Estadios precoces de cancer oral: pronóstico en relación con gradación histológica, linfagiogénesis intratumoral y expresión de factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular Tipo-C (VEGF-C) / Early stage oral cancer: prognosis with regard to histological grading, intratumoral lymphangiogenesis, and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C)

Los sistemas de gradación histológica se han usadoclásicamente como factor pronóstico y marcadores de comportamiento clínico en el carcinoma epidermoide intra-oral (CEI). Sin embargo, su utilidad pronóstica permanece controvertida. Nuestro objetivo ha sido evaluarla presencia de linfangiogénesis intratumoral (LI), un nuevo hallazgo morfológico, en un análisis retrospectivo de muestras de tejido en parafina dentro de un grupo de estadios precoces de CEI, relacionándolo con clásicos sistemas de gradación histológica y teniendo en cuenta su importancia pronóstica. Asimismo, pretendemos determinar si la expresión del factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular –C (VEGF-C) se correlaciona conla evolución de la enfermedad.Diseño. Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo basado en 96 casos de CEI. Todos los pacientes presentaban tumores intraorales T1-T2 y fueron tratados primariamente mediante resección local asociada con disección cervicalelectiva, la cual mostró ausencia de afectación ganglionar regional. En el grupo de 96 muestras analizamos la LI utilizando el marcador específicodel endotelio linfático PA2.26. Adicionalmente, estudiamos la expresión del VEGF-C. Todos los casos fueron clasificados de acuerdo con los sisintratutemasde gradación histológica descritos por Broders, Anneroth y Bryne. El estudio estadístico se fundamentó en el análisis univariante de supervivenciacausa-específica y supervivencia libre de recidiva según el método de Kaplan-Meier.Resultados. El grupo de pacientes con ausencia de LI mostró mejor pronóstico en cuanto a supervivencia y periodo libre de enfermedad, aunque la diferenciano mostró valores estadísticamente significativos. El estudio no mostró una relación entre la expresión de VEGF-C y la presencia de LI. Sin embargo, no observamos recidivas entre el grupo con ausencia de expresión deVEGF-C. El análisis comparativo de los sistemas de gradación histológica mostró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre los sistemas de Broders y Anneroth (p<0,01) y entre los sistemas de Broders y Bryne (p<0,001). Nuestro estudio demostró una relación inversa entre los valores de los sistemasde gradación Anneroth (p<0,01) – Bryne (p<0,001) y la presencia de LI.Conclusión. El valor clínico de los sistemas de gradación histológica puede incrementarse si se incluyen nuevos parámetros que consideren el comportamientobiológico del tumor. La expresión de VEGF-C y la presencia de linfáticos intratumorales pueden ser marcadores marcadores pronósticos de utilidad en el CEI

Objectives. Histological grading systems have been classically used as a prognostic factor and clinical behavior markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, their prognostic usefulness remains controversial. Our aim was to evaluate the presence of intratumoral lymphangiogenesis (IL), a new morphologicalfinding, in a retrospective analysis of paraffin embedded tissue samples that corresponded to a group of early stage oral squamous cell carcinoma cases, and to relate this with histological grading systems while keeping in mind their prognostic significance.We also wanted to determine if the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) is correlated with the evolution of the disease.Design. We performed a retrospective analysis of 96 patients with OSCC. All cases were T1-T2 neoplasms and were treated primarily by local resection and elective neck dissection that showed no neck involvement. In the group of 96 specimens, we analyzed IL using the specific marker PA2.26 for lymphatic endothelium. Also,we studied the expression of (VEGF-C). All cases were classified according to the histological grading systems described by Broders, Anneroth and Bryne. The statistical analysis was based on the univariateanalysis of cause-specific survival and disease recurrence free-survival according to the Kaplan-Meier method.Results. The group of patients without intratumoral lymphangiogenesis showed a better prognosis with regard to survival and disease-free period, but the difference was not statistically significant. The study showed no relationship between VEGF-C expression and the presence of intratumoral lymphangiogenesis. However, no recurrences were observed in the group without VEGF-C expression. The comparative analysis of the histological grading system showed a statistical relationship between the Broders and Anneroth systems (p<0.01) and between the Broders and Bryne systems (p<0.001). Our study demonstrated an inverse relationship between the valuesof the Anneroth system (p<0.01) - Bryne system (p<0.001) and the presence of intratumoral lymphangiogenesis.Conclusion. The clinical value of the histological grading systems can increase by including new parameters that take into account the biological behavior of the tumor. Expression of VEGF-C and intratumoral lymphatics may thus be useful prognostic markers for oralsquamous cell carcinoma

Factores pronósticos en neoplasias malignas primarias de glándulas salivares. Estudio retrospectivo de 20 años / Prognostic factors in primary malignant salivary gland neoplasms. A 20-year retrospective study

Objetivo. Analizar los posibles factores pronósticos que pueden influir en la supervivencia y el desarrollo de recurrencias en nuestra serie de pacientes con neoplasias malignas primarias de glándulas salivares. Diseño del estudio. Se realiza un estudio retrospectivo de 75 pacientes con carcinomas glandulares tratados entre 1980 y el 2003. En todos los casos el tratamientorealizado ha sido la cirugía. Se administró radioterapia postoperatoria en un 52% de los pacientes. Se emplea el modelo de Kaplan-Meier para el análisis de supervivencia y el periodo libre de enfermedad. Así mismo, se analiza la posible asociación entre los diversos factores pronósticos y estas variables mediante el test Log Rank para el estudio univariante y el modelo de Cox parael multivariante. Resultado. La supervivencia global y causa-específica de la serie a 5 y 10 años ha sido del 74,9 y 63 y del 77,7 y 65,3% respectivamente. El periodo libre de enfermedad ha sido de 51,8 y 43,2% a 5 y 10 años. De los factores analizados, la localización tumoral, el sexo, el estadio patológico, el tamaño tumoral, la parálisis facial, la infiltración perineural y la infiltración vascular han mostrado una influencia estadísticamente significativa en la supervivenciay/o recurrencias (p<0,05), siendo factores independientes la parálisis facial y la infiltración vascular. Conclusiones. En la serie de pacientes presentada, los factores pronósticos más relevantes han sido la parálisis facial al diagnóstico y la infiltración vascular tumoral. La radioterapia postoperatoria complementaria no parece influir en la evolución de nuestros pacientes

Objective. To analyze the possible prognostic factors forsurvival and disease-free survival in a group of patients with primary malignant salivary gland tumors. Design. Seventy-five patients with salivary gland carcinomas were studied retrospectively from1980 to 2003. All cases were initially treated with surgery. Postoperative radiotherapy was applied in 52% of the patients. Survival and disease-free survival were analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method. The association between the different prognostic factorsand survival was studied with the Log Rank test for univariate analysis and the Cox proportional model for multivariate analysis. Results. The 5-year and 10-year crude survival rates were 74.9% and 63% and cause-specific survival rates were 77.7% and 65.3% respectively. The 5-year and 10-year disease-free survival rates were 51.8% and 43.2%. Tumor location, sex, pathologic stage, tumor size, facial palsy, perineural spread and vascular spread showed statistical significance in survival and recurrence (p<0.05). Facial palsy and vascular spread were prognostic factors in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion. In our group of patients, facial palsy and vascular spread are the most important factors for survival and recurrence. Postoperative radiotherapy does not appear to improve the prognosis of our patients

Colgajo miomucoso de buccinador en la reconstrucción de defectos del área maxilofacial / The buccinator myomucosal flap for the reconstruction of defects in the maxillofacial area

El colgajo miomucoso de buccinador (CMB) constituye una alternativa válida para la reconstrucción de defectos intraorales de tamaño moderado. Se caracteriza por su buena plegabilidad, excelente color y textura,además de una mínima morbilidad de la zona donante.En el presente trabajo se describen las particularidades anatómicas de dicho colgajo, así como las diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas que pueden emplearsepara su obtención. Su utilización en diferentes defectos de la cavidad oral, ilustra la versatilidad del mismo. Presentamos 4 casos de reconstrucciónde defectos del área maxilofacial: dos pacientes con carcinoma epidermoide de suelo de boca, un paciente con melanoma de mucosa y un paciente con fisura palatina. Se obtuvieron resultados óptimos en cuanto a cobertura del defecto postquirúrgico, estética y función. En todos loscasos la morbilidad de la zona donante fue mínima. Dadas sus particularidades anatómicas, debe realizarse una cuidadosa técnica de obtención del mismo. La proximidad del CMB a la gran mayoría de los defectos de lacavidad oral y su aceptable espesor, hace del mismo una opción reconstructiva eficaz, sobre todo en aquellos pacientes en los que el tamaño del defecto y/o la existencia de patología asociada desaconsejan el uso de otros colgajos

The buccinator myomucosal flap (BMF) constitutesa valid alternative for the reconstruction of moderate defects of the oral cavity. It is characterized by a good pliability, excellent color and texture and minimum donor site morbidity. In this report, the anatomical particularities and the different surgical techniques for BMF are described. Its use in patients with different defects of the oral cavity illustrates its versatility. We present 4 cases of reconstruction of defects of the maxillofacial area: two cases consisting in squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth, another patient with melanoma of the oral mucosa and one patient with a palatine fissure. All of them underwent primary reconstruction by means of BMF. Good results were obtained in relation to covering of the defect, aesthetics and function. Morbidity was minimal in the donor site. Due to its anatomical features,an adequate surgical technique must be performed. Proximity of the BMF to the vast majority of defects of the oral cavity, and its acceptable thickness, show the flap to be a reliable reconstructive procedure. This is especially valid in those patients where the size of the defect and the existence of comorbidity advise against the use of other flaps (AU)